共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 140 毫秒
1.
黄土高原农业生产气候脆弱性的初步研究 总被引：28，自引：0，他引：28
介绍了农业生产的气候脆弱性概念和评估方案,并据此估算和分析了1990年和1997年黄土高原地区130个县市农业生产的气候脆弱性分布现状;然后利用IPCC推荐的最新GCM模拟结果确定了我国西北地区未来2010～2050年气候变化情景,在现有和设定的社会经济发展情景下分析了黄土高原农业生产的气候脆弱性可能变化,并讨论了有关农业可持续发展对策. 相似文献
2.
农业生产的气候脆弱性指标及权重的确定 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
农业生产的气候脆弱性研究可为地方政府在区域经济发展，尤其在西部大开发中进行有关气候变化适应对策研究提供科学参考。在实地考察、专家问卷调查基础上，利用专家打分和层次分析法确立和完善了黄土高原地区农业生产的气候脆弱性定量评价指标方案，建立判断距阵并通过一致性检验，确定和各指标权重和分级方案，提出了定量计算方法，弥补了以往定性研究的不足。应用于“西部生态气候环境监测”公益项目研究取得了很好结果，是比较可行的农业生产的气候脆弱性定量评价方法。 相似文献
3.
农业生产对气候变化的脆弱性研究方法初探 总被引：13，自引：1，他引：13
刘文泉 《南京气象学院学报》2002,25(2):214-220
在总结脆弱性的定义与介绍相关研究方法的基础上，提出了农业生产对气候变化的脆弱性的初步定义、研究思路、指标体系及计算方法，并讨论了区域农业生产对气候变化影响的适应对策应遵循的有关原则。 相似文献
4.
随着对气候变化研究的不断深入,气候变化脆弱性问题也得到了更多的关注。相对于水资源、森林等其他自然生态系统,农业受气候变化的影响最大,科学地评价其对气候变化的脆弱性,对于制定合理有效的适应对策具有重要意义。从气候变化脆弱性与农业对气候变化脆弱性的定义、研究内容和评价方法等角度综述了研究进展,在此基础上分析了目前该领域存在的问题,包括情景应用、方法和不确定性等方面,并展望了未来脆弱性评价的发展方向。 相似文献
5.
农业生产系统的脆弱分析及其在农业气候区划中的应用赵丁山（洪洞县气象局０３１６００）在气候变化与农业生产关系的研究中，人们越来越重视农业生产系统的脆弱性分析，其出发点主要基于两点：ａ．农业生产系统适应气候变化的能力；ｂ．农业自然资源的承载能力。根据中国... 相似文献
6.
杨青 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2002,25(2):35-35
人们对全球气候变化的关注从来没有象现在这样“热”过，气候变化问题已从一个纯科学研究的领域变成社会公众和传媒谈论的热门话题。对于人类生产生活而言，气候变化与人们脆弱性的关系是非线性的。因为人类与其生产系统只能适应一定范围内的气候状态，过与不及都是不能适应的灾害。生产的稳定性与气候的多变性决定了灾害不可避免性，但是灾害的减少却是可能的。首先要弄清气候变化的原因，才能最大限度的降低我们对气候变化的脆弱性，提高我们的适应能力，把灾害减少到最小程度。影响气候变化的因子很多，太阳活动的影响是不容忽视的，这种… 相似文献
7.
气候变化对中国农业生产影响研究展望 总被引：32，自引：0，他引：32
综述了气候变化背景下中国农业气候资源、农业气象灾害(干旱、洪涝、高温热浪、低温灾害)和农业病虫害的变化趋势与规律,从农业生产潜力变化、作物种植制度变化和作物品质变化等方面阐明了气候变化对中国农业生产的影响事实,分析了气候变化对中国农业生产的可能影响和中国农业生产适应气候变化的对策措施。在此基础上,针对气候变化背景下中国气候资源的时空分布特点及农业生产出现的新情况、新问题,指出了当前中国关于气候变化对农业影响研究存在的不足,提出了未来气候变化对中国农业生产影响研究需要重视的方面,为确保气候变化背景下中国的农业生产安全及粮食安全提供决策支持。 相似文献
8.
《气象科学进展》2021,(3)
目前中国生态与农业气象研究主要关注气候变化的影响,而脆弱性与风险预估研究仍存在很大不确定性,甚至无法进行预估研究。以生态/农业气象的脆弱性和风险为切入点,从生态/农业的地理/种植分布、物候/生育期和生产力/产量等方面,综述了中国生态/农业气象的研究进展,指出现有研究成果难以满足高质量生态保护与粮食安全的需求,为此提出了未来拟重点开展的研究任务,即生态/农业气象承载力及其优化布局、生态/农业气象的灾变过程与调控机制、生态/农业变化的气象条件贡献率评估及其适应技术、高质量生态保护与粮食提质增效的气候资源高效利用和定向调控研究,以推进中国生态与农业气象脆弱性与风险研究,为中国生态/农业气象科学应对气候变化提供依据。 相似文献
9.
气候变化对农业生产与粮食安全影响的新认知 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
IPCC第二工作组在第五次评估报告中客观而审慎地评估了气候变化已经发生和潜在的影响、各个领域与区域的敏感性和脆弱性。针对农业生产与粮食安全,报告表明,气候变化对全球大部分地区作物、畜牧、渔业产生了影响,且负面影响更普遍;不仅影响到生产过程,也影响到非生产系统因素,但这些影响存在区域差异。极端事件（如极端高温）对作物产量、品质及市场价格的负面影响明显。大气中CO2浓度增高有利于作物产量提高,但是与温度、臭氧以及水分利用、病虫草害等协同效应仍然不明确。增强适应可以克服增温对农业的负面影响,并减少粮食损失。关于气候变化对粮食安全非生产系统因素的影响及如何开展适应,还需要搜集更多的证据。 相似文献
10.
IPCC第五次评估报告（AR5）第二工作组（WGII）报告认为,气候变化对世界上大部分区域的自然和人类系统的影响将进一步加剧,其对非洲最大的影响预计发生在半干旱的环境,增加现有的水资源可利用量和农业系统的压力;气候变化已导致北欧地区的谷物产量增加而南欧地区的产量降低,未来的变化将增加欧洲的灌溉需求;在亚洲的许多地区,气候变化将导致农业生产率下降;气候、大气CO2和海洋酸化的进一步变化预计将对大洋洲的水资源、海岸生态系统、基础设施、健康、农业和生物多样性产生实质性的影响;在北美,许多带来风险的气候压迫力的频率和强度将在未来几十年增加;中美洲和南美洲许多国家的持续高水平贫困导致了对气候变率和变化的高脆弱性;在北极,气候变化与非气候相关驱动在确定的物理、生物和社会经济风险上交互作用,变化率可能超过了社会系统适应的速率;在气候和非气候因素的影响下,小岛屿具有高度的脆弱性,同时,气候变暖将增加海洋生态系统的风险。 相似文献
11.
Assessing climate change vulnerability in the arctic using geographic information services in spatial data infrastructures 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Timely knowing about climate change impacts is crucial to adequately plan and undertake adaptive measures and thus to effectively
lower vulnerability. This requires gathering and integrating geographic information on exposure, local response mechanisms
and stakeholders’ concerns. Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI) are internet-based information systems that facilitate the
exchange and use of distributed geographic information. This paper presents the application of SDI to climate change assessment
by implementing a generic methodology for the quantification of vulnerability to climate change. The resulting integrated
tool allows scientists, stakeholders and decision makers to communicate, assess and improve information about vulnerability
to climate change. We show how emerging internet technologies and SDI in particular, make a new interactive approach of assessing
vulnerability to climate change possible. Vulnerability was quantified based on an active stakeholder involvement by incorporating
their varying perceptions, by allowing them to provide feedback and by supporting the acquisition of stakeholders’ knowledge.
However, the application showed that to be effective, efforts to achieve and maintain interoperability between the various
scientific disciplines should be kept integrated within mainstream IT developments. 相似文献
12.
A method for quantifying vulnerability, applied to the agricultural system of the Yaqui Valley, Mexico 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
Amy L. Luers David B. Lobell Leonard S. Sklar C. Lee Addams Pamela A. Matson 《Global Environmental Change》2003,13(4):255-267
We propose measuring vulnerability of selected outcome variables of concern (e.g. agricultural yield) to identified stressors (e.g. climate change) as a function of the state of the variables of concern relative to a threshold of damage, the sensitivity of the variables to the stressors, and the magnitude and frequency of the stressors to which the system is exposed. In addition, we provide a framework for assessing the extent adaptive capacity can reduce vulnerable conditions. We illustrate the utility of this approach by evaluating the vulnerability of wheat yields to climate change and market fluctuations in the Yaqui Valley, Mexico. 相似文献
13.
Increasing frequency, intensity and duration of severe weather events are posing major challenges to global food security and livelihoods of rural people. Agriculture has evolved through adaptation to local circumstances for thousands of years. Local experience in responding to severe weather conditions, accumulated over generations and centuries, is valuable for developing adaptation options to current climate change. This study aimed to: (i) identify tree species that reduce vulnerability of cropping systems under climate variability; and (ii) develop a method for rapidly assessing vulnerability and exploring strategies of smallholder farmers in rural areas exposed to climate variability. Participatory Rural Appraisal methods in combination with Geographical Information Systems tools and statistical analysis of meteorological data were used to evaluate local vulnerability to climate change and to investigate local adaptation measures in two selected villages in Vietnam, one of the countries most vulnerable to climate change. The low predictability of severe weather events makes food crops, especially grain production, insecure. This study shows that while rice and rain-fed crops suffered over 40 % yield losses in years of extreme drought or flood, tree-based systems and cattle were less affected. 13 tree species performed well under the harsh local climate conditions in home and forest gardens to provide income, food, feed and other environmental benefits. Thus, this research suggests that maintenance and enhancement of locally evolved agroforestry systems, with high resilience and multiple benefits, can contribute to climate change adaptation. 相似文献
14.
While it is generally asserted that those countries who have contributed least to anthropogenic climate change are most vulnerable to its adverse impacts some recently developed indices of vulnerability to climate change come to a different conclusion. Confirmation or rejection of this assertion is complicated by the lack of an agreed metric for measuring countries’ vulnerability to climate change and by conflicting interpretations of vulnerability. This paper presents a comprehensive semi-quantitative analysis of the disparity between countries’ responsibility for climate change, their capability to act and assist, and their vulnerability to climate change for four climate-sensitive sectors based on a broad range of disaggregated vulnerability indicators. This analysis finds a double inequity between responsibility and capability on the one hand and the vulnerability of food security, human health, and coastal populations on the other. This double inequity is robust across alternative indicator choices and interpretations of vulnerability. The main cause for the higher vulnerability of poor nations who have generally contributed little to climate change is their lower adaptive capacity. In addition, the biophysical sensitivity and socio-economic exposure of poor nations to climate impacts on food security and human health generally exceeds that of wealthier nations. No definite statement can be made on the inequity associated with climate impacts on water supply due to large uncertainties about future changes in regional water availability and to conflicting indicators of current water scarcity. The robust double inequity between responsibility and vulnerability for most climate-sensitive sectors strengthens the moral case for financial and technical assistance from those countries most responsible for climate change to those countries most vulnerable to its adverse impacts. However, the complex and geographically heterogeneous patterns of vulnerability factors for different climate-sensitive sectors suggest that the allocation of international adaptation funds to developing countries should be guided by sector-specific or hazard-specific criteria despite repeated requests from participants in international climate negotiations to develop a generic index of countries’ vulnerability to climate change. 相似文献
15.
IPCC第五次评估报告对气候变化风险及风险管理的新认知 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
IPCC第五次评估报告第二工作组报告在气候变化风险及风险管理方面聚焦于气候变化对领域和区域的不利影响。在综合分析与气候变化相关危害、暴露度和脆弱性的基础上,提出了气候变化风险的评估框架。风险不仅来自气候变化本身,同时也来自人类社会发展和治理过程。报告首次提出了新生风险,归纳总结了气候变化带来的关键风险,评估了不同温升下气候变化5个“关注理由”的风险水平。在风险管理过程中,由于适应和减缓的局限性,剩余风险是不可避免的。未来,若全球平均温度升高4℃（较工业革命以前）将加剧人类和社会生态系统广泛的、严重的和不可逆影响的风险。 相似文献
16.
The vulnerability of native rangeland plant species to global climate change in the West Asia and North African regions 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This study aimed to evaluate the impact of climate change on the geographical distribution of selected native species from two areas from West Asia and North Africa. Three species representing two genera were selected for assessment of their vulnerability to climate change. The first species was Salsola vermiculata L. which is common to both study areas. The second genus was represented by two species, Haloxylon salicornicum (Moq.) Bunge from the Syrian rangelands and H. schmittianum Pomel from southern Tunisia. To assess the vulnerability of these species to climate change we used ecological-based models. The data inputs were composed of the species occurrence data and the environmental data which included eight climatic layers, three soil property layers in addition to an altitude layer. Since environmental parameters only enable assessing the sensitivity of target species to climate change, a grazing pressure layer was used to assess the species vulnerability. Only climatic parameters were considered as changing across three periods; current situation, 2020 and 2050. The main results indicated that threatened range species, such as S. vermiculata which were subjected to continuous grazing pressure, showed high vulnerability to climate change as expressed by the predicted decrease in the areas of their distribution. However, species with low palatability and broad ecological niches (i.e. H. salicornicum and H. schmittianum) had an advantage due to the reduced competition for water and nutrients. An adaptation strategy to increase the resilience of the most vulnerable species should involve management of grazing pressure and the establishment of other mitigation measures. 相似文献
17.
Vulnerable or Resilient? A Multi-Scale Assessment of Climate Impacts and Vulnerability in Norway 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
This paper explores the issue of climate vulnerability in Norway, an affluent country that is generally considered to be resilient to the impacts of climate change. In presenting a multi-scale assessment of climate change impacts and vulnerability in Norway, we show that the concept of vulnerability depends on the scale of analysis. Both exposure and the distribution of climate sensitive sectors vary greatly across scale. So do the underlying social and economic conditions that influence adaptive capacity. These findings question the common notion that climate change may be beneficial for Norway, and that the country can readily adapt to climate change. As scale differences are brought into consideration, vulnerability emerges within some regions, localities, and social groups. To cope with actual and potential changes in climate and climate variability, it will be necessary to acknowledge climate vulnerabilities at the regional and local levels, and to address them accordingly. This multi-scale assessment of impacts and vulnerability in Norway reinforces the importance of scale in global change research. 相似文献
18.
Adaptive capacity and its assessment 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Nathan L. Engle 《Global Environmental Change》2011,21(2):647-656
This paper reviews the concept of adaptive capacity and various approaches to assessing it, particularly with respect to climate variability and change. I find that adaptive capacity is a relatively under-researched topic within the sustainability science and global change communities, particularly since it is uniquely positioned to improve linkages between vulnerability and resilience research. I identify opportunities for advancing the measurement and characterization of adaptive capacity by combining insights from both vulnerability and resilience frameworks, and I suggest several assessment approaches for possible future development that draw from both frameworks and focus on analyzing the governance, institutions, and management that have helped foster adaptive capacity in light of recent climatic events. 相似文献
19.
Vulnerability is an emerging concept for climate science and policy. Over the past decade, efforts to assess vulnerability
to climate change triggered a process of theory development and assessment practice, which is reflected in the reports of
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). This paper reviews the historical development of the conceptual ideas
underpinning assessments of vulnerability to climate change. We distinguish climate impact assessment, first- and second-generation
vulnerability assessment, and adaptation policy assessment. The different generations of assessments are described by means
of a conceptual framework that defines key concepts of the assessment and their analytical relationships. The purpose of this
conceptual framework is two-fold: first, to present a consistent visual glossary of the main concepts underlying the IPCC
approach to vulnerability and its assessment; second, to show the evolution of vulnerability assessments. This evolution is
characterized by the progressive inclusion of non-climatic determinants of vulnerability to climate change, including adaptive
capacity, and the shift from estimating expected damages to attempting to reduce them. We hope that this paper improves the
understanding of the main approaches to climate change vulnerability assessment and their evolution, not only within the climate
change community but also among researchers from other scientific communities, who are sometimes puzzled by the unfamiliar
use of technical terms in the context of climate change. 相似文献