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1.
The least annual precipitation in the western interior of North America occurs in the northern Great Plains, including an area that encompasses parts of south-eastern Alberta, south-western Saskatchewan and eastern Montana. During 1999–2001, most climate stations in this region had record low precipitation. This paper examines this three-year drought in the context of historical climate records from Medicine Hat, Alberta and Havre, Montana and summer (June–July) and annual (August–July) precipitation reconstructed from standardized tree-ring widths (residual chronologies) from Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine) sampled in the Cypress Hills of Alberta and Saskatchewan and the Bears Paw Mountains of north-central Montana. Drought is operationally defined as precipitation in the lower 10th and 20th percentiles. Plots of reconstructed precipitation and cumulative departure from median values indicate a shift in climate variability prior to the twentieth century, when EuroCanadians settled in this region. The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries are characterized by sustained periods of progressively wetter and drier conditions, including prolonged drought. Various archival sources document the significant impacts of these prolonged droughts. While drought was frequent in the twentieth century, it tended to be of short duration and the impacts also were ameliorated by intervening periods of relatively high precipitation. Increasing aridity in response to global warming could expose a larger area of the northern Great Plains to the impacts of drought. 相似文献
2.
松花江区气象水文干旱演变特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
采用标准化降水蒸散指数和径流干旱指数分析了1961~2010年研究区水文干旱和气象干旱时空演变特征,并探讨了水文干旱与气象干旱的关系。结果表明：① 1961~2010年松花江区呈总体干旱化且又有明显时段性的特征,其中1967~1983年和1996~2010年气象干旱频发、覆盖范围广、持续时间长且强度大;其它时段气象干旱少有发生。其次,气象干旱空间分布差异明显,东部的平均干旱频次和强度都大于西部地区,中部（嫩江流域中下游）平均干旱持续时间最长;但在嫩江流域和黑龙江上游地区干旱略有减弱趋势。② 松花江流域和挠力河流域水文干旱呈加剧的趋势,尤其是近15 a干旱化趋势明显;挠力河流域干旱频发、强度大且持续时间很长。松花江流域水文干旱程度弱于挠力河流域,但极端水文干旱事件频发。 ③ 松花江区气象干旱与水文干旱密切相关,嫩江流域水文干旱滞后于气象干旱2个月,而第二松花江流域和松花江流域水文干旱滞后于气象干旱3个月;挠力河流域水文干旱与气象干旱无明显的时滞相关性。 相似文献
3.
The dry continent of Australia experiences frequent periods of devastating regional drought, making high quality palaeohydrological reconstructions essential for water resource management and planning. In other parts of the world tree-rings form a core component of such reconstructions. Yet for much of Australia, annually resolved palaeohydrological reconstructions derived from tree-rings have proven elusive. The island state of Tasmania in the far south is an important exception, with over 50 tree-ring chronologies available. Coupled ocean-atmosphere processes that drive precipitation across mainland Australia also influence Tasmanian precipitation. Here, we provide a basic analysis of how geographic relationships between important drivers of seasonal Tasmanian streamflow and potential streamflow predictors such as tree-ring chronologies may extend the spatial applicability of Tasmania's tree-ring predictors beyond the local context. We find clear geographically and seasonally defined patterns in Tasmanian streamflow that are reflected in the relationships between individual Tasmanian tree-ring chronologies and their relationships with streamflows. We find strong evidence that quality Tasmanian summer (DJF) streamflow reconstructions based on tree-rings are possible. Evidence also suggests that streamflow reconstructions for other seasons are also likely to be possible, especially as additional chronologies based on wood properties such as tracheid radial diameter, microfibril angle, density and cell wall thickness become available. Based on the relationships between streamflows and tree-ring chronologies, and between streamflows and major precipitation drivers across Australia, we conclude that Tasmanian tree-ring chronologies are likely to prove useful as predictors for seasonal streamflow reconstructions, particularly in eastern Australia. Successful streamflow reconstructions for a much broader portion of Australia than currently available will be invaluable for future water resource management and planning. 相似文献
4.
基于SPEI和SDI指数的云南红河流域气象水文干旱演变分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
本文基于红河流域43个气象站1961-2012年逐月降水、气温数据以及干支流2个水文站1956-2013年逐月流量数据,采用标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)和径流干旱指数(SDI)分析流域气象水文干旱的演变特征,并探讨水文干旱对气象干旱的响应。结果表明：①1961-2012年期间,流域总体上表现出干旱化的趋势,季节变化上春季有变湿的趋势,而夏、秋、冬三季有变干的趋势,但趋势并不显著。干旱频率季节空间分布差异较大,春旱和冬旱发生频率较高。从干旱范围来看,春旱范围呈缩小的趋势,夏旱、秋旱和冬旱范围表现出不同程度的增大趋势;②1956-2013年期间,流域水文干旱表现出加剧的趋势,其中1958-1963、1975-1982、1987-1993、2003-2006和2009-2013年为水文干旱多发期,近10年来频率明显增加;③流域水文干旱滞后于气象干旱1~8个月,气象和水文干旱事件的干旱历时、严重程度和强度之间具有紧密的相关性,流域气象干旱是水文干旱的主要驱动力。 相似文献
5.
HANS W. LINDERHOLM BJÖRN E. GUNNARSON 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2005,87(1):231-241
ABSTRACT. A Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) tree-ring width chronology from Jämtland, in the central Scandinavian Mountains, built from living and sub-fossil wood, covering the period 1632 BC to AD 2002, with a minor gap during AD 887–907, is presented. This is the first multi-millennial tree-ring chronology from the central parts of Fennoscandia. Pine growth in this tree line environment is mainly limited by summer temperatures, and hence the record can be viewed as a temperature proxy. Using the regional curve standardization (RCS) technique, pine-growth variability on short and long time scales was retained and subsequently summer (June–August) temperatures were reconstructed yielding information on temperature variability during the last 3600 years. Several periods with anomalously warm or cold summers were found: 450–550 BC (warm), AD 300–400 (cold), AD 900–1000 (the Medieval Warm Period, warm) and AD 1550–1900 (Little Ice Age, cold). The coldest period was encountered in the fourth century AD and the warmest period 450 to 550 BC. However, the magnitude of these anomalies is uncertain since the replication of trees in the Jämtland record is low during those periods. The twentieth century warming does not stand out as an anomalous feature in the last 3600 years. Two multi-millennial tree-ring chronologies from Swedish and Finnish Lapland, which have previously been used as summer temperature proxies, agree well with the Jämtland record, indicating that the latter is a good proxy of local, but also regional, summer temperature variability. 相似文献
6.
Based on the drought/flood grades of 90 meterological stations over eastern China and summer average sea-level pressure (SLP) during 1850–2008 and BPCCA statistical methods, the coupling relationship between the drought/flood grades and the East Asian summer SLP is analyzed. The East Asian summer monsoon index which is closely related with interdecadal variation of drought/flood distribution over eastern China is defined by using the key areas of SLP. The impact of the interdecadal variation of the East Asian summer monsoon on the distribution of drought/flood over eastern China in the last 159 years is researched. The results show that there are four typical drought and flood spatial distribution patterns in eastern China, i.e. the distribution of drought/flood in southern China is contrary to the other regions, the distribution of drought/flood along the Huanghe River–Huaihe River Valley is contrary to the Yangtze River Valley and regions south of it, the distribution of drought/flood along the Yangtze River Valley and Huaihe River Valley is contrary to the other regions, the distribution of drought/flood in eastern China is contrary to the western. The main distribution pattern of SLP in summer is that the strength of SLP is opposite in Asian continent and West Pacific. It has close relationship between the interdecadal variation of drought/flood distribution patterns over eastern China and the interdecadal variation of the East Asian summer monsoon which was defined in this paper, but the correlation is not stable and it has a significant difference in changes of interdecadal phase. When the East Asian summer monsoon was stronger (weaker), regions north of the Yangtze River Valley was more susceptible to drought (flood), the Yangtze River Valley and regions south of it were more susceptible to flood (drought) before the 1920s; when the East Asian summer monsoon was stronger (weaker), the regions north of the Yangtze River Valley was prone to flood (drought), the Yangtze River Valley and regions south of it were prone to drought (flood) after the 1920s. It is indicated that by using the data of the longer period could get much richer results than by using the data of the last 50–60 years. The differences in the interdecadal phase between the East Asian summer monsoon and the drought/flood distributions in eastern China may be associated with the nonlinear feedback, which is the East Asian summer monsoon for the extrinsic forcing of solar activity. 相似文献
7.
基于多变量概率分析的珠江流域干旱特征研究 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9
根据珠江流域42 个站点1960-2005 年的46 年日降水资料,以6 个月尺度的SPI 值表征珠江流域干旱情况。通过Mann-Kendall 趋势分析研究了珠江流域干旱时间演变特征,同时基于多变量Copula 函数,在定义的两种不同干旱情景下,根据两变量联合重现期及其对应的第二重现期,比较性地研究了珠江流域的干旱风险。研究结果表明：(1) 珠江流域西部有变旱的趋势而东部有变湿润的趋势,其中显著的变旱趋势集中在11、12、1 月,显著的变湿趋势集中在6、7 月。同时除个别站点外,干旱历时和干旱严重程度趋势不显著;(2) 珠江流域整体上干旱风险较大,东部要比西部干旱风险高。珠江流域内发生长历时干旱时,干旱严重程度也往往很大,对干旱风险管理很不利。在发生严重程度的干旱时,珠江流域东部的干旱高风险区域增加,威胁珠江三角洲地区水资源安全;(3) 由于第二重现期综合考虑了各种情况,可能第二重现期对干旱风险分析的结果更稳健一些。 相似文献
8.
明清时期凉山地区水旱灾害时空分布特征 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
在对四川凉山地区明清时期地方志及四川省志、档案材料、水旱灾害调查材料、今人水旱灾害史料汇编、旱涝分布图集、相关论著等所载水旱灾害史料搜集整理基础上,对四川凉山地区明清时期水灾和旱灾时空分布特征进行了量化统计分析。研究表明:明清时期四川凉山地区水旱灾害频发,而水灾较旱灾更为频繁;水旱灾害发生时间主要集中在春夏季节,其他季节分布较少;水灾与旱灾多隔年发生,较少同年爆发;水旱灾害等级以一般性水旱灾害和大水旱灾害为主,特大水旱灾害相对较少;水旱灾害多发地带集中在金沙江下游一带、安宁河流域一带,其他地域相对较少。明清时期四川凉山地区水旱灾害发生规律对当前凉山地区水旱灾害的防灾减灾具有一定的借鉴意义。 相似文献
9.
Tree deaths over large areas during droughts are uncommon. In the semi-arid zone of New South Wales (NSW) such events were last reported during the prolonged droughts of 1895–1903 and 1939–45, though whether caused solely by drought is open to question. Anecdotal and quantitative evidence during the current prolonged drought (2001–?) in NSW's sub-humid zone (where deaths are localised) and semi-arid zone (where deaths are more extensive) suggest that climatic conditions are comparable to, and perhaps more severe than, those of the earlier prolonged droughts. It is suggested that lack of access to deep soil moisture due to inherent shallow rooting, or due to site conditions, is the most likely cause; and that this may be associated with higher than optimal tree densities in cohorts of trees that arose from previous regeneration events during periods of well above average rainfall. A more thorough examination of the extent and severity of this event is warranted. 相似文献
10.
Subregionalization of Low-Frequency Summer Drought Variability in the Southeastern United States 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Jason T. Ortegren Ashley Weatherall Justin T. Maxwell 《The Professional geographer》2013,65(2):323-332
Freshwater resources are particularly limited in the Southeastern United States. In recent years, severe summer droughts have placed substantial strain on municipal and industrial water resources, emphasizing the need for further research on the causes of long-term moisture deficits. Previous research has identified a Southeast drought region and specific low-frequency ocean-atmosphere influences on drought. In this article, we identify three distinct subregions of low-frequency summer drought variability in the Southeastern United States using principal components analysis. Multidecadal drought variability is most pronounced in the Southeastern Atlantic Coastal States (SEACS) subregion. The SEACS drought variability is significantly associated with ocean-atmosphere variability in the Atlantic and Pacific basins. The significance of ocean-atmosphere influences on drought in the Southeast is spatially confined within only the SEACS subregion. The Eastern Gulf States (EGS) subregion exhibits a long-term increase in summer moisture that is significantly associated with Northern Hemisphere surface temperature increases during the last century. The peninsular Florida subregion is characterized by high-frequency drought variability that is not associated with any of the climate indexes included in this study. 相似文献
11.
Drought begins with a reduction in precipitation, but different kinds of precipitation deficiency episodes (duration, intensity, and areal extent) create varying problems for drought-sensitive activities; an agricultural droughttypically is not a water supply drought. Shared characteristics of precipitation deficiency events and related surface water supply problems in Illinois were used to define climatological characteristics of precipitation deficiency droughts that cause problems for water supply systems. The temporal and spatial characteristics of these water supply precipitation droughts were assessed revealing that droughts typically: (a) begin in warm season months; (b) become more widespread when more severe and/or of shorter duration (although all droughts could be expected to cover at least 75%-85% of the state); (c) are more severe and frequent in central Illinois; and (d) end with much above normal precipitation in the initial post-drought months, but tend to recess to slightly drier than normal conditions (but not drought levels). 相似文献
12.
气候变暖背景下中国干旱变化的区域特征 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
在全球气温日趋升高和极端降水增加的气候背景下,近年来中国干旱变化特征异常突出,新形势下需进一步深入认识干旱发生特征及影响机制。利用1960-2014年中国527个气象站逐日气温和降水量数据,选用改进的综合气象干旱指数（MCI）作为干旱监测指标,详细分析了中国各区域干旱强度、次数和持续时间变化特征及其差异性。结果表明：1960年以来,中国各区域干旱程度加重,范围增大,次数增多,持续时间增长。干旱特征发生了明显的区域变化,各个区域干旱变化差异显著。西南、华中、华北和华南区域干旱程度明显加重,主要是重度以上干旱次数较多。华北和西南干旱年数最多,为45年,其他地方为35~36年,华北重度以上干旱年份最多,为14年,其次是东北和华南的7年。干旱发生时间和区域也有随机性,中国各区域四季都有可能发生干旱,干旱不仅发生在北方干旱和半干旱区域,在南方湿润和半湿润区域同样发生。各区域以夏旱为主,东北以春旱和夏旱居多,华南以秋旱为主。干旱持续时间不等,有时高达9个月。有些区域年内干旱呈单峰型,有些区域为双峰型。气候变暖背景下,中国各个区域干旱呈加重趋势。 相似文献
13.
呼图壁河流域过去313 a春季平均最高气温序列及其特征分析 总被引：10，自引：3，他引：7
根据采自天山北坡中部呼图壁河流域6个采点的树木年轮样本,研制出该流域的树木年轮年表。通过相关普查发现,树轮差值年表与春季（5—6月）平均最高气温存在显著的负相关,最高单相关系数为-0.505,且具有明确的树木生理学意义。用喀音萨依（t）,喀音萨依（t+1）和希热克久热特（t+1）3个树轮差值年表序列可较好地重建呼图壁河流域313 a来该时段平均最高气温变化,交叉检验表明重建结果稳定可靠。呼图壁河流域313 a来春季平均最高气温重建序列具有如下特征：①经历了7个偏暖阶段和6个偏冷阶段;②存在7~18 a、30 a明显的准周期变化;③在1886年发生过一次明显的突变。 相似文献
14.
嫩江是东北地区最重要的河流之一,了解嫩江长期水文变化规律,对嫩江流域林业、农牧业生产具有重要意义。通过对嫩江上游4个地点兴安落叶松（Larix gmelinii）树轮年表与气候水文数据分析,发现4个地点的平均年表与1~3月平均径流量有着极显著关系。因此,基于树轮宽度重建了嫩江上游1804年以来1~3月平均径流量,重建方程解释了43.9%的径流变异,经检验证明重建结果可靠。重建嫩江径流变化表明：1804年以来,嫩江流域上游1~3月份径流经历了6个偏枯和7个偏丰阶段。同时,嫩江上游径流量存在60、4.3~4.0、3.4~3.2、3.1~2.9和2.3 a的变化周期。在19世纪初至20世纪初嫩江1~3月流量的变化幅度较小,而20世纪中后期变化幅度较大。另外,重建结果与黑龙江省历史记载的旱涝时期比较吻合。 相似文献
15.
本文通过对河南省历代旱涝气候史料的分析,建立了豫西区1470-1979年分季(春、夏,秋)水旱序列,并且对序列及其可靠性作了分析. 相似文献
16.
Matthew D. Meko 《自然地理学》2020,41(1):83-98
ABSTRACTTree rings preserve important records of past flooding. We present the results of an examination of inter-annual tree-ring anatomical variability and vessel width in overcup oak (Quercus lyrata) and river flooding at a bottomland hardwood forest site near the confluence of the White and Mississippi Rivers. We developed two flood chronologies based on (1) visual identification of “flood-ring” anatomical anomalies and (2) a simple method for quantitative measurements of earlywood vessel width (VW). Using visual flood rings, we have developed a response index (RI) chronology of floods from 1780–2013 and, using the VW measurements, we have developed a quantitative reconstruction of spring river levels from 1800–2013. Both the RI and VW chronologies are strongly related to spring river flooding and indicate that major floods such as those in 1805, 1826, 1844, 1852, 1858, occurred in the period prior to the systematic collection of stage data, and that the frequency of extreme events has greatly varied over the past two centuries. These chronologies provide important new information about Lower Mississippi River flooding in past centuries, and our simple method of measuring VW is a potentially useful new approach to the development of tree-ring records of flooding. 相似文献
17.
Juliane Wischnewski Ulrike Herzschuh Kathleen M. Rühland Achim Bräuning Steffen Mischke John P. Smol Lily Wang 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2014,51(2):287-302
The Tibetan Plateau is a region that is highly sensitive to recent global warming, but the complexity and heterogeneity of its mountainous landscape can result in variable responses. In addition, the scarcity and brevity of regional instrumental and palaeoecological records still hamper our understanding of past and present patterns of environmental change. To investigate how the remote, high-alpine environments of the Nianbaoyeze Mountains, eastern Tibetan Plateau, are affected by climate change and human activity over the last ~600 years, we compared regional tree-ring studies with pollen and diatom remains archived in the dated sediments of Dongerwuka Lake (33.22°N, 101.12°E, 4,307 m a.s.l.). In agreement with previous studies from the eastern Tibetan Plateau, a strong coherence between our two juniper-based tree-ring chronologies from the Nianbaoyeze and the Anemaqin Mountains was observed, with pronounced cyclical variations in summer temperature reconstructions. A positive directional trend to warmer summer temperatures in the most recent decades, was, however, not observed in the tree-ring record. Likewise, our pollen and diatom spectra showed minimal change over the investigated time period. Although modest, the most notable change in the diatom relative abundances was a subtle decrease in the dominant planktonic Cyclotella ocellata and a concurrent increase in small, benthic fragilarioid taxa in the ~1820s, suggesting higher ecosystem variability. The pollen record subtly indicates three periods of increased cattle grazing activity (~1400–1480 AD, ~1630–1760 AD, after 1850 AD), but shows generally no significant vegetation changes during past ~600 years. The minimal changes observed in the tree-ring, diatom and pollen records are consistent with the presence of localised cooling centres that are evident in instrumental and tree-ring data within the southeastern and eastern Tibetan Plateau. Given the minor changes in regional temperature records, our complacent palaeoecological profiles suggest that climatically induced ecological thresholds have not yet been crossed in the Nianbaoyeze Mountains region. 相似文献
18.
基于SPEI法的陇东地区近50 a干旱化时空特征分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
选取陇东地区近50 a平均逐月降水和气温数据,采用Mann-Kendall方法、反距离加权插值（IDW）、功率谱分析、标准化降水蒸散发指数（SPEI）等方法分析了陇东地区近50 a来干旱变化的时空特征。研究显示：近50 a来陇东地区干旱化趋势非常明显,特别是20世纪90年代以来干旱趋势显著。持续干旱事件次数增多,持续干旱累积时间增长,以春夏连旱、伏秋连旱的次数增多为显著特征。发生干旱的周期在不同的时间尺度上表现不一致,随着时间尺度的增长,干旱出现的周期也在变长。干旱发生频率不断加快,尤其是在20世纪90年代以来,极端干旱事件的频率显著上升。近50 a来干旱频率较高的区域在环县西北部和六盘山以西静宁等地,干旱高频区逐步向中南部和东部转移。通过与其他方法对比分析和历史资料比对,证明SPEI在陇东地区有较好的适用性。 相似文献
19.
基于汉江流域雨雪分寸等史料记录的特点,以发生地区、影响程度和持续时间为衡量标准,提出了利用史料重建汉江流域季节旱涝等级序列的方法,重建了1735—1911汉江流域7府（州）四季的旱涝等级序列,据此分析了各府（州）1735—1911年季节上的旱涝变化特征。结果表明：① 汉中府、兴安府、商州和南阳府有更多的春季、夏季、冬季偏旱年,而郧阳府、襄阳府和安陆府有更多的春季、夏季偏涝年和秋季偏旱年;② 夏季和秋季旱涝等级的波动明显,而春季和冬季旱涝等级的波动较小;③ 年代际尺度上来看,汉江流域,1820s—1840s偏涝,1850s、1870s偏旱;④ 影响较大的季节连旱事件多发生在19世纪,而影响较大的季节连涝事件多发生在夏季和秋季。这一研究,对汉江流域定量化气候研究具有一定的价值,也为汉江流域未来的降水变化研究提供了数据支持。 相似文献
20.
1644-2009年黄河中游旱涝序列重建与特征诊断 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
据清代各县级政区的历史沿革,及现存历史文献资料的详细程度,选取黄河中游18个代表站点,在提高空间分辨率的基础上,采用旱涝等级法与面积加权法重建了1644-2009年各站点旱涝等级序列。利用小波分析、累积距平、滑动t-检验等方法,检测了全区过去366年旱涝发生的周期、阶段性和突变点。结果显示:旱涝序列存在21年、70年、114年左右的多年代际尺度周期信号;1644-1683年、1737-1775年、1885-1921年为多雨期,1684-1736年、1776-1814年、1922-2001年为少雨期;目前黄河中游开始进入雨涝多发期;1815-1895年旱涝波动频繁,气候进入不稳定期;过去366年存在2个由干旱转为雨涝期的气候突变点,分别位于1723-1726和1814-1816年。 相似文献