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传统炮检距域共像集（CIG）在复杂介质中因波传播的多路径而存在反射体位置不确定的问题. 角度域CIG由于克服了这一缺陷而逐步成为速度分析、AVA以及振幅保真偏移成像等研究的主要手段. 以波动理论为基础的地震偏移成像方法的发展为获得高质量的角度域CIG提供了可靠的实现途径. 其中,基于波场局域化分解和传播的小波束域波场延拓和偏移成像方法,因其波场分解基本函数和传播算子在空间和方向上的双重局域特性,而成为角度相关分析研究的有效工具. 本文在采用Gabor Daubechies框架分解的小波束叠前角度域偏移成像基础上,利用不同的叠加方法由局部角度域像矩阵得到了反射角域CIG（CRAIG）和倾角域CIG（CDAIG）. 以SEG EAGE二维盐体模型为例,通过对CRAIG和CDAIG的对比,探讨了这两种角度域CIG的特点及其在地震偏移成像中的潜在应用. 相似文献
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针对传统Kirchhoff叠前时间偏移方法的一些不足,以及振幅随入射角、方位角变化(AVA/AVAZ)分析的需要,本文提出一种基于射线理论的三维叠前时间偏移角度域成像方法.它通过横向均匀介质中稳健的射线追踪建立单程波走时和传播角度的数值表,然后在此基础上估算反射波双程走时以及在界面处传播的方位角和入射角,最后基于脉冲响应叠加原理获得三维构造图像和方位\|角度域共成像点道集.与传统方法不同之处在于,上述过程均考虑了地震波在垂向变速介质中的射线弯曲效应和三维传播特征,有利于准确提取随入射角和方位角变化的振幅和时差信息.理论模型合成数据和实际地震资料测试结果展示了方法的优越性与实用性. 相似文献
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纵横波波场分离是弹性波偏移方法的必要条件,通过纵横波成像的差异可以获取更多地下介质的信息.目前所用的纵横波波场分离方法多采用Helmholtz分解,这样得到的波场不仅物理意义发生了变化,振幅和相位也会发生改变.本文采用纵横波解耦的弹性波方程,将其应用于三维介质,对比分析了纵横波解耦方法相对传统Helmholtz分解方法在相位、振幅上的优势.将该解耦的波场分离方法应用于弹性波逆时偏移,能得到相位、振幅和物理意义不受改变的偏移结果.但是该解耦方法分离得到的纵横波波场均为矢量场,将该波场分离方法用于弹性波逆时偏移,还需要解决矢量场如何得到标量成像结果的问题.本文引入了Poynting矢量,通过Poynting矢量对矢量波场进行标量化,这样就能得到保振幅、相位,且无极性反转的标量PP和PS成像结果.同时针对S波Poynting矢量求取不准确的问题,采用拟S波应力场和S波速度场得到了更加准确的S波Poynting矢量.理论计算证明了本文采用的3D波场解耦的矢量波场分离方法的正确性和引入Poynting矢量对矢量波场进行标量成像的有效性. 相似文献
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起伏的地表条件限制了采集孔径范围并造成深层地震照明不足,为改善该类地区的成像质量,本文提出了一种起伏地表条件下的照明补偿方法.首先,基于小波束波场延拓算子和逐步累加的外推方法在波场延拓过程中解决起伏地表面的影响,并引入空间滤波函数压制虚拟层内的偏移噪音;其次,利用局部指数标架对上、下行波场分解,得到局部角度域成像和照明补偿因子.再次,利用计算出的成像值和照明补偿因子,在局部倾角域完成照明补偿.SEG起伏地表模型测试证明了本方法的有效性,深层构造照明度明显加强,不同角度成像振幅更加均衡,该技术为提高起伏地表地区的成像品质提供了新的手段. 相似文献
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Angle-domain common-image gathers are an important tool in the post-processing of seismic images and for reservoir characterization. The generation of angle gathers is a very important issue when dealing with angle-domain images. Efficiency and robustness are the main concerns in the generation of angle gathers. In this paper, we propose two methods for producing angle gathers based on the implementation of a reverse-time migration. In the hybrid method, we adopt the local-plane-wave decomposition method to extract the local plane waves and obtain two possible opposite propagation directions in the time-wavenumber domain. Then, Poynting vectors are used to determine the correct propagation direction. The hybrid method achieves a satisfactory balance between robustness and computational efficiency. Furthermore, in the improved hybrid method, additional computational acceleration is obtained by separating the overlapping and non-overlapping wavefield areas. The hybrid method is only applied in these areas with overlapping wave fronts, and the Poynting-vector-based method is adopted in the other areas. The location of the overlapping events is determined using the eigenvalues of the structural tensor. Finally, the two-dimensional synthetic and field examples demonstrate the effectiveness of both methods. 相似文献
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共偏移距道集已被广泛地应用于地震速度建模及振幅随偏移距变化(AVO)的研究中,但复杂构造及射线多路径产生的共偏移距道集不保幅性等一系列缺陷给AVO研究带来很大的困难.共反射角道集包含有能反映地下速度和岩性变化的信息,更有利于速度模型优化、地震振幅属性分析及地下岩性和断裂的研究.本文通过研究共反射角深度偏移方法和理论,完善了基于目标的共反射角深度偏移技术,提出了获得相对保幅共反射角道集方法.该方法克服了共偏移距域道集在复杂介质中遇到的困难,更能有效地反映波场和地质结构方面的信息.通过理论模型数据进行了试算,并采用实际地震数据对此方法进行了验证,在陡倾角成像方面取得较好效果. 相似文献
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Extended common‐image‐point gathers (CIP) constructed by wide‐azimuth TI wave‐equation migration contain all the necessary information for angle decomposition as a function of the reflection and azimuth angles at selected locations in the subsurface. The aperture and azimuth angles are derived from the extended images using analytic relations between the space‐ and time‐lag extensions using information which is already available at the time of migration, i.e. the anisotropic model parameters. CIPs are cheap to compute because they can be distributed in the image at the most relevant positions, as indicated by the geologic structure. If the reflector dip is known at the CIP locations, then the computational cost can be reduced by evaluating only two components of the space‐lag vector. The transformation from extended images to angle gathers is a planar Radon transform which depends on the local medium parameters. This transformation allows us to separate all illumination directions for a given experiment, or between different experiments. We do not need to decompose the reconstructed wavefields or to choose the most energetic directions for decomposition. Applications of the method include illumination studies in complex areas where ray‐based methods fail, and assuming that the subsurface illumination is sufficiently dense, the study of amplitude variation with aperture and azimuth angles. 相似文献
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We develop the true‐amplitude prestack migration of multicomponent data based on the use of elastic Gaussian beams for walkaway vertical seismic profile (VSP) acquisition systems. It consists in a weighted summation of multishot data with specific weights, computed by tracing elastic Gaussian beams from each imaging point of the target area towards the sources and receivers. Each pair of beams may be connected with either a pair of P‐rays (PP‐image) or the P‐ray towards sources and the S‐ray to receivers (PS‐image) and is uniquely determined by dip (the angle of the bisector between the rays and the vertical direction) and opening (the angle between the rays) angles. Shooting from the bottom towards the acquisition system helps to avoid well‐known troubles, in particular multipathing for the imaging conditions in complex velocity models. The ability to fix the dip angle and implement summation over opening angles leads to the so‐called selective images that contain mostly interfaces with desired slopes. On the other hand, a set of images computed for a range of opening angles by summation over all available dip angles is used as input of an AVO‐like inversion procedure for the recovery of elastic parameters. The feasibility of this imaging procedure is verified by synthetic data for 2D realistic elastic models. 相似文献
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Unequal illumination of the subsurface highly impacts the quality of seismic imaging. Different image points receive different folds of reflection‐angle illumination, which can be caused by irregular acquisition or by wave propagation in complex media. Illumination problems can deteriorate amplitudes in migrated images. To address this problem, we present a method of stacking angle‐domain common‐image gathers, in which we use local similarity with soft thresholding to determine the folds of local illumination. Normalization by local similarity regularizes local illumination of reflection angles for each image point of the subsurface model. This approach compensates for irregular illumination by selective stacking in the image space, regardless of the cause of acquisition or propagation irregularities. Additional migration is not required because the methodology is implemented in the reflection angle domain after migration. We use two synthetic examples to demonstrate that our method can normalize migration amplitudes and effectively suppress migration artefacts. 相似文献
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逆时偏移在提高复杂介质的成像质量方面表现出了优越的性能,但逆时偏移对速度精度的要求比较高.共成像点道集是一种非常重要的叠前深度偏移输出,它除了能为深度偏移处理提供速度信息外,还能够提供振幅和相位等信息,为后续的属性解释提供依据.本文提出一种在逆时偏移成像过程中提取角度域共成像点道集的方法,该方法采用矢量波动方程进行波场传播,并用能流密度矢量(Poynting vector)计算反射角,最后应用互相关成像条件输出角度域共成像点道集.该方法简单易于实现,且几乎不需要额外的计算量和存储量,非常适合于进行逆时偏移速度分析,同时提出的角道集也能用于进行AVA等分析.最后通过模型算例和实际数据检验了方法的有效性和优越性. 相似文献
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研究与实践表明,对于长偏移距、宽方位地震数据,忽略各向异性会明显降低成像质量,影响储层预测与描述的精度.针对典型的横向各向同性(TI)介质,本文面向深度域构造成像与偏移速度分析的需要,研究基于射线理论的局部角度域叠前深度偏移成像方法.它除了像传统Kirchhoff叠前深度偏移那样输出成像剖面和炮检距域的共成像点道集,还遵循地震波在成像点处的局部方向特征、基于扩展的脉冲响应叠加原理获得入射角度域和照明角度域的成像结果.为了方便快捷地实现TI介质射线走时与局部角度信息的计算,文中讨论和对比了两种改进的射线追踪方法:一种采用从经典各向异性介质射线方程演变而来的由相速度表征的简便形式;另一种采用由对称轴垂直的TI(即VTI)介质声学近似qP波波动方程推导出来的射线方程.文中通过坐标旋转将其扩展到了对称轴倾斜的TI(即TTI)介质.国际上通用的理论模型合成数据偏移试验表明,本文方法既适用于复杂构造成像,又可为TI介质深度域偏移速度分析与模型建立提供高效的偏移引擎. 相似文献
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近年来,油气勘探的重心正转向具有复杂地表和复杂地质体的双复杂区域.本文发展了一种精确的双复杂条件下基于地表倾角信息的非倾斜叠加束偏移方法,相对于传统束成像方法无需进行三方面处理:(1)高程静校正;(2)相位校正;(3)束中心与接收点之间关于速度和束出射角的近似替换,因而具有更高的成像精度.通过加拿大逆掩断层模型、中原油田断层模型及实际资料的偏移试算,并与传统束偏移及波动方程偏移成像结果对比可知:本文非近似束偏移方法在近地表、高陡倾等构造处的成像精度、反射界面成像振幅等方面优于传统的偏移方法,以此验证了本文非倾斜叠加精确束偏移方法的正确性、优越性及适应性. 相似文献
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基于共炮偏移的AVO反演 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
常规AVO多是利用CMP道集的振幅进行反演。主要有三个方面影响其精度:首先,CMP道集假设地下为水平层状介质,但是实际地下介质多为倾斜地层,地层倾角越大CMP道集的振幅所反映地下介质的位置与实际位置差距就越大。其次,NMO、DMO和反褶积等常规处理流程,都会造成振幅值失真。第三,反演所用的反射系数公式是与入射角有关的量,而欲从CMP道集得到准确的入射角与振幅之间的对应关系,则十分困难。波动方程叠前深度偏移除对复杂介质和陡倾角地层具有较强的成像能力,还可以最大限度的减少常规处理所带来的误差并使振幅归位。本文综合了保幅偏移、角度道集提取以及AVO反演等前人的工作,提出直接从炮集数据反演AVO属性的方法,以期显著减少上述三个因素对AVO反演精度的影响。 相似文献
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近断层效应使得沉积盆地对地震动放大效应更为复杂。本文针对逆断层发震下三维层状沉积盆地地震反应,基于波动谱元法,采用有限断层动力学模型,模拟断层动力破裂、地壳层地震波传播和层状沉积盆地对地震波散射全过程。在此基础上,对比分析了层状和均质沉积盆地对近断层地震动放大效应的影响,讨论了不同断层倾角下层状沉积盆地地震动加速度特性。结果表明：层状沉积盆地PGA空间分布与均质沉积盆地存在较大差异,由于近断层效应和盆地效应,层状沉积盆地地表局部范围竖向PGA大于水平向PGA;90°断层倾角下层状沉积盆地地表地震动放大范围与60°断层倾角结果明显不同,主要集中在盆地中心区域和断层附近,且幅值远小于60°断层倾角下结果;沿断层走向,盆地内地表地震动加速度峰值对应时刻较盆地外延后。 相似文献
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随着计算机硬件技术的发展以及高分辨率勘探需求的增加,我们希望能够更准确地模拟地下介质,得到更丰富的地层信息.然而,传统的声学假设并不能描述实际地层所存在各向异性和黏滞性,使得成像分辨率较低.为了实现深部储层的高精度成像,本文同时考虑了介质的各向异性和黏滞性,从TI介质弹性波的基本理论出发,结合各向异性GSLS理论,并通过声学近似方法导出基于GSLS模型的各向异性衰减拟声波方程.数值模拟表明该方程既能准确地描述各向异性介质下的准P波运动学规律,又能体现地层的吸收衰减效应;模型逆时偏移结果表明,在实现成像过程中考虑各向异性和黏滞性的影响,能对高陡构造清晰成像,且剖面振幅相对均衡,分辨率较高. 相似文献
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We propose a method for imaging small‐scale diffraction objects in complex environments in which Kirchhoff‐based approaches may fail. The proposed method is based on a separation between the specular reflection and diffraction components of the total wavefield in the migrated surface angle domain. Reverse‐time migration was utilized to produce the common image gathers. This approach provides stable and robust results in cases of complex velocity models. The separation is based on the fact that, in surface angle common image gathers, reflection events are focused at positions that correspond to the apparent dip angle of the reflectors, whereas diffracted events are distributed over a wide range of angles. The high‐resolution radon‐based procedure is used to efficiently separate the reflection and diffraction wavefields. In this study, we consider poststack diffraction imaging. The advantages of working in the poststack domain are its numerical efficiency and the reduced computational time. The numerical results show that the proposed method is able to image diffraction objects in complex environments. The application of the method to a real seismic dataset illustrates the capability of the approach to extract diffractions. 相似文献
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Reflection and transmission of inhomogeneous waves in a composite porous solid saturated by two immiscible fluids 
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下载免费PDF全文 This paper is concerned with reflection and transmission of a plane, elastic, and inhomogeneous wave striking obliquely at some discontinuity inside a porous medium composed of two distinct solids and saturated by two immiscible fluids. It is found that four P‐ and two SV‐waves are reflected, whereas four P‐ and two SV‐waves are transmitted at the interface. All reflected and transmitted waves are inhomogeneous in nature and specified with different directions of propagation and attenuation vectors. An expression for the Umov–Poynting energy flux vector is derived for the system. Continuity of energy flux along normal to the interface gives 12 required boundary conditions. Expressions of amplitude and energy ratios of various reflected and transmitted waves are derived. Variations in amplitude and energy coefficients of reflected and transmitted waves with angle of incidence are numerically studied for a porous matrix composed of shaley sandstone and clay, saturated with water and oil. The effects of change in oil saturation and volume fraction of clay are also observed on amplitude ratios. Numerical simulation reveals that the change in sign in the difference of capillary pressure across the interface causes jump in the values of amplitude ratios of all waves. 相似文献