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1.
基于目前流行的冷暗物质等级成团理论的星系形成的半解析模型取得了很大进展．在引入一系列合理的关于重子物质物理过程的假设，如气体冷却、恒星形成率、超新星能量反馈以后，结合N体数值模拟，星系形成的半解析模型一方面能较成功地预言许多与观测符合的近邻星系的性质，如光度函数、星系的两点相关函数、Thlly-Fisher关系、星系团中椭圆星系的颜色一星等关系等；另一方面还能较成功地预言宇宙的恒星形成历史，以及一部分高红移星系的性质，如Lyman-Break星系的数目随红移的分布．但是最近一些观测表明，半解析模型在高红移预言的大质量星系较少，且红星系数目也较观测少．重点讨论半解析模型成功与不足之处，并指出解决这些问题可能的途径。 相似文献
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晚型星系金属丰度与自转速度的关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
星系物质化学组成的研究不仅对于理解有关星系形成和演化的各种物理过程具有重要意义，而且还可以对星系形成和演化的各种理论模型提供重要的约束。随着观测技术及理论工作水平的不断提高，利用星系的大量观测资料来系统地研究星系化学组成与星系宏观性质之间的关系将成为可能。星系金属丰度与光度之间的强相关性以及晚型星系金属丰度与自转速度的关系即是其中最有意义的内容之一。全面回顾了星系金属丰度与星系宏观观测性质间关系的研究历史，重点评述了晚型星系金属丰度与自转速度关系的最新研究进展，详细讨论了目前对此类关系的物理解释及其对星系形成和演化模型的影响。 相似文献
4.
利用高精度大样本的冷暗物质($\Lambda$ cold dark matter, $\Lambda$CDM)宇宙学数值模拟的数据, 对重子物质如何影响暗物质晕的形状和角动量进行了研究.使用了3种数值模拟数据, 纯暗物质模拟、含辐射冷却、恒星形成和动力学超新星反馈的模拟, 包含活动星系核反馈效应的恒星形成模拟. 对这3种模拟, 还进行了不同红移处的比较. 主要结果如下.重子物理过程会改变暗物质晕的质量分布, 特别是有活动星系核反馈机制的情况下.比如, 活动星系核反馈会减少大质量暗物质晕的形成.随着宇宙的演化, 暗物质晕的空间形态逐渐由扁变圆. 重子物质的存在会加速暗物质晕形状的变化过程, 而且会使暗物质晕形状变得更圆. 但是活动星系核的反馈会对这一加速效应产生抑制.重子物质对暗物质晕的影响与暗物质晕的质量和半径都存在一定的依赖性.暗物质晕的质量越大, 它会呈现更扁的形态. 同时, 重子物质对任意质量的暗物质晕或暗物质晕在任意半径处的变圆均有一定的促进作用,尽管活动星系核反馈会抑制这一促进作用.特别是对于暗物质晕在0.2--0.6倍维里半径处的形状, 重子物质的影响尤为明显.此外, 重子物质的存在会对暗物质晕的角动量产生显著影响, 它会增大暗物质的角动量. 暗物质晕的自旋参数与质量无相关性, 但是与暗物质晕的半径存在一定的相关性. 相似文献
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从星系形成和演化的角度出发，对星系结构和动力学进行的粗略的评述，内容包括：（1）初步描述了星系中各主要成分的物理特征（空间分布，运行学和化学）及其形成和演化，（2）Damped Lyman-alpha systems(DLAs)是本地星系的化石，对其进行观测研究是HST的主要任务之一，对DLAs宽的谱线轮廓的物理机制和其恒星形成，化学演化进行了讨论，（3）目前已证明Lyman Break方法是发现高红移高恒星形成星系的有效手段，讨论了Lyman Break Galaxies的动力学过程和恒星形象，（4）旋涡星系和椭圆星系的Scaling Law是星系形成和演化所必须解释的问题，对近期该方面的研究结果作了介绍，（5）整体超星的反馈作用在星系形成和演化中起了重要作用，评述了该物理过程对星系演化的影响；（6）随着观测资料的不断积累，各种物体对河外背景辐射的贡献已成了一个重要的研究方向，讨论了宇宙整体的星形成历史和化学演化，（7）银河系是进行星系形成和演化研究的归算零点，介绍了银河系的结构，动力学及演化。 相似文献
6.
Tully-Fisher关系(TF关系)对于宇宙距离尺度和星系演化研究具有重要意义.对TF关系的发现史和嗣后的研究进展做了简要的评述,包括红外波段的TF关系、星系倾角问题、影响TF关系的若干因素、透镜星系的TF关系、重子TF关系、TF关系的宇宙学演化等. 相似文献
7.
星际介质中的分子气体(主要是分子氢H2)和原子气体(主要是中性氢HI)成分是星系中重子物质的重要组成部分,它们对于星系中的各种物理过程至关重要。近年来随着观测技术的提高,分子气体和原子气体的观测结果越来越多,其中中性氢主要依靠21 cn氢原子射电辐射和DLA吸收体来观测,分子氢则通过一氧化碳作为示踪分子来探测。在这些观测结果基础上,理论工作者建立了一系列模型来解释和研究星际分子原子气体的转换,分子气体与恒星形成,分子气体和原子气体在星系形成和演化中所起的作用等,并为将来更进一步的观测提供了指导和预言。 相似文献
8.
星际气体是星系中重子物质的重要组成部分,其中的分子气体（主要是分子氢H2）以及原子气体（主要是中性氢HI）对于星系中发生的各个物理过程至关重要。本文在前人的星系形成和演化的半解析模型基础上,加入了描述星系盘中分子气体和原子气体成分的物理模型,来研究分子气体和原子气体对于星系形成和演化所起的作用。我们主要使用了马普天体物理所Munich Group的L-Galaxies半解析星系形成模型,并借鉴了星系化学演化模型的方法,把半解析模型中的每一个星系盘分成了多个同心圆圈,然后在每个圈中分别追踪气体下落、分子气体和原子气体转化、恒星形成、金属增丰、超新星爆发加热冷气体等发生在星系盘上的物理过程,并且每个同心圈都是独立演化的。在我们的模型中,一个基本假设是每个时间步内气体都是以指数形式下落到星系盘上,并且直接叠加在已有的气体径向面密度轮廓之上,其中指数盘的标长rd正比于星系所在暗物质晕的维里半径rvir与旋转参量λ的乘积。我们的模型使用了两种描述分子气体形成的模型:一种是基于Krumholz等人解析模型的结果,其中分子气体的比例与局域气体面密度以及局域气体金属丰度相关;另一种是分子气体比例与星际压强相关的模型,根据Obreschkow等人的近似,分子气体的比例与气体面密度以及恒星质量面密度相关。由于恒星形成过程发生在星际巨分子云之中,并且根据Leroy等人的观测结果,恒星形成率面密度近似正比于分子气体的面密度,因此我们在模型中使用了与分子气体面密度相关的恒星形成规律。 相似文献
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星系的空间排列以及指向并非随机的.星系的主轴和角动量与物质的大尺度分布存在一定的指向相关.这一方向的研究将可以促进我们对结构形成机制的认识,并提供一个独立的视角去检验星系形成过程中的环境效应.本文就相关问题做了详细的探讨. 相似文献
10.
银河系、M31和M33是本星系群仅有的3个旋涡星系.M31和银河系有类似的质量、光度和形态,而M33的重子物质质量仅约为银河系的1/10.从理论上对它们进行细致的比较研究,非常有利于进一步理解旋涡星系以及本星系群的形成和演化过程.本文以银河系化学演化模型为参照,通过建立非瞬时循环假设下的唯象内落模型,详细研究了这3个旋涡星系的恒星形成和化学演化历史.首先,我们把在银河系研究中十分成功的化学演化模型框架应用于M31盘的化学演化研究中, 相似文献
11.
Frank C. van den Bosch reas Burkert Rob A. Swaters 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2001,326(3):1205-1215
We compute the specific angular momentum distributions for a sample of low-mass disc galaxies observed by Swaters. We compare these distributions to those of dark matter haloes obtained by Bullock et al. from high-resolution N -body simulations of structure formation in a ΛCDM universe. We find that although the disc mass fractions are significantly smaller than the universal baryon fraction, the total specific angular momenta of the discs are in good agreement with those of dark matter haloes. This suggests that discs form out of only a small fraction of the available baryons, but yet manage to draw most of the available angular momentum. In addition we find that the angular momentum distributions of discs are clearly distinct from those of the dark matter; discs lack predominantly both low and high specific angular momenta. Understanding these findings in terms of a coherent picture for disc formation is challenging. Cooling, feedback and stripping, which are the main mechanisms to explain the small disc mass fractions found, seem unable to simultaneously explain the angular momentum distributions of the discs. In fact, it seems that the baryons that make up the discs must have been born out of angular momentum distributions that are clearly distinct from those of ΛCDM haloes. However, the dark and baryonic mass components experience the same tidal forces, and it is therefore expected that they should have similar angular momentum distributions. Therefore, understanding the angular momentum content of disc galaxies remains an important challenge for our picture of galaxy formation. 相似文献
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Naohito Nakasato 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2003,284(2):345-348
A very significant problem in the modeling of disk-galaxy formation in the cold dark matter (CDM) cosmology is the so-called
`angular momentum problem'. This problem arises when we numerically model the collapse of baryons within a dark halo in the
CDM model. The formed baryonic disk has much less angular momentum than observed disk galaxies due to the considerable loss
of angular momentum during the progressive merger of small clumps. As a result of efficient radiative cooling, the gas component
collapses too deeply within the dark halo. When two such systems are merging, the angular momentum of the material near the
center is effectively transported outwards by the tidal force. This is a physical reason for this problem, however, there
may be a numerical origin due to the nature of the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method widely used in galaxy formation
models. To address the numerical origin of the `angular momentum problem' with a much higher-resolution SPH model, we are
developing our Parallel Tree-SPH code. After evolving four initial models with different mass and force resolution, we compare
the angular momentum content of SPH particles. We find that both mass and force resolutions clearly affect the evolution of
radiative cosmological SPH models. In most previous radiative cosmological SPH models, a mass ratio between SPH and dark matter
particles is
.However, we find that this mass ratio is a crucial parameter when we consider the angular momentum content of SPH particles
and it is better to make the mass ratio ∼ 1.0 in such models.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
13.
Jesus Zavala † Takashi Okamoto Carlos S. Frenk 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2008,387(1):364-370
We investigate the evolution of angular momentum in simulations of galaxy formation in a cold dark matter universe. We analyse two model galaxies generated in the N -body/hydrodynamic simulations of Okamoto et al. Starting from identical initial conditions, but using different assumptions for the baryonic physics, one of the simulations produced a bulge-dominated galaxy and the other one a disc-dominated galaxy. The main difference is the treatment of star formation and feedback, both of which were designed to be more efficient in the disc-dominated object. We find that the specific angular momentum of the disc-dominated galaxy tracks the evolution of the angular momentum of the dark matter halo very closely: the angular momentum grows as predicted by linear theory until the epoch of maximum expansion and remains constant thereafter. By contrast, the evolution of the angular momentum of the bulge-dominated galaxy resembles that of the central, most bound halo material: it also grows at first according to linear theory, but 90 per cent of it is rapidly lost as pre-galactic fragments, into which gas had cooled efficiently, merge, transferring their orbital angular momentum to the outer halo by tidal effects. The disc-dominated galaxy avoids this fate because the strong feedback reheats the gas, which accumulates in an extended hot reservoir and only begins to cool once the merging activity has subsided. Our analysis lends strong support to the classical theory of disc formation whereby tidally torqued gas is accreted into the centre of the halo conserving its angular momentum. 相似文献
14.
Juan E. González C. G. Lacey C. M. Baugh C. S. Frenk A. J. Benson 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2009,397(3):1254-1274
The huge size and uniformity of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) make possible an exacting test of current models of galaxy formation. We compare the predictions of the galform semi-analytical galaxy formation model for the luminosities, morphologies, colours and scalelengths of local galaxies. galform models the luminosity and size of the disc and bulge components of a galaxy, and so we can compute quantities which can be compared directly with SDSS observations, such as the Petrosian magnitude and the Sérsic index. We test the predictions of two published models set in the cold dark matter cosmology: the Baugh et al. model, which assumes a top-heavy initial mass function (IMF) in starbursts and superwind feedback, and the Bower et al. model, which uses active galactic nucleus feedback and a standard IMF. The Bower et al. model better reproduces the overall shape of the luminosity function, the morphology–luminosity relation and the colour bimodality observed in the SDSS data, but gives a poor match to the size–luminosity relation. The Baugh et al. model successfully predicts the size–luminosity relation for late-type galaxies. Both models fail to reproduce the sizes of bright early-type galaxies. These problems highlight the need to understand better both the role of feedback processes in determining galaxy sizes, in particular the treatment of the angular momentum of gas reheated by supernovae, and the sizes of the stellar spheroids formed by galaxy mergers and disc instabilities. 相似文献
15.
The formation of massive galaxies at the centre of a cluster is discussed here. The protogalaxies move with both rotation and random velocities through the gaseous medium pervading the cluster. Each galaxy is supposed to move through a resisting medium under the general gravitational field produced by the cluster as a whole. Also, the mass of the galaxy increases by accretion all the time as it moves through the medium. Using plausible laws for density of the medium and accretion of matter and solving equation of motion, we find that the galaxy loses angular momentum in the course of the time. The loss of angular momentum drives the galaxy towards the centre of the cluster. Thus over a sufficiently long time-scale several galaxies may merge in the central region of the cluster resulting in a single massive galaxy. The process can drive rise to several massive galaxies in the central region of the cluster. 相似文献
16.
We re-examine the Fall & Efstathiou scenario for galaxy formation, including the dark halo gravitational reaction to the formation of the baryon disc, as well as continuous variations in the intrinsic halo density profile. The recently published rotation curves of low surface brightness (LSB) and dwarf galaxies together with previously known scaling relations provide sufficient information on the present-day structure of late-type disc galaxies to invert the problem. By requiring that the models reproduce all the observational restrictions we can fully constrain the initial conditions of galaxy formation, with a minimum of assumptions, in particular without the need to specify a cold dark matter (CDM) halo profile. This allows one to solve for all the initial conditions, in terms of the halo density profile, the baryon fraction and the total angular momentum. We find that a unique initial halo shape is sufficient to accurately reproduce the rotation curves of both LSB and normal late-type spiral galaxies. This unique halo profile differs substantially from that found in standard CDM models. A galactic baryon fraction of 0.065 is found. The initial value of the dimensionless angular momentum is seen to be the principal discriminator between the galaxy classes we examine. The present-day scalings between structural parameters are seen to originate in the initial conditions. 相似文献
17.
Thomas Toniazzo Sabine Schindler 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2001,325(2):509-530
Detailed three-dimensional numerical simulations of an elliptical galaxy orbiting in a gas-rich cluster of galaxies indicate that gas dynamic stripping is less efficient than the results from previous, simpler calculations by Takeda et al. and Gaetz et al. implied. This result is consistent with X-ray data for cluster elliptical galaxies. Hydrodynamic torques and direct accretion of orbital angular momentum can result in the formation of a cold gaseous disc, even in a non-rotating galaxy. The gas lost by cluster galaxies via the process of gas dynamic stripping tends to produce a colder, chemically enriched cluster gas core. A comparison of the models with the available X-ray data of cluster galaxies shows that the X-ray luminosity distribution of cluster galaxies may reflect hydrodynamic stripping, but also that a purely hydrodynamic treatment is inadequate for the cooler interstellar medium near the centre of the galaxy. 相似文献
18.
Brosche (1970) has proposed a theory in which the energy loss due to collisions among gas clouds contained in a galaxy constitutes the driving mechanism for its evolution, through virial equilibrium states which, from an initial spherical shape, makes it to contract towards an elongated form; moreover, the value of the total angular momentum, assumed as given by uniform rotation, is assumed to determine the galaxy type on the Hubble sequence and to strongly influence the contraction time from the initial spherical to the final flat configuration.We have modified Brosche's scheme by assuming as models the rotating polytropes of Chandrasekhar and Lebovitz with variable density from centre to border. As a consequence of this change, centrifugal shedding of matter is attained at the equator of the contracting ellipsoid for a configuration with an axial ratio different from zero, so that, hereafter, a flat disk is formed surrounding the internal bulge, with a decreasing overall eccentricity; the rotation curve assumes then an aspect qualitatively similar to the one observed for spiral galaxies.We have further considered the feedback of star formation which, by exhausting the material of the gas clouds, is able to stop the driving mechanism of evolution before the final flat stage is attained at several positions according to the value of the angular momentum.Numerical calculations seem to indicate that one can obtain in this way, by varying the angular momentum and the initial number of clouds, different galaxy types (elliptical, lenticular, spiral) resembling those of the Hubble sequence. 相似文献
19.
Vincent Eke † George Efstathiou Lisa Wright 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2000,315(2):L18-L22
Hydrodynamical simulations of galaxy formation in spatially flat cold dark matter (CDM) cosmologies with and without a cosmological constant (Λ) are described. A simple star formation algorithm is employed and radiative cooling is allowed only after redshift z =1 so that enough hot gas is available to form large, rapidly rotating stellar discs if angular momentum is approximately conserved during collapse. The specific angular momenta of the final galaxies are found to be sensitive to the assumed background cosmology. This dependence arises from the different angular momenta contained in the haloes at the epoch when the gas begins to collapse and the inhomogeneity of the subsequent halo evolution. In the Λ-dominated cosmology, the ratio of stellar specific angular momentum to that of the dark matter halo (measured at the virial radius) has a median value of ∼0.24 at z =0. The corresponding quantity for the Λ=0 cosmology is over three times lower. It is concluded that the observed frequency and angular momenta of disc galaxies pose significant problems for spatially flat CDM models with Λ=0 but may be consistent with a Λ-dominated CDM universe. 相似文献
20.
Wilbur K. Brown 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1972,15(2):293-306
A new model of galactic formation is presented. A primeval distribution of angular momentum is derived, which rests on the postulated presence of mass flows at the early stage of the post-big bang universal expansion, when fragmentation occurs. The shape of any particular fragment and its orientation with respect to the mass flow predestine the morphology of the galaxy that will be produced in the subsequent collapse.A fragment-to-disk mapping transform allows examination of the galactic disk mass distributions that result from the postulates of the model. One class of distribution adequately describes the observed luminosity profiles of elliptical galaxies. Another class indicates the allocation of a large mass fraction to an extended disk, and the intrinsic two-sided symmetry of the model further indicates that the disk formation process will begin with the establishment of two major spiral arms. 相似文献