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1.
Extreme climate and weather events are increasingly being recognized as key aspects of climate change. Pre-monsoon season
(March–May) is the hottest part of the year over almost the entire South Asian region, in which hot weather extremes including
heat waves are recurring natural hazards having serious societal impacts, particularly on human health. In the present paper,
recent trends in extreme temperature events for the pre-monsoon season have been studied using daily data on maximum and minimum
temperatures over a well-distributed network of 121 stations for the period 1970–2005. For this purpose, time series of extreme
temperature events have been constructed for India as a whole and seven homogeneous regions, viz., Western Himalaya (WH),
Northwest (NW), Northeast (NE), North Central (NC), East coast (EC), West coast (WC) and Interior Peninsula (IP). 相似文献
2.
Meteorological fields variability over the Indian seas in pre and summer monsoon months during extreme monsoon seasons 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
U. C. Mohanty R. Bhatla P. V. S. Raju O. P. Madan A. Sarkar 《Journal of Earth System Science》2002,111(3):365-378
In this study, the possible linkage between summer monsoon rainfall over India and surface meteorological fields (basic fields
and heat budget components) over monsoon region (30‡E-120‡E, 30‡S30‡N) during the pre-monsoon month of May and summer monsoon
season (June to September) are examined. For this purpose, monthly surface meteorological fields anomaly are analyzed for
42 years (1958-1999) using reanalysis data of NCEP/NCAR (National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for
Atmospheric Research). The statistical significance of the anomaly (difference) between the surplus and deficient monsoon
years in the surface meteorological fields are also examined by Student’s t-test at 95% confidence level.
Significant negative anomalies of mean sea level pressure are observed over India, Arabian Sea and Arabian Peninsular in the
pre-monsoon month of May and monsoon season. Significant positive anomalies in the zonal and meridional wind (at 2 m) in the
month of May are observed in the west Arabian Sea off Somali coast and for monsoon season it is in the central Arabian Sea
that extends up to Somalia. Significant positive anomalies of the surface temperature and air temperature (at 2 m) in the
month of May are observed over north India and adjoining Pakistan and Afghanistan region. During monsoon season this region
is replaced by significant negative anomalies. In the month of May, significant positive anomalies of cloud amount are observed
over Somali coast, north Bay of Bengal and adjoining West Bengal and Bangladesh. During monsoon season, cloud amount shows
positive anomalies over NW India and north Arabian Sea.
There is overall reduction in the incoming shortwave radiation flux during surplus monsoon years. A higher magnitude of latent
heat flux is also found in surplus monsoon years for the month of May as well as the monsoon season. The significant positive
anomaly of latent heat flux in May, observed over southwest Arabian Sea, may be considered as an advance indicator of the
possible behavior of the subsequent monsoon season. The distribution of net heat flux is predominantly negative over eastern
Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean. Anomaly between the two extreme monsoon years in post 1980 (i.e., 1988 and 1987)
shows that shortwave flux, latent heat flux and net heat flux indicate reversal in sign, particularly in south Indian Ocean.
Variations of the heat budget components over four smaller sectors of Indian seas, namely Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal and west
Indian Ocean and east Indian Ocean show that a small sector of Arabian Sea is most dominant during May and other sectors showing
reversal in sign of latent heat flux during monsoon season. 相似文献
3.
Muhammad Mubashar Dogar Fred Kucharski Syed Azharuddin 《Journal of Earth System Science》2017,126(2):30
ENSO is considered as a strong atmospheric teleconnection that has pronounced global and regional circulation effects. It modifies global monsoon system, especially, Asian and African monsoons. Previous studies suggest that both the frequency and magnitude of ENSO events have increased over the last few decades resulting in a need to study climatic impacts of ENSO magnitude both at global and regional scales. Hence, to better understand the impact of ENSO amplitude over the tropical and extratropical regions focussing on the Asian and African domains, ENSO sensitivity experiments are conducted using ICTPAGCM (‘SPEEDY’). It is anticipated that the tropical Pacific SST forcing will be enough to produce ENSO-induced teleconnection patterns; therefore, the model is forced using NINO3.4 regressed SST anomalies over the tropical Pacific only. SPEEDY reproduces the impact of ENSO over the Pacific, North and South America and African regions very well. However, it underestimates ENSO teleconnection patterns and associated changes over South Asia, particularly in the Indian region, which suggests that the tropical Pacific SST forcing is not sufficient to represent ENSO-induced teleconnection patterns over South Asia. Therefore, SST forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean together with air–sea coupling is also required for better representation of ENSO-induced changes in these regions. Moreover, results obtained by this pacemaker experiment show that ENSO impacts are relatively stronger over the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) compared to extratropics and high latitude regions. The positive phase of ENSO causes weakening in rainfall activity over African tropical rain belt, parts of South and Southeast Asia, whereas, the La Niña phase produces more rain over these regions during the summer season. Model results further reveal that ENSO magnitude has a stronger impact over African Sahel and South Asia, especially over the Indian region because of its significant impact over the tropical Atlantic and the Indian Ocean through Walker circulation. ENSO-induced negative (positive) NAO-like response and associated changes over Southern Europe and North Africa get significantly strong following increased intensity of El Niño (La Niña) in the northern (southern) hemisphere in the boreal winter (summer) season. We further find that ENSO magnitude significantly impacts Hadley and Walker circulations. The positive phase of ENSO (El Niño) overall strengthens Hadley cell and a reverse is true for the La Niña phase. ENSO-induced strengthening and weakening of Hadley cell induces significant impact over South Asian and African ITCZ convective regions through modification of ITCZ/monsoon circulation system. 相似文献
4.
Based on the NCEP/NCAR daily reanalysis data and the daily rainfall data of ground observation at 164 weather stations in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River from 1960 to 2013, the relationship between South Asia high low frequency oscillation and the drought and flood in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River were analyzed using a composite analysis, wavelet analysis and band-pass filtering analysis method. The results indicated that in the typical drought and flood years, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau 200 hPa atmosphere u, v low-frequency primary cycle and the summer rainfall cycle over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River were the same. In more summer rainfall, from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to east China and west Pacific coast, there existed a cycle-anticyclone-cycle low frequency wave train. Low-frequency anticyclone controlled eastern China and the low-frequency cyclone controlled the northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In drought years, results were opposite. In flood years, the precipitation of low frequency over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and that of 200 hPa atmospheric low frequency change of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was closely related. When the northerly wind in the northeast part of the the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River was strong, and Lake Baikal southerly wind was strong, there was more precipitation. On the contrary, precipitation was less. The low frequency oscillation wave train was mainly spread from the northeast of China and Japan's southern to China’s southwest. However, in drought years, the relationship between them was not clear and needed to be further studied. 相似文献
5.
青藏高原唐古拉山多年冻土区夏、秋季节总辐射和地表反照率特征分析 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
根据青藏高原唐古拉山多年冻土区2005年6月24日~10月16日的总辐射、分光辐射和分光反照率观测资料,利用总辐射和大气层顶太阳辐射的比值——日有效透射率Teff,用聚类分析法将资料划分为晴天、多云和阴天三类天气,分析了该地区夏、秋季节总辐射、分光辐射比例和分光反照率的日变化和季节变化规律.结果表明,夏季总辐射与大气层顶的差值和日际变化幅度最大,秋季以后这种差值和日际变化幅度减小.天空状况对分光辐射比例和地表反照率均有影响,表现为近红外辐射比例晴天比阴天大,可见光比例晴天比阴天小,各波段反照率晴天均比阴天大.反照率在夏季最低,秋季较高,反照率的日变化有依存分光辐射比例的关系,这大致可以解释地表反照率依存太阳高度角而变化的现象.无积雪地面反照率近红外波段大于可见光波段,地表有积雪时,反照率明显不同,其可见光波段反照率大于近红外波段反照率.功率谱分析表明,日有效透射率Teff存在着2~3 d的周期,它是该地区天气系统活动影响太阳辐射收入的一个反映,指示出唐古拉山地区天气系统亦有2~3 d的周期性. 相似文献
6.
Spatiotemporal changes of global extreme temperature events (ETEs) since 1981 and the meteorological causes 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Xiao Song Zhao Zhang Yi Chen Pin Wang Ming Xiang Peijun Shi Fulu Tao 《Natural Hazards》2014,70(2):975-994
Of the various types of disasters caused by extreme climate and weather, extreme temperature events (ETEs) have led to a heightened awareness due to their increasing frequency, intensity, widespread distribution, and severe health impacts. Although many previous studies have surveyed the severe impacts of specific ETEs, few systematic studies have analyzed the temporal trends and the spatial patterns of this type of ETEs at the global scale. In the present study, disaster data from 1981 to 2010 compiled by Emergency Events Database were used to obtain a global view of the distribution of and the changes in the recorded ETEs. In addition, the daily maximum/minimum temperature data provided by National Centers for Environmental Prediction /Department of Energy Reanalysis 2 were used to explore the potential meteorological causes of these events. The results showed 2.7 and 6.4 increases in the frequencies of heat waves and cold spells per decade, respectively, since the 1980s. However, a large regional variability was found worldwide. Moreover, more than 40 % of the recorded ETEs occurred in Europe, and Asia experienced 33 and 26 % of the heat wave and cold spell events, respectively. Additionally, the global pattern for the occurrence frequency of ETEs in recent decades could be largely ascribed to the meteorological indexes: the heat stress index (HSI) and the cold stress index (CSI). The frequency of heat wave events increased from 1981 to 2010, and this trend is consistent with the increase in the HSI. However, the cold spell events did not appear to be reduced, as demonstrated by the disaster records, and this finding is inconsistent with the CSI trend. This result indicates that other factors also influence the occurrence of disaster events. 相似文献
7.
The purpose of this paper is to analyse the trends and variability in extreme temperature indices. We examined climatological distribution of heat and cold waves of two important agro-climatic zones (South Bihar Alluvial Zone-IIIA and B), which is part of the middle Indo-Gangetic Basin and comprising 17 densely populated (1108 persons/km 2) districts of Bihar state. We used series of daily maximum and minimum temperature data from 1969 to 2013 of seven stations to calculate temperature indices, from which the trend, occurrence, duration and severity of heat and cold waves were estimated. Results revealed that, in a period of 45 years, zone-IIIA and B has experienced 251/182 and 337/140 average number of heat and cold events, respectively. Although the zone-IIIA on average is experiencing ≥8 heat and cold wave days per season, both these high frequency temperature extremes are decreasing at the rate 0.15 and 0.17 per year, respectively, with significance at 95% confidence level. Zone-IIIB on average is experiencing ≤5 heat and cold days per season, but heat waves have been found increasing at the rate 0.11 per year, whereas, a non-significant decreasing rate of 0.04/year was observed in cold waves. The study also inferred that heat waves of the month of May in zone-IIIA and of June in zone-IIIB are more frequent, hotter and longer than other months of hot weather period under study, whereas, the cold waves of month January are more frequent and longer, in both zones. 相似文献
8.
The tectonic position of Egypt in the northeastern corner of the African continent suggests that it may possess significant geothermal resources, especially along its eastern margin. The most of the thermal springs in Egypt are located along the shores of Gulf of Suez and Red Sea. These springs are probably tectonic or nonvolcanic origin associated with the opening of the Red Sea—Gulf of Suez rifts, where the eastern shore of the Gulf of Suez is characterized by superficial thermal manifestations including a cluster of hot springs with varied temperatures. Hammam Faraun area consists of the hottest spring in Egypt where the water temperature is 70°C. Conceptual as well as numerical models were made on the Hammam Faraun hot spring based on geological, geochemical, and geophysical data. The models show that the heat source of the hot spring is probably derived from high heat flow and deep water circulation controlled by faults associated with the opening of the Red Sea and Gulf of Suez rifts. 相似文献
9.
基于1961 - 2017年6 - 8月新疆北部47个观测站点的逐日降水资料, 根据百分位法定义不同站点的夏季极端降水阈值, 分析了新疆北部地区夏季极端降水事件和最大日降水的时空分布特征、 贡献率及其与海拔的关系。结果表明： 新疆北部地区夏季极端降水事件和最大日降水量的各个特征量分布存在明显的时空差异, 空间上夏季极端降水事件、 最大日降水量表现为山区高、 盆地低的特点,在海拔2 000 m左右存在一个最大降水带; 夏季极端降水事件和最大日降水量呈增多、 增强的趋势, 并从20世纪90年代前后开始有明显的增加。夏季极端降水事件主要以单日为主, 夏季极端降水贡献随时间呈缓慢增加的趋势, 而夏季极端降水过程贡献和最大日降水贡献随时间变化呈下降趋势。 相似文献
10.
青藏高原地表能量通量的估计 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用1981—2000年逐日气候、植被和土壤基础资料作为输入,以大气—植被相互作用模式（AVIM2）计算了青藏高原0.1°分辨率的年平均地表能量通量的空间分布和季节变化特征。结果显示,年平均地表净辐射通量由高原西南部的100 W/m2减少到东部的70 W/m2左右。高原东南部的林区潜热通量强而感热通量弱,从高原东南向西、向北潜热通量逐渐减少,而感热通量逐渐增大。夏季这种趋势更加显著。冬季除东南部外,高原上广大地区地表能量通量都较低。 相似文献
11.
甘肃河西走廊地区气候暖湿转型后的最新事实 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
应用1981-2011年甘肃省河西走廊地区19台站逐日降水资料, 研究了该区域年和四季降水量、雨日、降水强度的气候变化特征. 结果表明: 整个河西走廊秋季及酒泉市东部到张掖市冬季降水呈显著增加; 夏季雨日显著减少, 秋季雨日显著增加; 秋季降水强度普遍增强. 与1990年代相比, 2000年代秋季、春季和冬季降水量占年降水量的比重分别提高了9.4%、3.9%和1.8%, 仍有暖湿化倾向, 其中, 秋季暖湿化显著, 而夏季降水比重却减少了15.3%, 有暖干化趋势. 2000年代降水量、雨日和降水强度极端气候事件明显增加: 从季节看, 秋季发生频率最高, 约占同季全部极端事件的80%左右, 其次是夏季和冬季, 各占60%, 春季和年各占50%; 从要素看, 雨日发生频率最高, 占全部极端事件的近70%, 降水量次之, 占60%, 雨强占50%. 与1990年代相比, 2000年代500 hPa、200 hPa和700 hPa 高度场、相对湿度及比湿有明显的年代际变化, 对秋季降水有利而对夏季降水不利. 相似文献
12.
Heat wave of 2015 over India, a natural disaster with 2500 human deaths, was studied to understand the characteristics, associated atmospheric circulation patterns and to evaluate its predictability. Although temperatures are highest in May over India, occurrence of heat wave conditions over southeast coastal parts of India in May 2015 had been unanticipated. Analyses revealed that isolated region of Andhra Pradesh (AP) had experienced severe heat wave conditions during May 23–27, 2015, with temperatures above 42 °C and the sudden escalation by 7–10 °C within a short span of 2–3 days. Short-range weather predictions with Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting model at 3-km resolution, up to 72-h lead time, have been found accurate with statistical metrics of small mean absolute error and root-mean-square error and high index of agreement confirming the predictability of the heat wave evolution. Analyses have indicated that regional atmospheric pressure disparities within the Eurasia region, i.e., increased pressure gradient between the Middle East and India, had been responsible for increased northwest wind flow over to northwest India and to southeast India which have advected higher temperatures. Estimates of warm air advection have shown heat accumulation over AP region, due to sea breeze effect. The study led to the conclusion that changing pressure gradients between Middle East and India, enhancement of northwest wind flow with warm air advection and sea breeze effect along southeast coast blocking the free flow have contributed to the observed heat wave episode over coastal Andhra Pradesh. 相似文献
13.
气候变暖背景下2015年夏季新疆极端高温过程及其影响 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
用新疆105个气象站监测资料,分析了2015年夏季高温过程的极端特征.2015年夏季新疆区域出现高温过程,从7月上旬后期开始,南疆东南部以及东疆最早出现日最高气温≥35℃的高温天气,进入中旬后高温范围迅速向西、向北蔓延发展,下旬初期范围达最大,南北疆均出现高温天气.新疆区域该次高温过程在7月中下旬最为强盛,全疆84.8%的测站（89站）出现高温;52.4%的测站（55站）的高温持续日数位居历史第1位;全疆21.9%的测站（23站）极端最高气温位居历史第1位,极端最高气温出现在吐鲁番东坎,达到47.7℃.这次高温过程造成8站夏季温度位居同期第1位,南疆及天山山区的7月平均气温位居历史同期第1位,有54.3%的测站（57站）7月平均气温突破同期历史极值.海拔3544 m的天山山区大西沟站7月份日最高气温连续突破历史极值,22日达到20.7℃.高温过程中,新疆区域7月0℃层高度位居1991年以来同期第1位,其中,7月19-23日连续6 d位居1991年以来的第1位.天山开都河流域日0℃层高度持续33 d高于1991-2015年平均值. 7月上旬到下旬,在500 hPa高空,伊朗高压东移并控制新疆,是造成此次高温过程的直接原因.在100 hPa高空,南亚高压的形态、中心位置、强度变化与新疆此次高温过程演变关系密切.高温过程造成新疆高山区冰雪迅速消融,引发塔里木河流域出现融雪（冰）型洪水. 相似文献
14.
Ned P. Smith 《Estuaries and Coasts》1985,8(3):270-278
Meteorological data and water temperatures from a 98-day period during the summer of 1980 are used to examine the suitability of routine weather observations for quantifying the heat energy budget of a shallow lagoon on the Atlantic coast of Florida. Hourly cloud-cover observations are used to calculate incoming solar radiation, and results are compared with pyranometer readings. The standard error of the estimate is 26% of the mean daily accumulation for simulations of one day, but this decreases to only 0.3% of the total accumulation for simulations of 21 days. Wind speeds recorded at a weather station 4 km from the study site must be modified by a site-specific wind ratio before they can be used to calculate latent and sensible heat fluxes. Even with site-specific corrections to routine weather data, the standard deviation of simulated temperatures is 2 to 3 times that of observed temperatures. Cloud cover and wind speed are the two variables most difficult to incorporate into the simulations. 相似文献
15.
Spectral and statistical wave parameters obtained from the measured time series wave data off Paradip, east coast of India
during May 1996–January 1997 were analysed along with MIKE 21 spectral wave model (SW) results. Statistical wave parameters
and directional wave energy spectra distinctly separate out the wave conditions that prevailed off Paradip in the monsoon,
fair weather and extreme weather events during the above period. Frequency-energy spectra during extreme events are single
peaked, and the maximum energy distribution is in a narrow frequency band with an average directional spreading of 20°. Spectra
for other seasons are multi-peaked, and energy is distributed over a wide range of frequencies and directions. The NCEP re-analysis
winds were used in the model, and the results clearly bring out the wave features during depressions. The simulated wave parameters
reasonably show good match with the measurements. For example, the correlation coefficient between the measured and modelled
significant wave height is 0.87 and the bias −0.25. 相似文献
16.
春季热带海温与北疆夏季极端降水的关系研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于1961—2017年北疆47站夏季逐日降水资料、NOAA海温资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,利用90%分位确定北疆夏季单站降水阈值,得出极端降水量,讨论了春季热带海温与北疆夏季极端降水的关系。结果表明：北疆夏季极端降水和春季热带印度洋（20° S~15° N,50°~110° E）及赤道东太平洋（15° S~15° N,90°~180° W）海温呈正相关,两个关键区春季热带海温异常偏暖时,北疆夏季极端降水偏多,仅春季热带印度洋关键区海温异常偏暖时,北疆西北地区夏季极端降水偏多。当春季热带印度洋和赤道东太平洋关键区海温同时异常偏暖时,200 hPa西风急流轴明显偏南,500 hPa西西伯利亚和中亚地区低值系统活跃,南方路径输送的水汽增加,有利于北疆夏季极端降水的发生;仅春季热带印度洋关键区海温异常偏暖时,200 hPa西风急流强度增强,500 hPa西西伯利亚地区低值系统活跃,配合偏东路径的水汽输送,北疆西北地区夏季极端降水偏多。 相似文献
17.
Heat wave risk assessment and mapping in urban areas: case study for a midsized Central European city,Novi Sad (Serbia) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Stevan Savić Vladimir Marković Ivan Šećerov Dragoslav Pavić Daniela Arsenović Dragan Milošević Dragan Dolinaj Imre Nagy Milana Pantelić 《Natural Hazards》2018,91(3):891-911
Risk assessment and mapping methodologies for heat waves as frequently occurring hazards in central and southeastern Europe were applied in this study, and the impact of heat waves on the mortality of urban populations was determined as part of the assessment. The methodology for conducting the heat wave risk assessment is based on European Commission’s Guidelines for Risk Assessment and Mapping. The Novi Sad (Serbia) urban area was studied during summer 2015, which was one of the hottest summers in the last few decades. In situ air temperature measurements from urban stations and mortality of urban populations were used. Nocturnal urban heat island (UHI) intensity values between the various built-up zones and natural surrounding areas were used for the hazard level calculation. Temperature data from 9 p.m. to 5 a.m. were used because during the night, the UHI intensity reached its maximum values. The average daily number of deaths by LCZs was used to define the impact level of the vulnerability index. Calculations for both hazard levels were completed during two intensive heat waves (in July and August 2015) when it was expected that there may be a high level of risk. The results and maps show that the urban area is complex, and the heat wave risk on the population is not uniform. The most densely built-up areas (LCZs 2, 5 and 6) have very high or high risk values that are influenced by a higher rate of mortality. The obtained results and maps can be used by local authorities to prevent and mitigate climate-related hazards, for medical institutions as well as urban planners and for ancillary local, regional or national services. According to these results, the local authorities could define hot spots where they can place medical and rescue teams and install points with water supplies, etc. 相似文献
18.
广东省近50年极端降水事件的时空特征及成因分析 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
利用广东省境内25个测站1961~2010年逐日降水资料,综合运用Mann-Kendall检验、正交分解函数和Morlet小波分析等方法,剖析了广东省极端降水的空间结构分布与时间变化特征,并从水汽辐合的角度解释了极端降水的时空特征。结果表明:全省极端降水事件的总量、频次、强度空间分布差异较大,从北到南,极端降水总量和强度增加,频次减少;全省大部分区域极端降水总量和频次都有增加的趋势;广东省极端降水受大尺度天气系统的影响,存在全区一致的多雨或少雨,但也存在东西、四周、中心以及南北的差异;极端降水空间异常可分为4个气候区(异常型),即粤东北区,粤西区,粤中部区以及粤东沿海区,各降水异常区存在20a左右的长周期、10a左右较长周期的和3~4a的短周期振荡;广东省极端降水与极端水汽辐合对应关系较好,区域内水汽辐合的改变可能是影响广东省极端降水变化的重要气候因子。 相似文献
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1961-2015年青藏高原降水量变化综合分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
降水量及其季节分配与降水形式变化一直是全球气候变化研究的热点之一。使用青藏高原72个气象站点1961-2015年的逐日降水量资料,基于趋势、波动特征和极端事件相结合的新视角,全面剖析了该地区近55年降水量的趋势、波动与极端事件变化。结果表明：（1）时间上,近55年青藏高原年降水量、年最大日降水量和一年中日降水量≥ 10 mm的天数分别以6.59 mm·（10a）-1、0.33 mm·（10a）-1和0.26 d·（10a）-1的速率显著增加,增幅分别达到36.2 mm、1.8 mm和1.4 d。（2）空间上,过去55年青藏高原绝大部分地区年降水量增加,不稳定性增强。但波动变化存在较大的地区差异,广大的中西部地区年降水量波动缓慢增强,而高原东部地区自北向南波动快速增强区与快速减弱区相间分布,极端降水强度与频数亦有类似的变化格局。（3）趋势、波动与极端变化三者组合预示,青藏高原东部的祁连山地区、柴达木盆地东部、青海湖流域与长江源区极端降水事件将明显增加,高原中西部地区发生强降水的可能性亦增加,而高原东南缘地区干旱事件将增多。 相似文献