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Observed depths to the base of the ice-bearing permafrost (!BPF) as determined from geophysical well-log and survey information in the Mackenzie Delta and offshore Beaufort Sea continental shelf show significant variation. Depths range from over 700m beneath the northeastern portion of Richards Island and the adjacent offshore region to the north, to less than 100m in the modern Mackenzie Delta and offshore Mackenzie Bay regions. Along the Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula, permafrost thicknesses exceed 600m but tend to thin to less than 100m in a southeasterly direction. The wide variation in the thickness and distribution of permafrost is due in part to differences in the subsurface deltaic lithologies and to the complexity of the past surface temperature history, exhibited, for example, by fluctuations of the mean annual ground temperature. Geological cross-sections showing variation in the Tertiary and Upper Cretaceous deltaic sequences indicate a good correlation with the permafrost distribution. In particular, where the sand and gravel units of the Iperk and Kugmallit Sequences predominate, permafrost is thick owing to the high thermal conductivities of the ice-rich sediments. Conversely, where the low thermal conductivity shales and mudstones of the Richards Sequence are present, permafrost is accordingly thinner. Numerical models of permafrost aggradation in the Mackenzie Delta region suggest that Early and Late Wisconsinan surface temperatures were of the order ?18°C. A mid-Wisconsinan rise in temperature to approximately ?8°C, similar to mean surface temperature today, is also indicated. This proposed palaeoclimate is sufficient to account for the observed maximum permafrost thicknesses in the region. 相似文献
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Richard P. Goldthwait 《Quaternary Research》1976,6(1):27-35
Sorted circles, polygons, and stripes are reported from Alaska, Greenland, Baffin Island, Antarctica, and New Hampshire. From these studies and key references, all cases are found to have: (1) a mixed parent material, commonly till, composed of a wide range of clast sizes unsorted below frost table, (2) gutter depressions containing the largest stones and carrying summer drainage, and (3) tabular stones on edge in the gutters showing expansion-squeezing from the sides. The size of the unit cells, gutter to gutter, is a function of mean maximum clast size: smallest chips making forms 10 cm diameter across and largest forms 20 m across. The slope determines the shape: polygons, and nets form on slopes up to 2 or 4° depending upon amount of water and fines. Ellipses form on 3 to 6° slopes, and stripes form on 4 to 11° slopes. Clearly shape is an effect of solifluction. Lastly, time involves seasons of sporadic sorting until there is a stable end form with lichen-covered stone gutters and tundra-covered soil centers. The up-and-out mechanism, described by Corté, is the best known for the primary sorting. Larger sorted forms (2–20 m in diameter) are reported almost exclusively where nearly continuous permafrost exists. They form where the mean annual temperature is below ? 4°C. Former permafrost is indicated where lichen and turf are dense and not overturned and where measured motion is nil. Small forms (under 1 m in diameter) are generated in a year or two where there is only deep annual freezing (0.1–2 m), but no permafrost. 相似文献
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边界条件对多年冻土路基热稳定性的影响分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
多年冻土区的年平均气温是影响冻土路基边界条件的重要因素. 在附面层原理的基础上,考虑采用带有相变的控制方程和数值方法,以相同尺度的路基模型为前提,选取不同的年平均气温为影响因素,对青藏工程走廊公路路基的人为冻土上限和年平均地温进行了研究. 结果表明：公路路基下年平均地温随着年平均气温的升高而升高,人为冻土上限随着年平均气温的升高而显著下降. 在年平均气温为-7.16 ℃时,路基修筑50 a后其年平均地温为-3.61 ℃,其人为冻土上限为-0.97 m;年平均气温为-3.21 ℃的条件下,路基修筑50 a后其年平均地温仅为-0.1 ℃,其人为冻土上限也降至-13.11 m. 因此,可以看出：在未来气候持续变暖的背景下,现有处于稳定状态的冻土路基将逐渐变得不稳定. 相似文献
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中国天山西部那拉提山地区多年冻土分布特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
那拉提山位于中国天山西部, 其冻土变化过程对区域自然环境变化、 工程活动产生重要互馈作用. 结合即将修建的新疆伊(宁)-库(车)输电线路前期的冻土勘察结果, 对那拉提山地区冻土分布特性、 主要影响因素等进行了探讨. 结果表明: 那拉提山地区冻土分布属于典型的山地多年冻土, 冻土发育区域、 冻土类型和地下冰空间发育特征及冻土温度状况等主要受到海拔、 地形地貌、 地表水分条件等因素的影响和控制. 同时, 该地区大量发育有泥流阶地、 泥流舌、 热融滑塌、 石环、 石河等冰缘现象. 受坡向、 植被、 水分等因素影响, 区域内冻土活动层厚度为0.7~4.5 m, 随着海拔增加, 冻土厚度由阳坡连续多年冻土下界(海拔3 000 m)附近的约20~22 m增加到海拔3 300 m附近的约70~100 m. 自1985年以来, 区域年平均气温上升(约0.088℃·a-1), 该区域内的冻土退化趋势明显. 相似文献
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A palaeotemperature reconstruction based on periglacial phenomena in Europe north of approximately 51 °N, is compared with high‐resolution regional climate model simulations of the marine oxygen isotope Stage 3 (Stage 3) palaeoclimate. The experiments represent Stage 3 warm (interstadial), Stage 3 cold (stadial) and Last Glacial Maximum climatic conditions. The palaeotemperature reconstruction deviates considerably for the Stage 3 cold climate experiments, with mismatches up to 11 °C for the mean annual air temperature and up to 15 °C for the winter temperature. However, in this reconstruction various factors linking climate and permafrost have not been taken into account. In particular a relatively thin snow cover and high climatic variability of the glacial climate could have influenced temperature limits for ice‐wedge growth. Based on modelling the 0 °C mean annual ground temperature proves to be an appropriate upper temperature limit. Using this limit, mismatches with the Stage 3 cold climate experiments have been reduced but still remain. We therefore assume that the Stage 3 ice wedges were generated during short (decadal time‐scale) intervals of extreme cold climate, below the mean temperatures indicated by the Stage 3 cold climate model simulations. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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基于Noah陆面过程模型模拟青藏高原植被和土壤特征对多年冻土的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
针对青藏高原植被稀疏、土壤颗粒较粗糙的特征,基于Noah陆面过程模型（LSM）,模拟了植被和土壤对整个高原多年冻土分布和关键属性特征（包括活动层厚度和年平均地温）的影响,并通过野外调查数据对模拟结果进行了评估。结果表明：在考虑稀疏植被和粗糙土壤后,改进的Noah LSM对青藏高原多年冻土分布和属性的模拟性能都有所改善;多年冻土面积由原始Noah模型模拟的1.216×106 km2减少到1.113×106 km2,模拟的空间差异主要出现在多年冻土与季节冻土的过渡区及高原南部的岛状多年冻土区;模拟的高原平均活动层厚度由原始Noah模型模拟的2.55 m增加到2.92 m,年平均地温也由-2.17℃增加到-1.65℃。总之,青藏高原稀疏植被和粗糙土壤对多年冻土有重要影响。 相似文献
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根据东北地区144个国家气象站1951—2016年的地温和土壤冻结深度资料,采用实测资料统计及统计建模推算的方法,对东北地区地温和冻结深度时空特征进行了细化分析。结果表明：东北地区地温整体由南到北逐渐降低,冻结深度逐渐增大。各层年平均地温呈向北2个纬度降低1 ℃左右,年平均最大冻结深度为向北2~3个纬度加深30 cm左右,极端最大冻结深度为向北2个纬度加深30 cm左右。地温和冻结深度与纬度关系显著,与经度和海拔也有一定相关性,但在东北北部的多年冻土区基本不受后两者影响。不同深度的地温季节特征不同,地表温度季节特征与气温一致,160 cm以下深度四季温度从高到低为秋、夏、冬、春。地表夏季与冬季温差达到33.5 ℃,而320 cm深处最热季与最冷季的温差仅为7 ℃。气候变暖使得东北地区各层地温升高、冻结深度减小、冻结期缩短,尤其在多年冻土区及其临近的高纬度季节冻土区更为显著。相对于下层土壤,地表升温最大。伊春地表升温趋势达到1.16 ℃?（10a）-1,40~320 cm土层升温趋势为0.60 ℃?（10a）-1左右,冻结深度减小、冻结期缩短趋势分别达到 23 cm?（10a）-1、8 d?（10a）-1,大幅升温不利于多年冻土的存在。 相似文献
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Szabolcs Ákos Fábián János Kovács Gábor Varga György Sipos Zoltán Horváth Edit Thamó‐Bozsó Gábor Tóth 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2014,43(3):722-732
Wedge structures and involutions suggest that Late Pleistocene frozen ground, either permafrost or deep seasonal frost, extended at least as far south as latitude 47°N in central Europe (the Pannonian Basin). Optically stimulated luminescence dating of the sand infill from a number of wedges indicates that emplacement of the sand infill occurred during the Late Pleistocene (22.2–15.7 ka). This suggests that during this time the mean annual air temperature was depressed by at least ～15°C relative to the present. Either continuous or discontinuous permafrost was probably present in the north and NW of the Pannonian Basin. The subsequent thaw of frozen ground is indicated by the widespread occurrence of deformed sediments. The presence of soil (ground) wedges suggests conditions of deep seasonal frost probably existed during the period when climate ameliorated following the Last Permafrost Maximum (LPM). 相似文献
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Brainerd Mears 《Quaternary Research》1981,15(2):171-198
Nonsorted polygons in the uppermost 2 to 3 m beneath Pleistocene surfaces indicate permafrost at 1340 m and higher elevations in the intermontane and piedmont plains of Wyoming during the Wisconsin, and perhaps earlier, glacial maxima. The polygons, as much as 10 m in diameter, are delineated by wedges that vary in depths, range from narrow to moderately flared forms, and deform host materials. The wedges have silty fine-to-medium sand matrices (largely eolian) with pebbles or clasts from hosts of gravel or bedrock. Some wedges may reflect seasonal cracking in a periglacial active zone, but most are either permafrost sand-wedge relics or, less commonly, ice-wedge casts. Alternative explanations are rejected largely because similar features are apparently lacking in the lower and warmer plains from eastern Colorado southward. The wedges suggest an arid, windy, periglacial environment whose mean-annual temperatures are conservatively estimated as some 10° to 13°C colder than those at present. Although late Wisconsin-early Holocene floral and faunal evidence indicates lowered montane biotic zones, the eolian and periglacial features indicate a lack of extensive forest cover on the basin floors. In conjunction with vertebrate-fossil associations of grazing and tundra animals, the wedges may provide a parallel line of evidence for a former periglacial steppe, or “steppe-tundra”, in the Wyoming basins. 相似文献
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Lewis A. Owen Ben Richards Edward J. Rhodes W. Dickson Cunningham Brian F. Windley J. Badamgarav D. Dorjnamjaa 《第四纪科学杂志》1998,13(6):539-547
Relict permafrost structures (ice-wedge casts and cryoturbation structures) are present in the Gobi of southern Mongolia. Luminescence dates of sediments are presented to constrain the age of formation of permafrost structures. These data show that there was a phase of permafrost development during the latter part of the Last Glacial (after about 22 to 15 ka) that resulted in cryoturbated sediments and ice-wedge casts. Furthermore, permafrost degradation occurred during late Pleistocene times (13–10 ka) and was absent during the early Holocene. These permafrost structures mark the southernmost evidence of permafrost in northern Asia during late Quaternary times and indicate that the mean annual air temperature was below approximately −6°C during their formation. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Urban universities are a microcosm of urban built-up areas, such as cities, but with a much smaller scale of spatial resolution. Within universities, there are many types of landscape features exhibiting different heat absorption and transmission capacities. These landscape features generate spatial–temporal heat signatures, and the knowledge about landscape features and urban heat hazard on university campuses is limited. The objective of this research is an assessment of landscape features and the potential heat hazard threats of two urban universities in ASEAN, located in the centre of the equatorial region. The focus of this research is on urban heat hazards in two urban universities in ASEAN, the University of Malaysia in Kuala Lumpur and the University of Indonesia in Jakarta, within the context of the spatial–temporal behaviour of urban heat and the urban heat effects on the environment and human well-being on campuses. The spatial and temporal analysis used to answer the objective of this research via data-gathering methods from image satellite, ground trough, and human perception study. The UM campus and UI campus, both urban campuses, had similar landscape features but had different total percentage areas of these features. The UM campus was 59.1% covered by the densely vegetated surface landscape feature, a percentage lower than that of the UI campus, which was 65.3% vegetation covered. The temporal results for the UHS of the UM campus in 2013–2016 show a maximum temperature of 39 °C. Therefore, the UHS of the UI campus demonstrated temporal behaviour in 2013–2016, with a maximum temperature of 38 °C. The UHS behaviour of the UM campus and UI campus had an air surface temperature with a maximum average temperature of 33 °C. The air surface temperatures exceeding 32 °C at the UM campus (12 pm until 6 pm?=?5 h) lasted for a longer time than those at the UI campus (12 pm until 3 pm?=?3 h). This study showed that, based on the perceptions on both campuses, if temperatures exceeded 30 °C, respondents were very hot and very uncomfortable, which will impact health and decrease work or academic achievements, as perceptions of heat intensity impact human well-being. Students perceived that heat intensity impacted their health and they reported becoming tired and lethargic under maximum temperatures and were very hot and very uncomfortable, and this condition impacted their work activity. These results indicated that, at both the UM and UI campuses, heat intensity impacts human well-being, with risks associated with hot temperatures. These two urban campuses are significant for ASEAN university awareness of the urban heat hazard of the equatorial area. 相似文献
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热管措施下锥柱式桩基础传热过程及降温效果预测研究 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
针对青藏直流联网工程塔基热稳定性问题,建立空气-热管-土体耦合传热数学模型,并利用该模型开展锥柱式基础传热过程及热管冷却降温效果的模拟预测研究. 结果表明：冷季热管工作期间,其周围地温梯度明显较大且呈“纺锤形”分布. 同时,由于锥柱式基础及其底座为热的良导体,热管产生的冷量通过锥柱式基础及其底座快速向基础底部传递,使得基础下部形成大范围低温冻土,这对主要考虑融沉病害的锥柱式基础而言十分有利. 暖季热管停止工作期间,浅层地温主要受环境温度影响,锥柱式基础附近融化深度大于天然地表下,二者差值约35 cm. 通过热管剖面及无热管作用中间剖面地温对比,发现单一塔腿在4根热管措施作用下,锥柱式基础周围多年冻土地温分布较为均匀,可避免冻土地基的显著不均匀沉降变形. 热管周围土体快速降温过程主要集中在前5 a,之后受气候变暖影响桩基础及天然地表以下上限深度不断增加,多年冻土地温缓慢升高. 50 a气温升高2.6 ℃背景下,锥柱式基础下部多年冻土仍保持冻结状态,能够满足青藏直流联网工程对于冻土地基热稳定性要求. 相似文献
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祁连山中东部的冻土特征(Ⅱ):多年冻土特征 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
祁连山中东部地区多年冻土年平均地温、冻土厚度等基本特征参量与海拔具有明显的相关性,海拔越高,地温越低,厚度亦越厚.年平均地温、厚度与纬度、经度关系不明显,可能与工作范围较小有关.对比分析了地表植被、地层岩性、土层含水(冰)量等局域性(非地带性)因素对冻土年平均地温的影响,发现腐殖层较厚,下伏细粒土层,较高的含水(冰)量对保持多年冻土较低的温度有利.阐述了冻土厚度的变化及其影响因素.与前人工作比较,分析冻土层钻孔测温曲线,发现该地区多年冻土正处于退化之中. 相似文献
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Troy L Péwé 《Geoforum》1973,4(3):15-26
Ice wedge casts are the most accurate and widespread indicators of past permafrost. Many ice wedge casts exist in Alaska, some in areas of existing ice wedges. In addition to indicating paleotemperature conditions and a wider distribution of permafrost in Wisconsinan time than now, casts in Alaska also indicate permafrost in Iliinoian and pre-lllinoian time. Hundreds of ice wedge casts are now known in temperate North America and are described from about 22 widespread localities coast to coast in Canada and United States. Permafrost existed in late Wisconsinan time, 20,000 to 10,000 years ago, along the glacial border in temperate United States. Later permafrost formed north of the glacial border as the continental ice sheet withdrew exposing drift to the rigorous periglacial climate. Ice wedge casts indicate that the ? 7 °C mean annual air isotherm was about 2000 km farther south in late Wisconsinan time than now. 相似文献
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青藏铁路块石气冷结构路堤下冻土温度场变化分析 总被引：18，自引：7，他引：11
基于青藏铁路沿线多年冻土区温度监测断面,选取了不同冻土分区中的8个块石路堤结构(块石路基、块石护坡、块石路基加块石护坡)断面,对其下温度场的变化分析研究.结果表明:经过2~3个冻融循环后,块石结构路堤下冻土上限已抬升了1.4~5.3 m,说明块石路堤结构已起到了积极调节下伏冻土温度的作用.结果也显示,在上限抬升的同时,其下部的冻土地温也在升高,但是这种过程已逐渐被块石路堤结构的降温所抑制,而这种抑制程度受控于不同的冻土区域.在不同的冻土分区中,无论是何种形式的块石路堤结构,其降温趋势是不同的.Ⅳ和Ⅲ冻土区块石路堤基底的负温积累比较明显,而I和Ⅱ区的较弱. 相似文献
18.
《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2014,346(9-10):213-222
Two and a half decade (1985–2009) surface air temperature from Giovanni database available for the Naradu valley at High Himalaya Mountain range of Himachal Pradesh has been analysed to determine the changes in the maximum, minimum and mean air temperatures. The analysis was subjected for seasonal, annual and monthly basis and revealed a tendency towards warmer years all around, with significantly warmer winter and more significant increase in minimum temperatures. The annual maximum, minimum and mean temperatures have increase by 1,41 °C, 1,63 °C and 1,49 °C, respectively. The seasonal analysis indicates that the tendency is more pronounced in winter followed by post-monsoon, pre-monsoon and monsoon season. The trends were also examined on a maximum temperatures, and it showed a significant warning in all the months in annual mean, minimum and maximum temperatures, except February during the period of 1985–2009 in the valley. Different trend detection statistical tools have been exercised by using variety of non-parametric tests and all are in agreement. 相似文献
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堤坝稳定性是评价冰湖溃决危险性的重要指标, 而堤坝的温度特征与其稳定性密切相关. 基于2012年11月-2013年9月对西藏定结县龙巴萨巴湖冰碛坝的0~150 cm不同深度的温度观测数据, 分析冰碛坝地温变化特征及其影响. 结果显示: 冰碛坝表层(<20 cm)地温与气温变化一致, 温度日变化常出现白天为正温梯度而夜间为负温度梯度的特征, 全年日均梯度一般为负温梯度(上部温度高、下部温度低); 中层(20~100 cm)和深层(>100 cm)表现为冬季下层温度高于上层温度的正温梯度, 夏季下层温度低于上层的负温梯度逐渐加强, 但地温日变幅逐渐减弱; 中间层地温变化不到气温变化幅度的1/5~1/10; 深层地温无明显的日变化. 冰碛坝的消融率约为2.1 cm·d-1, 夏季消融深度超过250 cm. 现有夏季消融深度对堤坝的稳定影响有限, 但是湖盆区如果持续升温, 冰碛坝冻土的年消融率和消融深度都将增大, 致使堤坝稳定性下降, 溃决风险增大. 相似文献
20.
Andrew H. Manning 《Hydrogeology Journal》2011,19(2):379-397
Noble gas recharge temperatures (NGTs) and radiocarbon ages were determined for 43 groundwater samples collected in the eastern Espa?ola Basin, New Mexico (USA), to identify mountain-block recharge in waters <10 thousand years (ka) old and to evaluate possible changes in mountain-block recharge over the past ??35?ka. For Holocene samples from the southeastern area, NGTs are dominantly 2?C4° cooler than the measured water-table temperature near the mountain front. Computed minimum mountain-block recharge fractions are dominantly 0.2?C0.5, consistent with previous large mountain-block recharge estimates. NGTs do not display the distinct low during the last glacial maximum observed in other paleorecharge studies; samples recharged 15?C25?ka ago are on average only 1.3° cooler than Holocene samples. Instead, samples with the coldest NGTs were recharged 25?C35?ka ago. A proposed explanation is that higher precipitation rates during the last glacial maximum resulted in a lower mean recharge elevation for the basin, essentially buffering the effect of the lower mean annual air temperature and producing NGTs similar to the Holocene. In the period preceding the last glacial maximum, precipitation rates more like today??s resulted in Holocene-like mountain-block recharge fractions, producing a mean NGT ??5° cooler than the Holocene, as expected. 相似文献