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Identification and Modelling of Translational and Axial Symmetries and their Hierarchical Structures in Building Footprints by Formal Grammars 
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下载免费PDF全文 Buildings and other man‐made objects, for many reasons such as economical or aesthetic, are often characterized by their symmetry. The latter predominates in the design of building footprints and building parts such as façades. Thus the identification and modeling of this valuable information facilitates the reconstruction of these buildings and their parts. This article presents a novel approach for the automatic identification and modelling of symmetries and their hierarchical structures in building footprints, providing an important prior for façade and roof reconstruction. The uncertainty of symmetries is explicitly addressed using supervised machine learning methods, in particular Support Vector Machines (SVMs). Unlike classical statistical methods, for SVMs assumptions on the a priori distribution of the data are not required. Both axial and translational symmetries are detected. The quality of the identified major and minor symmetry axes is assessed by a least squares based adjustment. Context‐free formal grammar rules are used to model the hierarchical and repetitive structure of the underlying footprints. We present an algorithm which derives grammar rules based on the previously acquired symmetry information and using lexical analysis describing regular patterns and palindrome‐like structures. This offers insights into the latent structures of building footprints and therefore describes the associated façade in a relational and compact way. 相似文献
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Sandra Loch-Dehbi Lutz Plümer 《ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing》2011,66(2):177-187
This paper presents a novel approach to automated geometric reasoning for 3D building models. Geometric constraints like orthogonality or parallelity play a prominent role in man-made objects such as buildings. Thus, constraint based modelling, that specifies buildings by their individual components and the constraints between them, is a common approach in 3D city models. Since prototyped building models allow one to incorporate a priori knowledge they support the 3D reconstruction of buildings from point clouds and allow the construction of virtual cities. However, high level building models have a high degree of complexity and consequently are not easily manageable. Interactive tools are needed which facilitate the development of consistent models that, for instance, do not entail internal logical contradictions. Furthermore, there is often an interest in a compact, redundancy-free representation. We propose an approach that uses algebraic methods to prove that a constraint is deducible from a set of premises. While automated reasoning in 2D models is practical, a substantial increase in complexity can be observed in the transition to the three-dimensional space. Apart from that, algebraic theorem provers are restricted to crisp constraints so far. Thus, they are unable to handle quality issues, which are, however, an important aspect of GIS data and models. In this article we present an approach to automatic 3D reasoning which explicitly addresses uncertainty. Hereby, our aim is to support the interactive modelling of 3D city models and the automatic reconstruction of buildings. Geometric constraints are represented by multivariate polynomials whereas algebraic reasoning is based on Wu’s method of pseudodivision and characteristic sets. The reasoning process is further supported by logical inference rules. In order to cope with uncertainty and to address quality issues the reasoner integrates uncertain projective geometry and statistical hypothesis tests. Consequently, it allows one to derive uncertain conclusions from uncertain premises. The quality of such conclusions is quantified in a way which is sound both from a logical and a statistical perspective. 相似文献
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This paper presents a generative statistical approach to automatic 3D building roof reconstruction from airborne laser scanning point clouds. In previous works, bottom-up methods, e.g., points clustering, plane detection, and contour extraction, are widely used. Due to the data artefacts caused by tree clutter, reflection from windows, water features, etc., the bottom-up reconstruction in urban areas may suffer from a number of incomplete or irregular roof parts. Manually given geometric constraints are usually needed to ensure plausible results. In this work we propose an automatic process with emphasis on top-down approaches. The input point cloud is firstly pre-segmented into subzones containing a limited number of buildings to reduce the computational complexity for large urban scenes. For the building extraction and reconstruction in the subzones we propose a pure top-down statistical scheme, in which the bottom-up efforts or additional data like building footprints are no more required. Based on a predefined primitive library we conduct a generative modeling to reconstruct roof models that fit the data. Primitives are assembled into an entire roof with given rules of combination and merging. Overlaps of primitives are allowed in the assembly. The selection of roof primitives, as well as the sampling of their parameters, is driven by a variant of Markov Chain Monte Carlo technique with specified jump mechanism. Experiments are performed on data-sets of different building types (from simple houses, high-rise buildings to combined building groups) and resolutions. The results show robustness despite the data artefacts mentioned above and plausibility in reconstruction. 相似文献
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以激光点云数据和倾斜多视影像为研究对象，提出了一种结合机载点云、地面点云及倾斜多视纹理的融合多源特征的建筑物三维模型重建方法。该方法结合点云面元以及影像边界特征，利用倾斜影像的线特征对顶面及立面模型进行边界规则约束，实现了面元自动拓扑重建；通过交互编辑完成不同复杂程度的建筑模型重建，并对模型进行纹理映射。实验结果表明，该方法能够有效提升城市建筑物三维模型重建的效率和边界精度，为利用多源数据的空地联合建筑物三维精细重建提供了一套切实可行的解决方案。 相似文献
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Yixiang Tian Markus Gerke George Vosselman Qing Zhu 《ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing》2010,65(4):395-408
The paper presents an automatic method for the reconstruction of building models from video image sequences. These videos may be recorded using a hand-held camera or a camera mounted on a moving car. Such terrestrial video sequences are economic and flexible. Presenting buildings as geometric models–rather than for instance a representation from a simple meshing of 3D points–enables one to perform a wide range of analyses. However, sparse 3D points and 3D edges do not contain topological relations. Therefore, integrating building structure knowledge into the reconstruction steps plays an important role in our method. First, some rules are applied to reasonably group the extracted features. Then, a suitable outline and normal direction are specified for each surface patch. Based on these surface patches, a hybrid model- and data-driven method is used to recover a building model from both the extracted surface patches and hypothesized parts. Using the building structure knowledge leads to a simple and fast reconstruction method, and also enables one to obtain the main structures of buildings. The results show that this method correctly sets up topological relationships between generated surface patches and also obtains reasonable structure models in occluded areas. Therefore, the reconstructed models satisfy requirements for both visualization and analysis. 相似文献
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针对三维城市模型重建,提出了一种利用倾斜影像实现城市模型纹理快速重建的方法。该方法基于摄影测量计算机视觉理论,在事先处理得到城市建筑物数字表面模型的基础上,利用共线方程计算物方与像方的几何投影关系,获得建筑物的三维信息与纹理信息。通过一定的最优算法选择出地物面的理想纹理,实现城市建筑物纹理的自动提取及稠密建筑物纹理的遮挡处理。真实影像纹理重建的结果表明:应用本文方法进行三维城市模型纹理重建具有自动化程度高、效果逼真、成本低的特点,为快速、大面积的城市真三维模型纹理重建提供了一种有效的实现途径。 相似文献
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针对城市空间内的自动化分区，顾及空间域边界对于分区结果的约束效应，提出一种边界约束最大p区域问题。在最大化区域个数p前提下，针对单元与多个边界交叉产生的单元从属不确定性，设计一种顾及空间单元从属不确定度的单元差异性加权目标函数。并在满足阈值约束等最大p区域问题原有约束下，增加若干边界约束，保证形成的区域一般在某个边界之内，若需跨越多个边界，则需涵盖整个边界。针对该非确定性多项式难题设计并实现一种基于禁忌搜索的启发式算法，并在模拟数据和实际数据集上进行实验。实验结果表明，该方法可以使科研和实验人员能够将现实世界中的边界约束灵活地加入到分区问题的模型中，以对最大p区域问题的求解结果进行更为实际的控制。 相似文献
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Frank A. van den Heuvel 《ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing》1998,53(6):354-368
Photogrammetry has many advantages as a technique for the acquisition of three-dimensional models for virtual reality. But the traditional photogrammetric process to extract 3D geometry from multiple images is often considered too labour-intensive. In this paper a method is presented with which a polyhedral object model can be efficiently derived from measurements in a single image combined with geometric knowledge on the object. Man-made objects can often be described by a polyhedral model and usually many geometric constraints are valid. These constraints are inferred during image interpretation or may even be extracted automatically. In this paper different types of geometric constraints and their use for object reconstruction are discussed. Applying more constraints than needed for reconstruction will lead to redundancy and thereby to the need for an adjustment. The redundancy is the basis for reliability that is introduced by testing for possible measurement errors. The adjusted observations are used for object reconstruction in a separate step. Of course the model that is obtained from a single image will not be complete, for instance due to occlusion. An arbitrary number of models can be combined using similarity transformations based on the coordinates of common points. The information gathered allows for a bundle adjustment if highest accuracy is strived for. In virtual reality applications this is generally not the case, as quality is mainly determined by visual perception. A visual aspect of major importance is the photo-realistic texture mapped to the faces of the object. This texture is extracted from the same (single) image. In this paper the measurement process, the different types of constraints, their adjustment and the object model reconstruction are treated. A practical application of the proposed method is discussed in which a texture mapped model of a historic building is constructed and the repeatability of the method is assessed. The application shows the feasibility of the method and the potential of photogrammetry as an efficient tool for the production of 3D models for virtual reality applications. 相似文献
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城市景观三维模型库的原理、构建及应用 总被引：10，自引：6，他引：4
随着“数字城市”建设的兴起,如何实现城市景观的精确三维重建正成为目前的研究热点。现实世界的复杂性决定了对其进行数字化三维表达的复杂性,为实现城市景观的快速三维重建,本文提出建立城市景观三维模型库的思路。基于城市地物人工构造所具有的相似性特征,将其进行系统性的总结归纳,为不同地物的建模服务。本文设计了由建筑物特征库、建筑物纹理库、地面覆盖纹理库和独立地物模型库组成的城市模型库结构,并通过在若干三维数字城市工程中的实际应用对具体构建方法及使用效果进行了研究。 相似文献
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针对传统的建筑物建模方法需要大量人机交互操作,建模过程复杂和成本高的问题,该文提出一种参数化建筑物三维建模方法。首先,以高分辨率遥感影像和建筑物立面影像作为数据源,在遥感和GIS软件平台的支持下,提取建筑物的底面边界、高度、楼层数、层高和屋顶类型等空间数据和属性数据,并将其保存至GIS空间数据库。其次,提出基于拉伸、拆分、添加结构面过程的建筑物主体结构建模方案,并设计了模型自动生成算法。进一步,采用Ruby面向对象语言,通过调用SketchUp平台的应用程序接口函数,结合编程实现了建筑物的自动化建模。最后,开发了建筑物参数化建模插件。实际建模实验成果表明:该方法能够显著降低建模人员劳动强度,提高建模效率。 相似文献
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无人机低空遥感是近年来新兴的一种快速获取灾情信息的手段,如何利用无人机高分影像构建滑坡灾害解译模型是实现快速自动解译滑坡的关键。针对该问题,对比了多种影像特征提取方法,将迁移学习(TL)特征和支持向量机(SVM)引入到构建滑坡灾害自动解译模型中,提出了一种TL支持下的高分影像滑坡灾害解译模型。选取5·12汶川地震及4·20芦山地震系列无人机影像构建了滑坡灾害样本库并进行了实验,TL特征方法整体分类准确度ACC为95%,ROC达到0.98,识别准确率达到97%。结果表明,所提方法可用于高分影像滑坡自动解译,同时可用于大面积高分影像中快速山地滑坡灾害定位及检测。 相似文献
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建筑物屋顶面点云分割结果的好坏对建筑物三维模型重建起着重要的作用。针对传统RANSAC算法建筑物屋顶面点云的分割问题,提出了一种基于局部约束的建筑物点云平面分割方法。利用点云局部曲面法向约束构建法向准则,利用半径约束的点云空间聚类的方法对共面屋顶面点云进行分解,从而抑制"伪屋顶面"的产生;利用局部抽样策略降低算法的迭代次数,减少运算量。实验表明该方法能够获得稳定可靠的建筑物屋顶点云分割结果,将有利于后续的建筑物三维模型重建。 相似文献
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利用规则统一三维实体间的语义形式化表达,为建模提供统一的方法。利用三维矢量数据模型的框架,对直钻孔、斜孔、剖面、等值线、断层、褶皱等数据源,分别按规则制定一种数据格式,对多源地质数据进行标准化和信息融合,经过地质面和地质体的快速构建,提出了建立基于规则库的三维矢量数据模型。同时研究了适合各类地质特点的三维模型自动构建方法,包含多源数据耦合层状地质体自动建模技术、基于剖面单元格划分的分区—拼接自动建模技术、多约束下复杂地质结构快速建模技术、空间约束条件下三维地质属性建模技术等。在确保模型精度的前提下,尽量减少人工交互建模的工作量,提高了建模效率。 相似文献
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遥感影像解译样本数据一体化整理方法 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
遥感影像解译样本数据在采集过程中,需要对地面照片、影像实例、样本数据库进行结构化整理,形成数据格式统一、存储结构规范、逻辑关系严密的成果。基于构建的方法模型,提出了一种一体化整理方法,利用Bresenham图形绘制算法,以及栅格、矢量、数据库数据编程接口,解决了各环节自动化处理问题,实现了影像实例采集、地面照片视野范围图形栅格化、数据库信息采集与录入、成果组织与结构化输出等自动控制,从而实现了一体化自动整理。试验表明：提出的方法和研发的软件能显著提高整理效率和质量,可为遥感影像解译样本数据整理提供可靠的技术方法。 相似文献
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An update on automatic 3D building reconstruction 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The development of tools for the generation of 3D city models started almost two decades ago. From the beginning, fully automatic reconstruction systems were envisioned to fulfil the need for efficient data collection. However, research on automatic city modelling is still a very active area. The paper will review a number of current approaches in order to comprehensively elaborate the state of the art of reconstruction methods and their respective principles. Originally, automatic city modelling only aimed at polyhedral building objects, which mainly reflects the respective roof shapes and building footprints. For this purpose, airborne images or laser scans are used. In addition to these developments, the paper will also review current approaches for the generation of more detailed facade geometries from terrestrial data collection. 相似文献
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张寅 《测绘与空间地理信息》2017,(4)
房产和地籍测绘数据作为不动产登记数据库不可或缺的组成部分,两者数据的整合是数据库建设的重要工作之一。此外,不动产单元与旧有各类登记单位的关联也依赖于测绘数据的整合。本文给出了一种可行的房产与地籍测绘数据整合路径,可解决面实体匹配和地物解释差异问题,并引入幢编号点要素数据。依赖于幢编号、自然幢、宗地三者的拓扑关系,以宗地为单位,整合房产与地籍测绘数据,建立自然幢和宗地的对应关系,并利用测绘数据生成登记要素数据。最后,给出了关于日常数据整合工作的若干建议。 相似文献