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1.
第二承诺期土地利用、土地利用变化与林业规则的各方观点及对策建议 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
由土地利用、土地利用变化和林业（LULUCF）活动产生的生态系统的固碳作用,是降低大气中温室气体浓度增加速度的重要途径之一。1997-2001年,经历了长达4 a的艰苦谈判,最终达成了第一承诺期附件一国家利用LULUCF的规则。2008年开始,国际社会开始磋商第二承诺期附件一国家如何利用LULUCF活动的规则。主要缔约方就第二承诺期LULUCF规则提出了各自的观点,发达国家的观点主要包括提高开展碳汇活动的积极性、降低LULUCF规则的复杂性和减少成本、增加《京都议定书》3.4条款下的合格活动等,其目的是在第二承诺期能够利用更多的碳汇完成减排义务;发展中国家主要提出要系统地考虑土地利用造成的温室气体排放和CO2的吸收。最后,针对附件一缔约方在第二承诺期利用LULUCF活动规则,提出了我国应采取的对策建议。 相似文献
2.
由土地利用、土地利用变化和林业（LULUCF）活动产生的生态系统的固碳作用,是降低大气中温室气体浓度增加速度的重要途径之一。1997-2001年,经历了长达4 a的艰苦谈判,最终达成了第一承诺期附件一国家利用LULUCF的规则。2008年开始,国际社会开始磋商第二承诺期附件一国家如何利用LULUCF活动的规则。主要缔约方就第二承诺期LULUCF规则提出了各自的观点,发达国家的观点主要包括提高开展碳汇活动的积极性、降低LULUCF规则的复杂性和减少成本、增加《京都议定书》3.4条款下的合格活动等,其目的是在第二承诺期能够利用更多的碳汇完成减排义务;发展中国家主要提出要系统地考虑土地利用造成的温室气体排放和CO2的吸收。最后,针对附件一缔约方在第二承诺期利用LULUCF活动规则,提出了我国应采取的对策建议。 相似文献
3.
张小全 《气候变化研究进展》2011,7(5):369-377
根据主要附件I缔约方2011年向《联合国气候变化框架公约》递交的1990—2009年国家温室气体（GHG）排放清单数据,包括报告的《京都议定书》土地利用、土地利用变化和林业（LULUCF）活动数据,对其LULUCF GHG源/汇趋势、《京都议定书》缔约方LULUCF相关活动在履约中的作用进行系统的对比分析,对缔约方会议确定的森林管理活动汇清除的限额进行评估。分析表明,1990—2009年,附件I缔约方LULUCF总体表现为净GHG汇清除,且总体上呈波浪式增加趋势,20年增加了65.9%,但年际波动较大。1990年LULUCF汇清除相当于GHG排放总量的7.41%, 2009年上升到13.68%。《京都议定书》第一承诺期的最初两年（2008—2009年）,各缔约方每年可从合格的LULUCF活动中获得2.38亿t CO2当量的汇清除,相当于这些缔约方基准年源排放的1.91%,可抵消其减限排额的45%。汇清除主要来自森林管理活动,而其他活动的汇清除所占份额很小。LULUCF活动使《京都议定书》的实施效果大打折扣,为一些缔约方过多地使用森林管理活动的汇清除来完成其减限排指标提供了机会,特别是俄罗斯、日本和意大利等国。这为目前正在谈判的第二承诺期LULUCF规则,特别是如何利用森林管理汇清除的规则敲响警钟。 相似文献
4.
本文搜集了2014年4月最新提交的附件B 35个主要缔约方报告的2008—2012年土地利用、土地利用变化与林业(LULUCF),能源,工业过程,溶剂使用,农业及废弃物6个领域的温室气体(GHG)排放与吸收的数据,估算了第一承诺期各领域的相对减排贡献及各缔约方在各领域做出的减排努力。结果表明,各领域减排量占所有领域总减排量比例由大到小依次为:能源62.6%、工业过程13.9%、农业13.4%、LULUCF 7.4%、废弃物2.6%和溶剂使用0.1%;各缔约方在各领域的减排量相当于其基准年总排放量的平均值由大到小分别为:能源8.7%、农业3.0%、LULUCF 2.5%、工业过程1.3%、废弃物0.5%和溶剂使用0.1%。总体而言,能源领域是GHG减排的主导领域,农业和LULUCF起到辅助减排的作用;多数缔约方选择的LULUCF活动产生的核算结果表现为弱GHG吸收汇,其利用LULUCF活动履约的减排贡献相对较小,仅相当于能源领域减排量的12%,但对于新西兰和冰岛的贡献较大,其LULUCF活动产生的汇清除抵消了两国在其他5个领域GHG排放量的50%以上。 相似文献
5.
草地是中国重要的生态系统碳库,中国为治理草地退化和荒漠化实施了多项草地生态保护建设项目。为了探讨生态系统管理对碳汇的影响,文中基于中国草地生态管理活动水平,设定4个草地生态管理的未来情景,采用IPCC国家温室气体清单指南方法,估算和模拟了中国2001—2030年草地土壤碳汇。结果表明：2001—2010年中国草地土壤碳汇平均为-0.54亿t CO2 eq/a,2011—2017年显著提升为平均-1.00亿tCO2 eq/a;未来不同草地生态管理情景下中国草地土壤碳汇在-0.42亿t CO2 eq/a～-2.00亿t CO2 eq/a,2018—2030年草地土壤累积碳汇量为-5.46亿～-26.01亿t CO2 eq。本研究为中国未来草地生态管理政策的制定提供参考。 相似文献
6.
张小全 《气候变化研究进展》2011,7(6):428-434
基于各附件I缔约方2011年提交的年度国家温室气体排放清单、《京都议定书》第一承诺期森林管理活动的温室气体源/汇数据,以及森林管理活动的基准线数据,分析了森林管理活动在第一承诺期履约中的贡献,以及按各方提交的基准线,预计森林管理活动在未来承诺期履约中的作用。结果表明,《京都议定书》第一承诺期的最初两年（2008—2009年）,附件I缔约方可从合格的森林管理活动中获得年均2.46亿t CO2当量（CO2-eq）的信用额,相当于相应缔约方基准年（1990年）源排放的2.3%,对减限排目标的贡献率达53%,不合理的规则使一些缔约方在履约中可过度地利用森林管理的汇清除。各附件I缔约方提交的2013—2020年森林管理活动的基准线（约2.52亿t CO2-eq/a的净汇清除）远低于目前和过去的水平,使其可从中获得的用于抵消减排目标的信用额约为第一承诺期的4倍,对未来承诺期履约的贡献率将更大,一些缔约方提交的减排目标中的大部分可通过森林管理活动的信用额来抵消。因此,本文建议在未来的谈判中,要严格控制可用的森林管理活动的信用额,避免森林管理活动被滥用。 相似文献
7.
郑爽 《气候变化研究进展》2006,2(6):281-285
世界各国实施《京都议定书》的减排目标使温室气体产生了价值,从而在气候变化领域正逐渐形成以温室气体为商品的碳市场。在此背景下介绍了国际碳市场的构成及其各组成部分2005-2006年的发展动态,并对未来碳市场的供求关系和价格趋势做出了展望。虽然这个新兴的市场非常活跃,但由于国际气候政策的不确定性、碳交易与自然环境和能源市场的复杂联系以及各种投机因素的影响,长期的全球碳市场仍将是高风险的商业领域。 相似文献
8.
通过分析《气候与能源2030政策框架》（以下简称《框架》）方案要点,认为欧盟2030年的减排目标相对2020年承诺目标更为积极,可再生能源目标略高于之前官方预期。由于东欧国家的参与,欧盟一方面获得了这些国家盈余的排放配额,帮助欧盟作为一个整体实现减排目标;另一方面,成员国经济发展水平差异增大,导致欧盟施行相对积极的环境政策阻力加大,未来大幅调整减排目标的可能性不大。《框架》目标将可能对2020年后国际碳市场需求预估产生影响,未来国际碳市场的健康运行,将不仅需要欧盟外的发达国家提出具有雄心的减排目标,也需要欧盟提高减排目标,增加其对于国际减排配额的需求;此外,欧盟辅助实现40%减排目标的相关生产标准和措施,可能对未来全球自由贸易产生影响,其他国家尤其是对外贸易依存度较高的发展中国家需要密切关注相关动向。《框架》方案所提出的以应对气候变化引领和促进经济发展、采用组合目标且针对不同目标采取不同实现形式、展现制定目标的透明度、充分考虑成员国差异等提法和操作方式值得中国借鉴。 相似文献
9.
2023年5月17日,欧盟碳边境调节机制法规正式生效,年底就要进入试运行阶段。法规要求出口特定产品到欧盟的企业为产品生产过程中所产生的温室气体排放支付费用。根据各国学者的建模分析,这将增加所有销往欧盟市场的相关产品的温室气体排放成本,对欧盟以外国家的生产、贸易、就业和收入产生不利影响,而欧盟国家的企业则获得相对的竞争优势,这引发了诸多争议。对此,中国应在多边主义框架下积极与欧盟开展磋商,争取全球各国在公平的前提下提升减排雄心,同时加紧全国碳市场建设,促进国内的碳价提高到足以反映国内减排成本的水平,促进相关行业的碳排放核算能力建设,以求降低增加的管理成本,并推动低碳技术的发展,以降低欧盟碳边境调节机制带来的负面影响。 相似文献
10.
生态阈值现象普遍存在于自然系统中.气候变化幅度过大,超出了生态系统本身的调节和修复能力,生态系统的结构功能就会遭到破坏.新疆干旱区气候波动明显,该区草地生态系统对大气氮沉降和气候变化的响应是否存在阈值,有待深入研究.本文以天山北坡沿海拔梯度分布的四种草地类型（高山草甸（AM）、中山森林草地（MMFM）、低山干草原（LMDG）和平原荒漠草原（PDG））为研究对象,基于DNDC模型,揭示氮沉降及气候变化对天山北坡草地生态系统净初级生产力的影响.研究结果表明：1）草地净初级生产力 （NPP）对氮沉降增加的响应存在阈值,PDG、LMDG、MMFM和AM的响应阈值分别为20±5.77、60±26.46、50±15.28和30±11.55 kg·hm-2.2）四种草地类型的NPP从大到小依次为MMFM、LMDG、PDG和AM,水热条件是决定NPP的主要因素.3）PDG草地NPP对温度升高的响应存在阈值,而对于其他类型的草地,在目前的研究中尚未得出确切结论.4）PDG和LMDG草地NPP与降水有明显的正相关关系,而AM草地NPP的变化与降水变化呈负相关.不同草地类型对降水变化的敏感程度也有较大差异,PDG最大,其次是LMDG,之后是AM和MMFM. 相似文献
11.
Andrew Kerr Macintosh 《Climate Policy》2013,13(3):341-355
One of the reasons why the Kyoto Protocol has been environmentally ineffective is the flaws in the land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) accounting rules, including voluntary accounting for Article 3.4 activities, the adoption of a definition of forest management that allowed parties to preferentially include and exclude forest lands, and allowing parties with net emissions from LULUCF in 1990 to include deforestation emissions in their 1990 emissions base year. Three proposed amendments to the LULUCF rules for the post-2012 regime are discussed and analysed: (1) a force majeure rule, (2) a baseline-and-credit system for forest management and (3) an ‘emissions-to-atmosphere’ approach for harvested wood products. Although these proposals have the potential to significantly improve the accounting framework, there are still significant problems such as the failure to account for the biophysical effects of forest activities, uncertainties associated with the application of the forest management baseline-and-credit system and continuing optional coverage of Article 3.4 activities. 相似文献
12.
The role of the land use, land use change and forestry sector in achieving Annex I reduction pledges 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
Giacomo Grassi Michel G. J. den Elzen Andries F. Hof Roberto Pilli Sandro Federici 《Climatic change》2012,115(3-4):873-881
Annex I Parties may receive credits or debits from Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) activities, contributing to achieving individual emission reduction targets. In the Durban climate negotiations, Parties agreed new LULUCF accounting rules for the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol (CP2). By using these new rules, this paper presents key differences among Parties at the minimum (assuming no additional action) and potential (assuming additional actions) contribution of the forest-related LULUCF activities in achieving the pledges for 2020. Overall, the potential contribution of LULUCF is relatively modest (up to about 2 % of 1990 emissions) for the EU, the Annex I Parties likely joining the CP2, and for the Annex I Parties that joined the CP1 as a whole. However, for specific Parties, LULUCF can make a substantial contribution to achieving the pledges. For New Zealand, for instance, the potential contribution of future LULUCF credits may equal 33 % of its 1990 emission level. For Australia, the pledges are expressed relative to 2000 emission levels including LULUCF emissions. Given that LULUCF emissions have strongly declined between 1990 and 2000, and a further decline in foreseen by 2020 (based on Australia’s projections), the minimum contribution of LULUCF to meet the Australian pledges appears to be about 19 % and 7 % relative to its 1990 and 2000 emission level, respectively. A further 3 % potential contribution is estimated from additional actions. 相似文献
13.
Current standard methods result in significant discrepancies in carbon offset accounting compared to approaches based on representative community based subsamples, which provide more realistic assessments at reasonable cost. Perhaps more critically, neither of the currently approved methods incorporates uncertainties inherent in estimates of emission factors or non-renewable fuel usage (fNRB). Since emission factors and fNRB contribute 25% and 47%, respectively, to the overall uncertainty in offset estimates for Purépecha communities in Mexico, exclusion of this uncertainty is a critical omission. When the recommended uncertainty for default emission factors and the uncertainty associated with regional estimates of fNRB are included the lower 95% confidence intervals of both Clean Development Mechanism and Gold Standard methods exceed the total amount of carbon saved, which would result in zero marketable carbon savings if approaches recommended by the IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, or Land use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) are to be followed. In contrast, for the same communities, methods using representative subsamples of emission factors and fuel consumption, combined with community-level fNRB estimates, result in significant carbon offsets with a lower 95% confidence interval of 2.3 tCO2e home???1 year???1. Given the misleading estimates, revision of the currently approved methodologies to provide robust estimates of carbon offsets is strongly recommended. 相似文献
14.
Niklas Höhne Christopher Taylor Ramzi Elias Michel Den Elzen Keywan Riahi Claudine Chen 《Climate Policy》2013,13(3):356-377
This article provides further detail on expected global GHG emission levels in 2020, based on the Emissions Gap Report (United Nations Environment Programme, December 2010), assuming the emission reduction proposals in the Copenhagen Accord and Cancun Agreements are met. Large differences are found in the results of individual groups owing to uncertainties in current and projected emission estimates and in the interpretation of the reduction proposals. Regardless of these uncertainties, the pledges for 2020 are expected to deliver emission levels above those that are consistent with a 2°C limit. This emissions gap could be narrowed through implementing the more stringent conditional pledges, minimizing the use of ‘lenient’ credits from forests and surplus emission units, avoiding double-counting of offsets and implementing measures beyond current pledges. Conversely, emission reduction gains from countries moving from their low to high ambition pledges could be more than offset by the use of ‘lenient’ land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) credits and surplus emissions units, if these were used to the maximum. Laying the groundwork for faster emission reduction rates after 2020 appears to be crucial in any case. 相似文献
15.
Annie Levasseur Pascal Lesage Manuele Margni Miguel Brand?o Réjean Samson 《Climatic change》2012,115(3-4):759-776
In order to properly assess the climate impact of temporary carbon sequestration and storage projects through land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF), it is important to consider their temporal aspect. Dynamic life cycle assessment (dynamic LCA) was developed to account for time while assessing the potential impact of life cycle greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. In this paper, the dynamic LCA approach is applied to a temporary carbon sequestration project through afforestation, and the results are compared with those of the two principal ton-year approaches: the Moura-Costa and the Lashof methods. The dynamic LCA covers different scenarios, which are distinguished by the assumptions regarding what happens at the end of the sequestration period. In order to ascertain the degree of compensation of an emission through a LULUCF project, the ratio of the cumulative impact of the project to the cumulative impact of a baseline GHG emission is calculated over time. This ratio tends to 1 when assuming that, after the end of the sequestration project period, the forest is maintained indefinitely. Conversely, the ratio tends to much lower values in scenarios where part of the carbon is released back to the atmosphere due to e.g. fire or forest exploitation. The comparison of dynamic LCA with the ton-year approaches shows that it is a more flexible approach as it allows the consideration of every life cycle stage of the project and it gives decision makers the opportunity to test the sensitivity of the results to the choice of different time horizons. 相似文献
16.
S. Monni M. Peltoniemi T. Palosuo A. Lehtonen R. Mäkipää I. Savolainen 《Climatic change》2007,81(3-4):391-413
Uncertainty analysis facilitates identification of the most important categories affecting greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory uncertainty and helps in prioritisation of the efforts needed for development of the inventory. This paper presents an uncertainty analysis of GHG emissions of all Kyoto sectors and gases for Finland consolidated with estimates of emissions/removals from LULUCF categories. In Finland, net GHG emissions in 2003 were around 69 Tg (±15 Tg) CO2 equivalents. The uncertainties in forest carbon sink estimates in 2003 were larger than in most other emission categories, but of the same order of magnitude as in carbon stock change estimates in other land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) categories, and in N2O emissions from agricultural soils. Uncertainties in sink estimates of 1990 were lower, due to better availability of data. Results of this study indicate that inclusion of the forest carbon sink to GHG inventories reported to the UNFCCC increases uncertainties in net emissions notably. However, the decrease in precision is accompanied by an increase in the accuracy of the overall net GHG emissions due to improved completeness of the inventory. The results of this study can be utilised when planning future GHG mitigation protocols and emission trading schemes and when analysing environmental benefits of climate conventions. 相似文献
17.
苏明山 《气候变化研究进展》2017,13(1):69-75
度量不同参与者已使用的温室气体排放空间是温室气体排放核算的重要问题。从人际公平视角,基于人年均温室气体排放,本文提出了温室气体排放空间使用比率及其计算公式,利用142 个国家1950-2013 年温室气体排放和人口数据进行了具体计算,并根据计算结果对这些国家进行了排序和分类。计算结果表明,美国温室气体排放空间使用比率在3.33以上,占用的排放空间远高于142 个国家的平均水平;中国处于0.50~0.70,明显低于平均水平;印度在0.30 以下,远低于平均水平。本研究表明,温室气体排放空间使用比率可支持决策者和社会各方了解参与者使用温室气体排放空间的程度,也有助于提高排放信息的透明度。 相似文献