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1.
Effects of deepening the Elbe Estuary on sediment regime and water quality   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Changes in the transport and sedimentation of suspended particulate matter (SPM) after deepening of the navigation channel of the Elbe Estuary in 1999 were studied. Long-term series of the grain size composition of sediments and sedimentation rates in the main stream and its branches (Nebenelben) were compared with changes in flow velocities and tidal water levels. In addition, water quality parameters like biological oxygen demand (BOD7), dissolved oxygen and particulate organic carbon (POC) were analysed to determine changes in the origin and fate of the SPM. In the main stream, deepening produced no significant changes of the flow velocities. However, there was a decrease of the mean tidal low water level between 5.7 and 8.1 cm at the upper end of the estuary. These small changes in hydrology had the effect that fine-grained suspended matter derived from freshwater run-off accumulated in the surface water of the freshwater region in the estuary and remained within this region until all degradable organic matter was consumed. Accumulation of the fine-grained SPM produced an increase of the <63 μm fraction in the sediments of the Hamburg harbour by about 20% and in the SPM along the freshwater longitudinal profile up to about 120%. Coupled to this the mean BOD7 increased between May and August by 38%. Enhanced oxygen deficiencies thus occurred after 1999, with concentrations of below 6 mg O2 L−1 over a length of about 100 km along the freshwater longitudinal profile of the Elbe Estuary. In the shallow water regions present in the branches of the main stream, deepening of the navigation channel was followed by a 25% decrease in the flow velocities during low tide. This was coupled to an increase of the sedimentation rates which produced a rise of the sediment level between 0.7 and 1.5 m until 2004 and a permanent loss in the capacity of the branches for re-aeration of the open water. The results indicate that in tidal systems SPM might be more sensitive for monitoring changes in the transport regime than hydrological parameters.  相似文献   

2.
Modelling sedimentation rates within an estuary over the time scale of years to decades is a difficult undertaking. The complex nature of sediment transport and the compounding errors associated with making predictions over longer time-scales introduce a high degree of uncertainty when predicting the fate of catchment-derived sediments. In this paper a methodology is presented that links catchment and estuary models that simulate the runoff of sediment from catchments and its subsequent dispersal within the estuary to provide estimates of annual sedimentation rates within the estuary. The models are calibrated against short-term field data and the methodology is validated against sedimentation rates obtained from sediment cores.The catchment of the Mahurangi Estuary delivers between 3800 and 39,000 tonnes/yr with an average load of just over 15,000 tonnes/yr being delivered to the estuary. Data from sediment cores show that over 80% of this load is deposited within the estuary resulting in sedimentation rates of 25 mm/yr in the upper estuary and less than 5 mm/yr in the lower sections of the estuary. The methodology predicts these rates of sedimentation across a range of sub environments within the estuary.  相似文献   

3.
为了揭示茅尾海河口1987~2015年间的地貌格局演变和冲於演变,基于Landsat TM/OLI等多期遥感影像,结合海图、波段比值线性水深反演模型,对28年来茅尾海河口面积变化、地貌类型转换趋势、地貌冲淤演变过程进行了分析。研究结果表明:在1987~2015年间河口面积逐渐缩小;地貌类型转换趋势方面主要表现为潮沟向淤泥滩、河口沙坝的转化,淤泥滩向红树林滩转化;地貌冲淤演变方面,红树林滩淤积面积较大,达20.78km2,淤泥滩的冲刷作用显著,冲刷面积达26.78km2。研究结果可为未来茅尾海资源的开发建设、整治保护提供理论依据。  相似文献   

4.
在航道治理工程中,往往通过丁坝群来实现其稳定航槽等目的,而坝田作为缓流区,其与主槽的水沙交换主要取决于横向的紊动交换。基于长江口北槽丁坝群实测资料分析和物理模型水槽试验研究发现不同长宽比坝田内的流态、淤积形态、坝田与相邻河段水沙交换的机理均不同,在长江口北槽丁坝群坝田建成后的淤积初期阶段,长宽比为0.30～0.40的坝田内的平均淤积强度最大。水槽试验研究表明,长宽比为0.50的坝田内淤积的主要部位即为主环流所在位置(坝田外侧),而在副环流位置,则出现微淤或冲刷的趋势;而长宽比为0.33的坝田内的淤积分布相对比较均匀。长宽比为0.33的坝田内淤积速率明显大于长宽比为0.50的坝田,长宽比为0.33的坝田达到冲淤平衡的时间较长。坝田淤积强度与随坝田回流强度、坝田与主槽水沙交换系数的增加而增加。  相似文献   

5.
The distributions, contamination status and annual sedimentation flux of trace metals in surface sediments of the East China Sea (ECS) were studied. Higher concentrations of the studied metals were generally found in the inner shelf and the concentrations decreased seaward. The sequences of the enrichment factor (EF) of the studied metals are Cu > Mn > Ni > Zn > Pb > Fe. The values of EF suggest that the metals contamination in the middle and outer shelves of the ECS is still minor. The annual sedimentation fluxes of trace metals in the ECS were: Fe, 3.48 × 107 t/y; Mn, 9.07 × 105 t/y; Zn, 1.08 × 105 t/y; Ni, 4.48 × 104 t/y; Pb, 4.32 × 104 t/y and Cu, 3.1 × 104 t/y, respectively. Approximately 55–70% and 10–17% of the sedimentation fluxes of trace metals were deposited in the inner shelf and the Changjiang estuarine zone.  相似文献   

6.
The distributions of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), Ba, U, and a suite of naturally occurring radionuclides in the U/Th decay series (222Rn, 223,224,226,228Ra) were studied during high- and low-discharge conditions in the Loxahatchee River estuary, Florida to examine the role of submarine groundwater discharge in estuarine transport. The fresh water endmember of this still relatively pristine estuary may reflect not only river-borne constituents, but also those advected during active groundwater/surface water (hyporheic) exchange. During both discharge conditions, Ba concentrations indicated slight non-conservative mixing. Such Ba excesses could be attributed either to submarine groundwater discharge or particle desorption processes. Estuarine dissolved organic carbon concentrations were highest at salinities closest to zero. Uranium distributions were lowest in the fresh water sites and mixed mostly conservatively with an increase in salinity. Suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentrations were generally lowest (< 5 mg L− 1) close to zero salinity and increased several-fold ( 18 mg L− 1; low discharge) toward the seaward endmember, which may be attributed to dynamic resuspension of bottom sediments within Jupiter Inlet.Surface water-column 222Rn activities were most elevated (> 28 dpm L− 1) at the freshwater endmember of the estuary and appear to identify regions of the river most influenced by the discharge of fresh groundwater. Activities of four naturally occurring isotopes of Ra (223,224,226,228Ra) in this estuary and select adjacent shallow groundwater wells yield mean estuarine water-mass transit times of less than 1 day; these values are in close agreement to those calculated by tidal prism and tidal frequency. Submarine groundwater discharge rates to the Loxahatchee River estuary were calculated using a tidal prism approach, an excess 226Ra mass balance, and an electromagnetic seepage meter. Average SGD rates ranged from 1.0 to 3.8 × 105 m3 d− 1 (20–74 L m− 2 d− 1), depending on river-discharge stage. Such calculated SGD estimates, which must include both a recirculated as well as fresh water component, are in close agreement with results obtained from a first-order watershed mass balance. Average submarine groundwater discharge rates yield NH4+ and PO4− 3 flux estimates to the Loxahatchee River estuary that range from 62.7 to 1063.1 and 69.2 to 378.5 μmol m− 2 d− 1, respectively, depending on river stage. SGD-derived nutrient flux rates are compared to yearly computed riverine total N and total P load estimates.  相似文献   

7.
Sediment transport and morphodynamics of the Douro River estuary   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
A combination of dredging data, hydrographic surveys and numerical modelling has been used to assess morphological change and sediment transport in the Douro River estuary. The system is dominated by sand- and gravel-sized sediments and confined by resistant rock types. The evolution of the bed in the last 20 years has been strongly influenced by the opening of a navigation channel. According to the data available to date, the average maintenance dredging volume has been of the order of 0.4 × 106 m3 year−1. Comparisons of hydrographic surveys reveal a rate of volume loss of the same magnitude. Apparently, maintenance dredging mainly involves local material, transported into the channel from shallower areas of the estuary. The results of numerical modelling indicate that the sediment transport capacity due to tidal currents is very limited. River flood events increase the transport capacity by several orders of magnitude, thus playing a critical role in sediment redistribution and supply to the coast. The average sediment transport capacity is estimated to be of the order of 0.1 × 106 m3 year−1 in most of the estuary and 0.5 × 106 m3 year−1 at the inlet, with a large uncertainty. It is concluded that, if morphological stability is set as an environmental objective, the dredged material should not be removed from the system but rather be used to nourish the estuarine beaches and the barrier spit.  相似文献   

8.
Analysis of four historical bathymetric surveys over a 132-year period has revealed significant changes to the morphology of the San Francisco Bar, an ebb-tidal delta at the mouth of San Francisco Bay estuary. From 1873 to 2005 the San Francisco Bar vertically-eroded an average of 80 cm over a 125 km2 area, which equates to a total volume loss of 100 ± 52 million m3 of fine- to coarse-grained sand. Comparison of the surveys indicates the entire ebb-tidal delta contracted radially, with the crest moving landward an average of 1 km. Long-term erosion of the ebb-tidal delta is hypothesized to be due to a reduction in the tidal prism of San Francisco Bay and a decrease in coastal sediment supply, both as a result of anthropogenic activities. Prior research indicates that the tidal prism of the estuary was reduced by 9% from filling, diking, and sedimentation. Compilation of historical records dating back to 1900 reveals that a minimum of 200 million m3 of sediment has been permanently removed from the San Francisco Bay coastal system through dredging, aggregate mining, and borrow pit mining. Of this total, ∼54 million m3 of sand-sized or coarser sediment was removed from central San Francisco Bay. With grain sizes comparable to the ebb-tidal delta, and its direct connection to the bay mouth, removal of sediments from central San Francisco Bay may limit the sand supply to the delta and open coast beaches.  相似文献   

9.
黄河清水沟流路稳定性分析   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
李平  王涛  高文永 《海洋与湖沼》1997,28(2):165-171
根据１９８９年５月和８月枯、洪水两个季节黄河拦门沙区及河口海区地质和水文调查资料，结合黄河利津水文站近几年的径流量和输沙量变化，对黄河清水沟流路稳定性及其影响因素进行综合分析研究。结果表明，近年来黄河来沙量渐少是清水沟流路稳定的重要因素之一，随着河口向南转向海动力作用较弱的莱州湾，海水沿河上溯力逐渐减弱，河流泥沙得以更顺利入海，并在口门外沉积；现流路河口海域的水动力作用虽然较弱，但涨，落潮流的分布  相似文献   

10.
Suspended particulate matter (SPM) collected at regular stations from the Mandovi and Zuari estuaries indicates that the peaks of high SPM coincide with peaks of high rainfall and low salinity and also with peaks of moderate/low rainfall coupled with high salinity during the monsoon. The estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) is a characteristic feature, it occurs in the channel accompanying spring tide during the monsoon and pre-monsoon, and shifts to the bay on neap tide during post-monsoon. ETM remains at the same position in the Mandovi River, both during the monsoon and pre-monsoon, whereas in Zuari it stretched upstream during monsoon and migrates seaward of the channel during pre-monsoon. The ETM coincides with the freshwater–seawater interface during the monsoon and is formed by the interaction between tidal currents and river flows. The ETM during pre-monsoon is associated with high salinities and is generated by tidal and wind-induced currents. The turbidity maximum on neap tide during post-monsoon may be due to the erosion and resuspension of sediments from the emergent tidal flats and transport of these turbid waters into the bay. Funneling effect of the narrowing bay in the Zuari estuary and associated physical processes effectively enhance the magnitude of the currents and transports sediments to the channel. SPM retention percentage indicates that the estuarine channel is prone to siltation.  相似文献   

11.
A multiyear study of the sedimentary geology of the Columbia River Estuary has provided valuable data regarding sediment distribution, bedform distribution, and suspended sediment distribution on spatial and temporal scales that permit delineation of sedimentary environments and insight into the sedimentary processes that have shaped the estuary. In comparison to other more-intensively studied estuaries in North America, the Columbia River estuary has relatively larger tidal range (maximum semidiurnal range of 3.6m) and large riverflow (6,700m3s−1). Variations in riverflow, sediment supply, and tidal flow occur over a range of time scales, making the study of modern processes, as they relate to long-term effects, particularly challenging.Analyses of more than 2000 bottom-sediment grab samples indicate that the bed material of the estuary varies in a relatively narrow range between 0 and 8 phi (1.0 and 0.0039mm) with an overall mean size of 2.5 phi (0.177mm). Sediment size decreases generally in the downstream direction. Sediments from the upriver channels are coarse (1.5–2.0phi; 0.25–0.35mm) and moderately sorted; sediments in the central estuary show wider range and variation in grain size and sorting (1.75–6.0phi; 0.016–0.3mm). Sediment from the entrance region has a mean size of 2.75phi (0.149mm) and is well sorted. Seasonal changes in sediment size distributions occur and are best delineated by those samples containing more than 10% mud (silt plus clay). Sediments containing a significant fine fraction generally occur only in the peripheral bays and in channels isolated from strong currents. Thin deposits of fine sediments are occasionally found in main channels, and the ephemeral nature of these sediments suggest that they may erode and produce the silty rip-up clasts that appear intermittently in the same regions.The distribution of bedforms of various size and shape has been mapped with side-scan sonar during three seasons and at various tidal stages. The presence of bedforms with wavelengths of 6–8m and alternating slip faces about 40cm high indicates that the deeper portion of the entrance region is dominated by tidally reversing lower flow regime sediment transport. Bedforms in the upper reaches of the estuary are much larger, with heights of up to 3m and wavelengths of up to 100m. These bedforms, and the smaller, superimposed bedforms, imply downstream transport under fluvial conditions. In the central estuary, bedforms in the deep portion of the main channels are oriented upriver while those on the shallow flanks of the channels are oriented seaward. The landward limit of upriver bedform transport varies seasonally in response to riverflow fluctuations.A complex array of sedimentary environments exists in the Columbia River estuary. Each environment is influenced by the relative importance of waves, fluvial currents, and tidal currents, as modified by the presence or absence of estuarine circulation, vegetation, or human activity. The importance of these enviroments to the ecosystem of the estuary is discussed in subsequent papers in this volume.  相似文献   

12.
为探讨外航道回淤特征,采用二维波浪潮流泥沙数学模型,模拟研究了莱州湾东部航道回淤情况并探讨了其影响因素,以期对航道泥沙输运研究提供借鉴。研究表明,正常天气下,水流跨越航道,流速减小、挟沙能力下降导致的悬沙落淤是航道淤积的主要原因,但淤积量有限。大风浪是造成航道淤积的主要动力因素,其淤积泥沙主要来源于海底侵蚀来沙,河流来沙和沿岸输沙对航道淤积的贡献不大。从水深地形、泥沙来源、底质类型、水文动力条件等方面分析,航道发生骤淤的可能性较小。  相似文献   

13.
Field measurements were conducted in Mont-Saint-Michel Bay, a megatidal embayment (spring tidal range of 15 m), in order to monitor, over the course of a tidal cycle, sediment transport variability due to waves and tides on the upper part of a tidal flat characterised by shallow water depths. Sensors used to measure currents, water depth and turbidity were installed just above the bed (0.04 m). Two experiments were conducted under contrasting hydrodynamic conditions. The results highlight wave activity over the tidal flat even though observed wind waves were largely dissipated due to the very shallow water depths. Very high suspended sediment concentrations (up to 6 kg/m3) were recorded in the presence of wave activity at the beginning of the local flood, when significant sediment transport occurred, up to 7 times as much as under conditions of no wave activity. This influence may be attributed to the direct action of waves on bed sediments, to wave-induced liquefaction, and to the erosive action of waves on tidal channel banks. The sediment composition, comprising a clay fraction of 2-5%, may also enhance sediment transport by reducing critical shear stress through the sand lubrication effect. The results also show that antecedent meteorological conditions play an important role in suspended sediment transport on the tidal flat. Total sediment flux directions show a net transport towards the inner part of the bay that contributes to deposition over the adjacent salt marshes, and this tendency also prevails during strong wave conditions. Such sediment transport is characterised by significant variability over the course of the tidal cycle. During fair and moderate weather conditions, 83% and 71% of the total flux was observed, respectively, over only 11% and 28% of the duration of the local tidal cycle and with water depths between 0.04 and 0.3 m. These results suggest that in order to improve our understanding of sediment budgets in this type of coastal environment, it is essential to record data just at the beginning and at the end of tidal submergence close to the bed.  相似文献   

14.
In order to understand the hydrodynamic parameters that control the fluvial sediment dynamics on an intertidal mudflat located in a sheltered zone in the upper part (fluvial part) of the macrotidal Seine estuary (France), a two-year field study of high-frequency field measurements was carried out. The bed-level evolution of the mudflat surface was measured from the semi-diurnal period to annual time scales using a high-resolution altimeter. The data showed that the sedimentary patterns on the mudflat were mainly controlled by river flows and tides. During high river flows in winter, sedimentation dominated; suspended particulate matter concentrations were higher, submersion was constant and at semi-diurnal scale, sedimentation duration was more important than erosion due to an asymmetrical tide. By contrast during low river flows in summer, erosion dominated mainly as a result of immersion/emersion of tidal flats during semi-diurnal cycle. From this annual sedimentation–erosion cycle we identify a temporary storage of 10–30% of the fine-grained (<63 μm) river-borne particles on mudflats in the upper section of the fluvial Seine estuary during high river flows.River-related sediment fluxes were estimated from the measurement of fine-grained sedimentation zones in the fluvial part of the estuary. The erosion/sedimentation processes were perennial, and the amounts of contributing sediments were directly related to the solid river load. Our results indicate that mudflats in the fluvial part of the Seine estuary play an important role in the downstream transfer of fine-grained suspended particulate matter (SPM) towards the turbidity maximum and the Rouen docks particularly during low river flows, when roughly 30–50% of the SPM originates from the eroded intertidal flats.  相似文献   

15.
The North Branch, separated by the Chongming Island, was once the main channel in the estuary of the Changjiang River. Reclamation and a decrease in runoff to the North Branch had led to the narrowing and shallowing of the channel. The Yuantuojiao Point is located at the intersecting point connecting the North Branch of the Changjiang River and the Jiangsu coastline. Erosion cliffs are developed between the typical silty-muddy tidal flat and the salt marsh occupied by Spartina alterniflorea, and this has changed rapidly over the past few years. The sediment grain size analysis results of the surficial and two core samples indicate that the Yuantuojiao Point tidal flat experienced continuous accretional processes. Based upon 137 Cs analysis results of the YT and YY Cores sampled from the tidal flat at the Yuantuojiao Point, the average sedimentation rate of the YT Core was 2.30 cm/a from 1963 to 2007, and 2.38 cm/a from 1954 to 2007 for the YY Core. The sedimentation rates of both core locations have declined since the 1960s corresponding to the seaward reclamation at the Yuantuojiao Point. The average sedimentation rates at the Yuantuojiao Point were similar to that of the silty-muddy tidal flat at the northern Jiangsu coast, but lower than that of the south of the Changjiang River Estuary. According to field morphological investigations from 2006 to 2008 on the salt marsh at the Yuantuojiao Point, cliffs retreated markedly by storm surges and disappeared gradually because of the rapid sedimentation on the silty-muddy tidal flat. The maximum annual retreat reached 10 m. The recent sedimentation and morphological changes of the Yuantuojiao Point tidal flat not only displayed the retreat of the salt marsh and the disappearance of cliffs, but also was accompanied by rapid sedimentation of the silty-muddy tidal flat and the salt marsh, indicating the responses to the tidal currents, storm surges, Spartina alterniflorea trapping sediments and large-scale reclamation. The sediment grain size and their trends, southward coastal flow, and sandspits of the longshore bars suggest that the main sediment source at the Yuantuoijao Point, estuary of the North Branch was possibly from the Changjiang River before 1958, since then, it has been from the south of the submarine radial sand ridges of the southern Huanghai Sea (Yellow Sea).  相似文献   

16.
杭州湾的沉积结构与沉积环境分析   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  
漏斗状的地形、强劲的潮流和长江入海泥沙的输入是制约杭州湾沉积作用的主要因素。根据沉积结构特征可将杭州湾划分为五种不同的沉积环境:东部湾底、西部湾底、庵东浅滩、近岸深槽和水下沙脊。杭州湾内潮流脊发育不好的原因在于没有足够的粗屑物质。  相似文献   

17.
长江口北支进入南支净盐通量的观测与计   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
根据 2 0 0 1年 4月 1 0— 1 3日长江口大潮期 5个潮周期 3条测量船的同步连续观测资料 ,计算了长江口北支进入南支的净盐通量为 5 4 5× 1 0 6 t,这一结果为预测长江口南支及青草沙水源地的咸潮入侵强度和开发利用长江口淡水资源提供了重要数据。  相似文献   

18.
During the ECOFER experiment (French ECOMARGE program), surficial sediments were sampled on the Aquitanian margin with box corers and analyzed to determine the quantity and quality of organic matter. Sediments from the margin are enriched in organic carbon (mean value 1.35%) in comparison to deep-sea and shelf sediments, due to a fine grain-size sedimentation. As sedimentation rates are high, the margin appears to be an organic depocenter. Some preferential organic enrichment zones were identified in the Cap-Ferret Canyon. There is a supply of continental material from the Gironde estuary, but marine contribution seems more possible than Adour or spanish rivers. No seasonal variations of organic matter were observed at the surface of sediments, suggesting mineralization processes of labile organic matter: average organic carbon consumption was evaluated to 9.0 g C m−2 yr−1. Rapid biological mineralization processes are lower than on the Mediterranean margin, mainly related to significant differences in water temperature. The great width of the canyon, its distance from the continent, and the current circulation pattern prevent any precise recording of the variable organic inputs to the sediment and favor nepheloı̈d transport, resuspension and shelf break processes, which wipe out any print of fresh material input. An organic carbon budget indicates that an equilibrium between organic inputs and organic mineralization+accumulation is not obtainable. The supply of suspended matter could have been minor during the year in question, and sedimentation rates are still imprecise.  相似文献   

19.
泉州湾泥沙运移与冲淤变化   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
运用"粒径趋势分析"方法研究泉州湾泥沙净输运趋势,借助210Pb测年法测定湾内北水道的沉积速率,并通过海图对比计算海湾冲淤变化.结果表明,泉州湾总体处于淤积之中,但湾内冲淤分布不平衡:北水道淤积程度重,其中上游是湾内的现代沉积中心;南水道是泥沙输运出湾的主通道,局部略微侵蚀.湾内涨、落潮流路的平面分异和地形条件的制约是北水道淤积的主要原因,强劲的落潮流以及径流是南水道成为泥沙输运主通道的主要动力条件.  相似文献   

20.
《Oceanologica Acta》1999,22(3):291-302
The time-course evolution of ammonium concentration has been examined in the flood water during the first 25 min of tidal inundation. The way this transport fluctuates with the tidal ranges and wind conditions was investigated. Flood water was collected at three sites, located along a transect from the lower to the upper intertidal area of the Tagus estuary. At spring and intermediate tides, the periods of air exposure vary slightly along the transect due to the high tidal amplitude and the flatness of the area, but the upper site remains uncovered at neap tide over the entire tidal cycle. At each site, sampling was performed at different tidal ranges covering the neap-spring tidal cycle and wind conditions. Ammonium was determined in the flood water at short time intervals: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 min. A clear pattern was observed along the transect: considerable quantities of ammonium were exported from the sediment to the water column at the beginning of the inundation, ranging from 0.2 to 4.8 mmol m−2 d−1. The highest transport was recorded at the lower intertidal site under spring tide conditions, which corresponds to the higher energetic situation and shorter emersion period. The lowest transport was observed at the upper intertidal site during the first inundation that followed three days of neap tide and continuous exposure of the sediment to the air. The value rates (0.2–4.8 mmol m−2 d−1) were one order of magnitude higher than those calculated from molecular diffusion (0.07 – 0.16 mmol m−2 d−1). This study points to the importance of the tidal flushing of ammonium from the intertidal sediments, and its spatial and tidal fluctuation.  相似文献   

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