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1.
农业与农村可持续发展的地理学研究 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
农业和农村可持续发展是世界性的重大论题,对中国尤其重要。地理学应该以自己独特的视角和理论、方法,针对我国农业与农村可持续发展所面临的关键问题,联系国际经验以及我国传统农业中的可持续因素,以自然结构为基础,以人地关系为核心,探讨农业与农村可持续发展的转换机制,从区域尺度探讨农业与农村可持续发展的指标体系、实现途径及区域系统模式,为实施农业和农村发展的“两个转变”和“两大战略”提供区域对策和操作手段。 相似文献
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传统世界地图于明朝万历十二年(1584年)由西方传教士在广东肇庆绘制,并从此传入我国,距今已有400多年的历史。我国地处东、北半球,但是,我国现行的世界地图适用于表达中国与东半球的地理关系,却不适用于表达中国与北半球的地理关系;而国际上通行的传统世界地图适用于表达东、西半球的地理关系,其投影方法采用经线分割地球仪,是一种“经向世界地图”。与“经向世界地图”对应的是“纬向世界地图”,其投影方法采用纬线分割地球仪,适用于表达南、北半球的地理关系。为了准确和完整地表达中国与东、西、南、北半球的地理关系,项目组于2000-2002年提出并成功实施了“双经双纬”的设计方案：新编世界地图一套四种,“东半球版”和“西半球版”为“经向世界地图”,“北半球版”和“南半球版”为“纬向世界地图”。
在“新编世界地图”之前,国际上通行的“传统世界地图”有两种：一种是以东经150°为中央经线的太平洋格局的世界地图,我国现行的世界地图就是这种模式,另一种是以0°经线为中央经线的大西洋格局的世界地图。这两种传统世界地图以不同经线为中央经线,沿着经线方向切割地球仪,就如同将苹果纵向切开,故可称为“经向世界地图”。“经向世界地图”适用于表达东、西半球的地理关系,但却不适用于表达南、北半球的地理关系。例如,南极大陆的实际面积为澳大利亚面积的1.8倍,但在“经向世界地图”上,南极大陆的图形面积却为澳大利亚图形面积的3.8倍;再如,2002年9月中国国际航空公司开通北京经北极直飞纽约的航线,这条北极航线在“经向世界地图”上无法直观标注。
新编世界地图包含了以上两种“经向世界地图”,同时创编了两种“纬向世界地图”。“纬向世界地图”以不同纬线为中央纬线,沿纬线方向切割地球仪,如同将苹果横向切开,适用于表达南、北半球的地理关系。
新编世界地图的“东半球版”是以东经150°为中央经线的太平洋格局的世界地图,“西半球版”是以0°经线为中央经线的大西洋格局的世界地图,“北半球版”是以北纬60°为中央纬线的北冰洋格局的世界地图,“南半球版”是以南纬15°为中央纬线的印度洋格局的世界地图。
新编世界地图的“经向世界地图”与“纬向世界地图”互为补充,扬长避短,克服了数学投影所带来的不可抗拒的局限性。在“纬向世界地图”上,南极大陆恢复了原有的面积和形状,北京经北极直飞纽约的航线可直观标注。所以,“新编世界地图”具有不同视角的“全球化功能”和不同内容的“专题化功能”两大基本功能：以东、西、南、北四种视角,从经度、纬度两个方向,准确地将世界地理和中国与世界的地理关系完整地展现在读者面前,能直观地表达航海、时区、航空和南北极科考等专题内容。
新编世界地图已被国家科考采用并由国家图书馆收藏,所提出北斗卫星导航系统的“北扩方案”被国家采纳,为国防建设做出了重大贡献。
经国家有关部门批准,新编世界地图中的“南半球版”(大全开,1∶3 100万竖版《世界(知识)地图》)已于2014年由湖南地图出版社出版。 相似文献
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从总结陆相侏罗-白垩纪地层界线的研究成果和工作方法,结合国际地层委员会“修订准则”和国际地层指南的规定,论述了建立“陆相层型”的紧迫性、理论和方法。我国陆相地层极为发育,但研究明显滞后于海相地层,主要问题是缺乏划分对比标准。目前以海相地层研究建立的层型尚不能应用于陆相地层,况且一些地质断代还未建立层型。陆相地层研究要先建立自己的标准。与海相地层比较,陆相地层在同位素测年、磁性地层划分和事件地层学研究方面具备建立层型的优势,同样可以找到分布广泛和利于大范围地层对比的化石门类。建立陆相层型的关键是找到沉积连续、化石丰富和暴露完全的剖面。陆相层型可以“单位层型”与“界线层型”建立并举,有条件的地质断代还是要重视建立“界线层型”。生物地层学研究一定要以恢复演化谱系或发生序列为基础,界线化石标志应该选在其“首现”层位。“陆相层型”的建立应强调多学科、多门类、多方法的综合研究。 相似文献
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中国科学院西部地区南水北调综合考察队地质组 《地质科学》1960,3(5):241-241
1930年譚錫畴和李春昱在四川西部(原西康省)进行地貭調查吋,曾将康定以西的一套黑灰色板岩、頁岩和砂岩,以及綠灰色板岩和砂岩的地层命名为“西康系”,并在雅江以西地区采得植物化石。化石多为Podozamites,故将“西康系”与香溪煤系对比,并将它划归侏罗紀(見譚錫畴、李春昱,1959:四川西康地貭志)。黄汲清在1945年所著的“中国主要地貭构造单位”一书中,曾列举了五点証据,否定“西康系”为侏罗紀地层,并认为主要属古生代。在1955年所出的“康藏路线地貭图”中,将“西康系”地层另命名为“札科系”,将其时代定为二迭紀。1958年甘孜地貭队将它划为石炭二迭紀,另外亦有人将它定为石炭紀。总之,这套地层的时代,长期以來是爭論不休的。 相似文献
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关于土壤中“化学定时炸弹”及其触爆因素的探讨 总被引：36，自引：1，他引：35
运用目前环境科学研究中较为流行的“化学定时炸弹”的概念,详细分析了我国土壤中可能的“化学定时炸弹”。认为土壤中存在着地带性和泛地带性的“化学定时炸弹”,地带性的包括土壤盐渍化、土壤酸化等;泛地带性的包括施肥造成的、工业污染造成的及特殊成土作用形成的“化学定时炸弹”。同时,探讨了导致土壤中这些“化学定时炸弹”内在和外在的可能触爆因素。提出了今后开展该领域宏观和微观研究的方向和建议。 相似文献
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电法勘探中“双极-偶极”装置的某些特点 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文通过对球体上ρs与ηs异常及观测信号的理论计算,阐明了“双极-偶极”装置的异常特征以及“双极- 偶极”较“偶极-偶极”装置在增大观测信号、节约电源方面的主要优点.并由计算提出“临界AB/MN值”的概念,为实际工作中双极距AB的选择提供了理论依据. 相似文献
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地下岩石的压力模型是研究构造及其演化的基础。瑞士地质学家海姆提出地下岩石处于静水压力状态的假设,前苏联学者金尼克又指出地下某深处的垂直应力等于上覆岩石柱的总重量,而侧向压力通过泊松比系数可以求算。则迄今为止,地质作用的深度通常是用压力除以密度来计算的。然而,经过“应力矿物”、“构造变形和变质相关性研究”、“构造地球化学”和“构造动力成岩成矿”等研究发现,上述地质学经典的认识和算法存在重大缺陷,没有考虑构造压力的作用。近几十年,发展了地下岩石处于“构造力和重力复合的压力”状态的认识,建立从总压力中先消除构造附加静水压力,然后计算形成深度的“构造校正测算方法”（吕古贤,1982,刘瑞珣,1988）。
在1994年（大陆构造会议,北京）,根据上述认识,对于大别超高压变质的“深俯冲折返模式”提出不同见解。通过学术会议（构造地质专业委员会学术会议,2000年和2002年,合肥和郑州）交流,论文在《科学通报》（1998年）得以发表。该刊物还组织了两种不同观点的辩论。地质力学专业委员会（2000年）召开了“地壳异常压力学术研讨会”,国土资源部设立科技发展重点计划项目（“地壳深部压力与超高压岩石形成研究”,2002年）,推动研究的发展。2004年,提交《超高压变质的构造附加压力与形成深度》专著和《中国地质大学学报》英文专辑,参加“第三十一届国际地质大会（意大利）”的国际交流。
中国地质学会地质力学专业委员会和安徽省地质学会联合主办“陆内造山带形成演化与动力学机制学术研讨会”（2015年11月22-24日,合肥）。常印佛院士在会上指出,在中国东部大约230万平方公里范围,李四光研究过新华夏构造体系问题,陈国达提出地台活化的“地洼”理论,朱夏强调陆内变形及其成岩成藏的意义和工作,奠定了我国东部陆内地质构造研究的基础。汤家富用区域地质资料揭示,中生代陆内没有超高压“深俯冲折返”的地质条件。葛肖虹强调经过4亿年以来的多期次拼接离合碰撞过程而形成的中国大陆,是拼接复式大陆。池顺良依据潮汐力莫霍面资料,动态模拟了地台活化的深部动力学过程。杨建军在山东仰口的古地震角砾岩之间发现粒状柯石英等现象,展示榴辉岩具有地壳浅部“震击高压变质作用”的成因。
会议组织了两期“地学前缘”专辑。本期专辑的论文,强调地下岩石处于固态,围压来自重力、构造力和其他力,建立地壳深部岩石“构造力和重力复合的压力模型”;用构造校正测算方法获得了大别地区高压超高压变质岩石形成深度23~55 km的数据,结合其他地质构造和地球化学资料,建立超高压变质“构造增压壳内成因”的模式;研究发现,即使处在同样的地壳深处,只要有差应力条件,从微观到岩石圈尺度都存在压力非均匀分布--被称为构造超压,它们并不唯一受埋藏深度控制;热力学耦合数值模拟构造偏应力作用叠加下的大陆碰撞造山带,其42 km深处的构造超压达到2.2 GPa,局部可到3.4 GPa,在40~50 km深处就能发生高压超高压变质作用;“构造降压水相变耦合成矿成藏”研究认为,降压下水的相变导致地压梯度明显变化,改变相变线并且控制热液成矿和油气成藏作用;胶东金矿区具有“陆内岩浆核杂岩隆起拆离带蚀变成矿”特点;侏罗纪以来沂沭断裂带强烈左行平移,形成了泛裂陷型盆地系、狭窄型裂陷盆地系、菱形状裂陷盆地系和胶莱盆地系统四种类型,它们与隆升山体共同构成典型的陆内隆升伸展构造体制;胶东断裂蚀变岩年龄显示,其形成于(148.3±4.3)~(52.03±0.70) Ma且区域上自西向东逐渐变新,结合压力、温度和成矿元素的分布特征的资料证实,郯庐构造带是胶东金矿直接的成矿动力来源;以构造岩相带为研究目标建立“成矿地质地球物理的分类”,地球物理方法取得良好的勘探、验证和找矿效果;焦家式金矿是一种“构造热液复合型矿床”,它们多阶段发育,其初始矿源岩--变质岩系以Au和S等元素富集正异常为地球化学标志,而直接矿化岩系--岩浆岩和断裂蚀变岩以Na2O等元素贫化和负异常为特点,这对使用勘查地球化学方法研究区域成矿问题具有重要的示范意义。
感谢所有的作者,包括没有在本期刊登的论文提交者、审稿专家和编辑部人员等为本专辑出版所付出的辛勤努力！ 相似文献
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“巫山黄土”元素地球化学特征及成因和物源意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了探讨“巫山黄土”的成因及物源,对剖面73个样品进行了常量元素测试和分析,并与已知典型的黄土剖面的元素地球化学特征进行了比较．结果表明:（1）“巫山黄土”主要化学成分以SiO2、Al2O3和TFe2O3(TFe2O3=Fe2O3+FeO)为主,三者的平均含量之和为84.84%,与上部陆壳(UCC)（86.2%）、洛川黄土（85.34%）、镇江下蜀土（86.76%）均非常接近。（2）“巫山黄土”常量元素质量百分含量与洛川、甘孜黄土和西风红黏土的均比较接近,显示了具有相同或相近的沉积环境和类型。（3）“巫山黄土”的TiO2/Al2O3-K2O/Al2O3的数据点主要分布区域与镇江下蜀土与川西的甘孜黄土大致相同,经UCC 标准化后的“巫山黄土”分布曲线与其它风成黄土也显示了较好的相似性,从而说明“巫山黄土”具有风积成因的特点。（4）元素比值分析显示“巫山黄土”与甘孜黄土、洛川黄土均十分相近,在Mg/Mn、Al/Mg、Fe/K方面与甘孜黄土更为接近,而在Mg/Ca 、Si/Al方面与洛川黄土更为一致,可能与两处黄土同源。 相似文献
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在鄂尔多斯盆地南缘铜川地区野外露头三叠系延长组长7段油页岩中发现了一些“钙质结核”,野外露头中呈层状发育于长7段油页岩中,形态为“透镜状”、“椭球状”、“飞碟状”,直径大小约为10～70 cm。为探明其岩石类型和主要岩石组分,运用显微镜薄片鉴定、电子探针实验、能谱分析等方法,对结核体进行岩石学特征分析。在此基础上,对其成因进行初步探讨。岩石学特征显示,霸王庄和宜君套滩剖面的“钙质结核”主要成分为重结晶方解石和晶粒方解石,具“球粒状”结构,岩石类型为灰岩;瑶曲聂家河剖面结核体主要岩石类型为泥-粉晶白云岩。分析认为这些“钙质结核”其野外产状和岩石成分,符合热水沉积碳酸盐岩和受热液活动影响的特征,并且铜川地区在长7期具备热液活动的条件。初步认为这些“钙质结核”为湖底热液活动成因的湖相碳酸盐岩。 相似文献
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桂西南岩溶生态脆弱区生态承载力分析及可持续发展状况评价——以广西平果县为例 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
以平果县这一典型岩溶生态脆弱区为例,依据1990、1995、2000及2002年的调查统计数据,对区域生态系统的生态足迹和生态承载力进行测算,并以测算结果为依据,对区域生态系统可持续发展状况进行评价。结果表明,在1990年、1995年、2000年、2002年,平果县区域生态足迹呈不断增加的趋势,人均生态足迹从0．8004hkm^2增加至1．4444hkm^2,净增加了0．644hkm^2;生态承载力总体也呈增长的趋势,2002年比1990年增长了26．83％,其增长值主要来源于森林（果园）面积的增加,而耕地和草地的面积却呈现负增长。区域生态承载力阈值很小,远低于广西区及全国的同期水平;除森林（果园）表现为轻微生态盈余外,耕地、草地、水域均表现为生态赤字,以致区域生态总体表现为较大的生态赤字,且呈逐渐增加趋势,表明区域生物生产土地面积的需求量已经严重超过区域生态系统的承载能力,区域可持续发展的前景不容乐观。[ 相似文献
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Sherilyn C. Fritz Paul A. Baker Geoffrey O. Seltzer Ashley Ballantyne Pedro Tapia Hai Cheng R. Lawrence Edwards 《Quaternary Research》2007,68(3):410-420
A 136-m-long drill core of sediments was recovered from tropical high-altitude Lake Titicaca, Bolivia-Peru, enabling a reconstruction of past climate that spans four cycles of regional glacial advance and retreat and that is estimated to extend continuously over the last 370,000 yr. Within the errors of the age model, the periods of regional glacial advance and retreat are concordant respectively with global glacial and interglacial stages. Periods of ice advance in the southern tropical Andes generally were periods of positive water balance, as evidenced by deeper and fresher conditions in Lake Titicaca. Conversely, reduced glaciation occurred during periods of negative water balance and shallow closed-basin conditions in the lake. The apparent coincidence of positive water balance of Lake Titicaca and glacial growth in the adjacent Andes with Northern Hemisphere ice sheet expansion implies that regional water balance and glacial mass balance are strongly influenced by global-scale temperature changes, as well as by precessional forcing of the South American summer monsoon. 相似文献
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14.
Nina Kirchner Ralf Greve Arjen P. Stroeven Jakob Heyman 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2011,30(1-2):248-267
The Tibetan Plateau is a topographic feature of extraordinary dimension and has an important impact on regional and global climate. However, the glacial history of the Tibetan Plateau is more poorly constrained than that of most other formerly glaciated regions such as in North America and Eurasia. On the basis of some field evidence it has been hypothesized that the Tibetan Plateau was covered by an ice sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Abundant field- and chronological evidence for a predominance of local valley glaciation during the past 300,000 calendar years (that is, 300 ka), coupled to an absence of glacial landforms and sediments in extensive areas of the plateau, now refute this concept. This, furthermore, calls into question previous ice sheet modeling attempts which generally arrive at ice volumes considerably larger than allowed for by field evidence. Surprisingly, the robustness of such numerical ice sheet model results has not been widely queried, despite potentially important climate ramifications. We simulated the growth and decay of ice on the Tibetan Plateau during the last 125 ka in response to a large ensemble of climate forcings (90 members) derived from Global Circulation Models (GCMs), using a similar 3D thermomechanical ice sheet model as employed in previous studies. The numerical results include as extreme end members as an ice-free Tibetan Plateau and a plateau-scale ice sheet comparable, in volume, to the contemporary Greenland ice sheet. We further demonstrate that numerical simulations that acceptably conform to published reconstructions of Quaternary ice extent on the Tibetan Plateau cannot be achieved with the employed stand-alone ice sheet model when merely forced by paleoclimates derived from currently available GCMs. Progress is, however, expected if future investigations employ ice sheet models with higher resolution, bidirectional ice sheet-atmosphere feedbacks, improved treatment of the surface mass balance, and regional climate data and climate reconstructions. 相似文献
15.
Xianglian Li Xiusheng Yang Qiong Gao Yu Li Suocheng Dong 《Frontiers of Earth Science》2009,3(2):198-207
This study presents a basin-scale integrative hydrological, ecological, and economic (HEE) modeling system, aimed at evaluating
the impact of resources management, especially agricultural water resources management, on the sustainability of regional
water resources. The hydrological model in the modeling system was adapted from SWAT, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool,
to simulate the water balance in terms of soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and streamflow. An ecological model was integrated
into the hydrological model to compute the ecosystem production of biomass production and yield for different land use types.
The economic model estimated the monetary values of crop production and water productivity over irrigated areas. The modeling
system was primarily integrated and run on a Windows platform and was able to produce simulation results at daily time steps
with a spatial resolution of hydrological response unit (HRU). The modeling system was then calibrated over the period from
1983 to 1991 for the upper and middle parts of the Yellow River basin, China. Calibration results showed that the efficiencies
of the modeling system in simulating monthly streamflow over 5 hydrological stations were from 0.54 to 0.68 with an average
of 0.64, indicating an acceptable calibration. Preliminary simulation results from 1986 to 1995 revealed that water use in
the study region has largely reduced the streamflow in many parts of the area except for that in the riverhead. Spatial distribution
of biomass production, and crop yield showed a strong impact of irrigation on agricultural production. Water productivity
over irrigated cropland ranged from 1 to 1640 USD/(ha·mm−1), indicating a wide variation of the production conditions within the study region and a great potential in promoting water
use efficiency in low water productivity areas. Generally, simulation results from this study indicated that the modeling
system was capable of tracking the temporal and spatial variability of pertinent water balance variables, ecosystem dynamics,
and regional economy, and provided a useful simulation tool in evaluating long-term water resources management strategies
in a basin scale. 相似文献
16.
The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region is an important engine for China’s socioeconomic development. Timely and effectively assessing constraint factors of resources and environment is of great significance for the sustainability assessment and the sustainable development of this region. However, comprehensive assessment research considering key resource and environmental constraints are still lacking. In this study, therefore, the limiting factors of resources and the environment in the BTH region were assessed based on the framework of landscape sustainability science. First, we chose five limiting factors, including topographic condition, geological environment, water resource, land resource, and atmospheric environment, to assess the constraints of resources and the environment using the single-factor evaluation method and the multi-factor comprehensive evaluation method. Based on the results, we divided the whole region into five subregions, i.e., the ecological conservation subregion, the geological disaster subregion, the water resource scarcity subregion, the atmospheric pollution subregion, and the cropland protection subregion. The results revealed that the northern BTH region was highly constrained by topographic conditions, the central BTH region was strongly constrained by geological environment and water resources, whereas the southern BTH region was constrained mainly by land resources and atmospheric environment. In addition, water resource was the main limiting factor for regional population growth and economic development. In 2010, the water resource scarcity subregion had a total population of 39.59 million, an urban population of 76.90%, and a gross domestic product of 2 455.57 billion yuan. We argue that the sustainable development of the BTH region should explicitly consider the resource and environmental limiting factors, implement land use optimization according to local conditions, maintain multiple land use types and diverse management strategies, based on the perspective of “strong sustainability”, so as to promote the regional sustainable development. 相似文献
17.
P. J. H. Richard 《第四纪科学杂志》1994,9(2):165-170
A synthesis is presented of the evidence for regional deglaciation, lake sediment stratigraphy, vegetation history and climatic variations in Québec during that part of the Wisconsinan Late-glacial (12.5-9 ka BP) for which detailed records exist. Lake sediment data for all or part of this period are available from more than 125 lakes or bogs in the region. The information available indicates strong regional differentiation in climatic conditions, probably due to local effects close to the edge of the retreating Late Wisconsinan ice sheet. The Younger Dryas cooling is not evident in the data from Québec, but there appears to have been a strong climatic reversal during the early Holocene. Summary charts are presented of deglaciation and vegetation patterns in the region, but only qualitative assessments can be made of temperature variations. 相似文献
18.
Wu Jianguo He Chunyang Zhang Qingyun Yu Deyong Huang Ganlin Huang Qingxu 《地球科学进展》2014,29(12):1315-1324
Climate change and land use/land cover change have resulted in water shortage, degraded ecosystem services, and increased disaster risks across the world. Developing strategies and measures for achieving regional and global sustainability in the face of these environmental problems is a key topic of current climate change research. This paper provides an overview of the 973 project, entitled “Integrative Modeling and Strategic Planning for Regional Sustainability under Climate Change”, including its background, relative progresses, key scientific questions, major research elements, methodology, and expected outcomes. The proposed research is based on sustainability science, guided by the idea of Orderly Human Activities (OHA), and implemented through an integrated methodology of combining field observations, simulation experiments, and scenario analysis. The main objectives of the project are: to quantify the relationship between human activities and climate change, to assess the impacts of human activities on ecosystem services and human well being in the face of climate change, and to develop an integrated model of climate change, OHA, and regional sustainable development. The ultimate goal is to provide a landscape/regional-scale strategy for sustainable development in the face of climate change. The project is expected to help advance the science and application of landscape sustainability science and land system design, particularly in terms of linking climate change, ecosystem services, and human well-being in the dry land region of China. 相似文献
19.
159个湖泊地质记录提供了欧亚大陆两万年来大气环流变化信息。盛冰期北欧低湖面而地中海地区高湖面,反映冰流反气旋控制和西风带南迁。随着晚冰期冰流高压减弱、西风带回迁,南欧为低湖面而北欧低湖面范围减小。全新世早中期北欧阻塞高压发展,干燥炎热;南欧地区性季风环流加强,气旋雨增加。中国青藏高原至东西伯利亚高湖面,反映东亚季风扩张、季风雨以及高原对流雨增加。晚更新世以来湖泊所反映的西风带和季风环流变化,揭示了辐射异常和北半球冰流消长的动力控制。 相似文献
20.
基于地表能量平衡与SCS模型的祁连山水源涵养能力研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
基于区域水量平衡,利用地表能量平衡的原理计算陆地实际蒸散发量,采用SCS模型计算地表径流量,提出了一种定量评估区域水源涵养量的实用方法。利用该方法和GIS软件平台,结合1982-2003年遥感数据和对祁连山水源涵养重要区水源涵养能力强弱的空间分布及其变化规律进行了计算和分析。结果表明:(1)祁连山山地水源涵养重要区内水源涵养能力最强的区域为中部和东南部地区,而西部地区涵养水源的能力相对较弱;(2)祁连山山地水源涵养重要区内中部和靠东南部的水源涵养能力减弱比较明显,特别是以门源回族自治县为中心,形成了水源涵养能力持续减弱带。 相似文献