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1.
Grazing in arid Mediterranean ecosystems brings about changes in species diversity, but the best way to measure such changes is unclear. In this study we compared various methods in order to identify indicators that might be useful for the management and conservation of grazed arid Mediterranean ecosystems.Changes in community structure and composition were compared along a previously studied grazing gradient in Cabo de Gata-Nijar Natural Park. Plant diversity was measured by calculating diversity (Shannon information index), evenness (Pielou index) and richness (species number). Rarefaction curves were used to measure plant species richness and the results were compared with traditional richness values. Community structure was measured as the percentage of bare ground and the coverage of overall perennial grasses, Stipa tenacissima L., perennial shrubs and annual plants. Our results showed that the proportion of bare ground, the cover of perennial shrubs and the relative abundance of S. tenacissima are good indicators of grazing effects on vegetation. Overall plant community structure was more sensitive to the grazing gradient than were the diversity indices. Finally, the adequacy of standardized methods for comparing species richness (i.e. rarefaction curves) along a grazing gradient are discussed. 相似文献
2.
青海湖鸟岛沙地植物群落物种多样性研究 总被引：16，自引：4，他引：12
根据野外样地调查资料,采用丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数对青海湖鸟岛沙地植物群落的多样性进行了研究,并用相关分析研究了多样性指数间的关系,结果表明:①鸟岛7个主要沙地群落间的植物多样性差异很大,分布于固定沙丘上的赖草、甘青铁线莲等群落均具有较高的丰富度指数、多样性指数,而西伯利亚蓼、藏虫实等分布在流动沙丘上的群落则最小,但均匀度指数最高。②从流动沙丘到固定沙丘阶段的变化过程中,丰富度指数、Shannon Wiener指数和Simpson指数的变化趋势基本一致,而均匀度指数则呈相反趋势,半固定沙丘是这一变化的重要转折点。③物种在各沙地类型中出现频率的多样性指数差异很大,特有种多样性指数在固定沙丘中最高,占主导地位,而在流动沙丘阶段,普通种的物种多样性指数最高。④植物生活型上各沙丘类型上的物种多样性指数均以多年生草本为最高,其次为一年生草本,而且从流动沙丘至固定沙丘阶段呈递增变化。⑤丰富度指数与多样性指数、均匀度指数之间存在极显著的相关性。 相似文献
3.
选取南洛河上游洛南盆地10 种植被类型下40 处样点表土苔藓开展孢粉与植被关系的研究.结果表明,表土中孢粉组成能很好地反映植被类型.森林表土中乔木植物花粉含量平均值大于40%,且有较高含量的中华卷柏孢子;疏林草原、灌丛群落中乔木植物花粉平均含量分别为13.2%和16.6%,灌木植物花粉相对草丛群落含量较高;草丛群落和农田中乔木花粉平均含量均<10%,草本植物花粉>80%,灌木植物花粉<1%.洛南盆地表土孢粉总浓度平均为1.42×105粒/g,与植被覆盖度关系较弱,而与植被类型有一定联系,能辅助植被类型的辨识.聚类分析和PCA分析都能较好区分森林和非森林植被,前者能较好地区分松林和混交林,后者能较好地区分农田和灌、草丛植被,且比聚类分析更加稳定.松属、栎属等乔木花粉具有较强的扩散能力,能指示区域植被,松属没有表现出很强的超代表性,栎属具有低代表性;蒿属花粉与植被覆盖度间的相关关系较差,具有明显的超代表性,其大量出现与人类的干扰有一定的联系,禾本科花粉具有很好的植被指示性和低代表性,藜科花粉的高含量主要指示了高强度的人类活动;中华卷柏孢子在地层中的大量出现具有指示森林或松林环境的意义. 相似文献
4.
Yan Zhao Carl D. Sayer Hilary H. Birks Michael Hughes Sylvia M. Peglar 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2006,35(2):335-350
We have explored the contemporary spatial relationship between aquatic vegetation and surficial macrofossil and pollen remains
in a small, shallow, English lake. A detailed point-based (n = 87) underwater vegetation survey was undertaken in the middle of the plant-growing season in July 2000. Then following
plant die-back in November 2000, surface sediment samples (upper 1.5 cm) were collected from 30 of these plant survey points
and analysed for plant macro-remains (all 30 samples), and pollen (4 evenly spaced samples). All data were stored as separate
layers in a geographical information system and spatial relationships between the aquatic vegetation and plant remains were
explored. In contrast to pollen types, plant macrofossils were not evenly dispersed across all parts of the lake and, with
the exception of Chara oospores, higher concentrations of remains (particularly for Potamogeton) were found close to areas of source-plant dominance. The spatial pattern of macrophyte–macrofossil relationships revealed
that vegetative remains (particularly leaf fragments) were probably deposited at source, whereas seeds were recovered close
to the shore suggesting slightly wider dispersal. Overall, however, macro-remains best represented local ‘patch-scale’ vegetation
within 20–30 m of the core site. The macro-remains effectively recorded the dominant plants in the lake with 63% of samples
containing a combination of remains of Chara, Elodea, and Potamogeton. However, relationships between macrophytes and fossils were complex. Some species were significantly over-represented by
macrofossils (e.g., Chara spp., Nitella flexilis agg., and Zannichellia palustris), while others were either under-represented (e.g., Potamogeton spp.), or not represented at all (e.g., Lemna trisulca). Pollen represented macrophyte diversity poorly, but some taxa were found (e.g., Myriophyllum spicatum, Ceratophyllum demersum) that were not recorded by macro-remains. We conclude that macrofossil analysis may be very usefully employed to determine
the dominant taxa in past aquatic plant communities of shallow, productive lakes and that the addition of pollen analysis
provides further information on former species richness. 相似文献
5.
中国北方森林群落现代花粉与植被和气候的关系 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
来自中国北方10 座山地16 个森林群落53 个样点的表土和Tauber 捕捉器花粉研究揭示了中国北方森林群落的花粉组合特征及其与植被和气候的关系。捕捉器花粉组合与表土花粉组合具有较好的相似性, 花粉组合中共有类型80 个, 共有类型花粉百分比占总数的90%以上, 植被中的优势种通常也是花粉组合的主要类型。松林中松花粉浓度和通量均较高, 表明花粉产量与保存能力均较高; 云、冷杉林中云、冷杉花粉通量较低, 但花粉浓度较高, 显示虽然花粉产量较低, 但花粉保存能力较好; 栎林、桦林中, 栎属和桦属花粉通量较高, 但花粉浓度较低, 说明虽然花粉产量较高, 但花粉保存能力较差。花粉与植被关系判别分析表明, 表土样品与捕捉器花粉组合均能较好地反映不同区域森林群落特征及其差异, 但表土样品能 更好地反映植被的优势成分。花粉组合与样点气候因子的DCCA 分析表明, 花粉组合与最冷月温度相关最显著(相关系数: 捕捉器0.84, 表土0.72), 其次为年降水量(相关系数: 捕捉 器0.73, 表土0.71)。 相似文献
6.
神农架巴山冷杉林花粉与植物关系及其森林植被之演替 总被引：24，自引：0，他引：24
在神衣架巴山冷杉林中,冷杉花粉数量与其植物盖度接近。在林外,冷杉花粉数量迅速下降,至10km以外则仅有个别出现。用在表土中所取R值对化石花粉组合谱进行了校正。说明现代的巴山冷杉林乃是由栎—桦林演变而来,时间约在300—400BP。 相似文献
7.
53 pollen traps and surface samples were collected in order to detect the characteristics of pollen assemblages and their relationships with vegetation and climate in 16 forest communities located in 10 mountains in northern China. The results show that 72% of the pollen taxa (80 taxa) are the same between the traps and the surface samples. The dominant taxa in the plant communities are consistent with the main pollen taxa in the pollen assemblages at the same sites. In Pinus plant communities, both Pinus pollen influx and concentration are higher, indicating the high pollen productivity and good pollen preservation ability of Pinus. In Picea and Abies plant communities, Picea and Abies have lower pollen influxes but higher concentrations, suggesting their low pollen productivities but better pollen preservation abilities. In Betula and Quercus plant communities, Betula and Quercus have higher pollen influxes but lower concentrations, revealing their high pollen productivities but poor pollen preservation abilities. The study of relationships between pollen and vegetation with discriminant analysis shows that pollen assemblages from both trap and surface samples can reflect the characteristics of different communities and distinguish different ecological areas, but surface samples can reflect the dominant components of communities much better than the traps. The study on correlations between pollen assemblages and climate with DCCA reveals that significant correlations exist between pollen assemblages and mean temperature of the coldest month (r = 0.84 for trap samples, r = 0.72 for surface samples), and then annual mean precipitation (r = 0.73 for trap samples, r = 0.71 for surface samples). 相似文献
8.
H.J.B. Birks D.T. Monteith N.L. Rose Vivienne J. Jones Sylvia M. Peglar 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2004,31(4):411-431
Twenty-four lakes on Svalbard were sampled for palaeolimnological studies and are described in terms of their geographical location, catchment characteristics, water chemistry, and flora. No sediment could be retrieved from one of the lakes. There is a close correlation, as detected by redundancy analysis, between lake-water chemistry and catchment variables, particularly bedrock geology and geographical location for 23 lakes. The flora of the lake catchments is statistically related, as shown by canonical correspondence analysis, to bedrock geology, climate (geographical location), and nutrient status (bird impact). Modern pollen assemblages from eleven lakes contain 2–25% far-distance extra-regional pollen. The modern local and regional pollen depositions are dominated by Oxyria digyna, Poaceae, Saxifraga, Salix, and Brassicaceae pollen. 相似文献
9.
洪河自然保护区湿地主要植被类型物种多样性与表层土壤性质的相关性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对洪河湿地主要植被类型物种多样性特征、土壤性质特征及二者之间的相互关系进行了研究。结果表明:按沼泽—沼泽化草甸—湿草甸—灌丛草甸—岛状林的序列,物种丰富度呈逐渐增加的变化格局,物种多样性、均匀度呈先下降后上升的格局,优势度呈先上升后下降的格局;而土壤性质特征则呈不规则变化格局。植物物种多样性与土壤性质之间只有均匀度与速效氮之间存在着极显著正相关,其他均无显著相关。这说明在洪河湿地,土壤性质不是决定上述序列的植被类型的物种多样性的主要因素,而土壤速效氮含量是影响物种均匀度的关键因素,同时,对其他物种多样性特征也有一定影响。 相似文献
10.
11.
Testate amoebae are informative about palaeoecological conditions, but the methods generally used for their analyses in lake
sediments differ from those used for their analyses in peats, making comparisons difficult. This study examines how filter
mesh size and total number of individuals counted affect species richness, Shannon diversity, equitability, density and assemblage
structure. We analysed the complete testate amoeba contents of six sediment samples from Lake Lautrey, France. The abundance
of testate amoebae was high (1,403–10,870 shells cm−3), and species smaller than 63 μm in both length and width represented up to 89% of total abundance and 43% of species richness.
A simulation showed that using 47- or 63-μm mesh-size filters reduced inter-sample differences and changed the patterns of
abundance, species richness and assemblage structure, causing loss of information and leading to potential erroneous palaeoecological
interpretation. Rarefaction analyses suggest that although 170 shells are sufficient to assess the general structure of assemblages,
such small sample sizes can underestimate species richness by overlooking taxa with relative abundances <4%. Total counts
of 400 shells yield better estimates of assemblage structure and recover at least 50% of total species richness, although
species with absolute frequencies below 2% may still be missed. Higher counts are required to obtain reliable estimates of
species richness and assemblage structure in samples that have high testate amoeba densities but are dominated by a few small
taxa. Further studies should determine the bioindicator value and functional roles of small and/or rare species in lakes and
thus to what extent overlooking them affects palaeoecological interpretations. 相似文献
12.
53 pollen traps and surface samples were collected in order to detect the characteristics of pollen assemblages and their
relationships with vegetation and climate in 16 forest communities located in 10 mountains in northern China. The results
show that 72% of the pollen taxa (80 taxa) are the same between the traps and the surface samples. The dominant taxa in the
plant communities are consistent with the main pollen taxa in the pollen assemblages at the same sites. In Pinus plant communities, both Pinus pollen influx and concentration are higher, indicating the high pollen productivity and good pollen preservation ability
of Pinus. In Picea and Abies plant communities, Picea and Abies have lower pollen influxes but higher concentrations, suggesting their low pollen productivities but better pollen preservation
abilities. In Betula and Quercus plant communities, Betula and Quercus have higher pollen influxes but lower concentrations, revealing their high pollen productivities but poor pollen preservation
abilities. The study of relationships between pollen and vegetation with discriminant analysis shows that pollen assemblages
from both trap and surface samples can reflect the characteristics of different communities and distinguish different ecological
areas, but surface samples can reflect the dominant components of communities much better than the traps. The study on correlations
between pollen assemblages and climate with DCCA reveals that significant correlations exist between pollen assemblages and
mean temperature of the coldest month (r = 0.84 for trap samples, r = 0.72 for surface samples), and then annual mean precipitation
(r = 0.73 for trap samples, r = 0.71 for surface samples). 相似文献
13.
Marleen Vermoere Thijs Van Thuyne Simon Six Leo Vanhecke Marc Waelkens Etienne Paulissen Erik Smets 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2002,27(4):429-451
Late Holocene local vegetation succession is reconstructed in twodifferent sites in a small-scale open marsh ecosystem in southwest Turkey.This is done by comparison of the fossil local pollen assemblage zones in twocores with the local pollen data of 40 surface samples from the marsh. Thepollen data are supplemented with sedimentological and archaeological data. Theinsertion of the mean pollen data of the local pollen zones as passive samplesinto the canonical correspondence analysis triplot of the modern samples allowsus to detect modern analogues for the fossil pollen zones. From this numericalcomparative approach it is concluded that the marsh area was relatively dryuntil ca 2500 BP. After 2500 BP the area shifts towards a wet area dominated bySparganium and/or Typha angustifolia. A diversification of the marsh vegetationstarts at ca 2400/2300 BP. The area around one core site seems to have beensituated in an area with slowly flowing source water, whereas the other coresite is likely to have been characterised by damp conditions. The steadilyincreasing dryness of the marsh area starts after ca 680 BP. The drying upappears to be associated with recent agricultural and grazing pressure. 相似文献
14.
ZHANG Wenchao LI Chunhai LU Huayu TIAN Xianhua ZHANG Hongyan LEI Fang TANG Lingyu 《地理学报》2014,24(3):427-445
The catchment of South Luohe River in Central China is an important region for investigating modern pollen-environment relationship, because it is located in the transitional zone between south and north China, an environment which is sensitive to climate changes. In this study, 40 surface samples under ten vegetation types were collected to reveal the relationship between pollen assemblages and vegetation. The results show that the surface pollen assemblages reflect the vegetation quite well. In forest topsoils, the average of arboreal pollen content is greater than 40%, and the Selaginella sinensis spore is high. As to sparse forest grassland and shrub community, the average arboreal pollen is 13.2% and 16.6% respectively, and the shrub pollen is relatively higher than that of grassland samples. The grassland and farmland are characterized by low percentage of tree and shrub pollen (<10% and <1%), and high percentage of herbs (>80%). Pinus, Quercus and some other arboreal pollen can indicate the regional vegetation because of their dispersal ability. Quercus pollen is under-representative and so is Pinus. Artemisia pollen is significantly over-represented, has poor correlation with the plant coverage, and may reflect human disturbance. Gramineae can indicate plant quite well, but with low representation. High content of Chenopodiaceae probably suggests human impact. Predominant Selaginella sinensis can be used as an indicator of forest environment. Cluster analysis and principal components analysis of pollen assemblages can distinguish forest and non-forest vegetation well. The former method is better at separating pine and mixed forests, while the latter is more stable and could better differentiate farmland and other non-forest area. The first axis of PCA mainly reflects the humidity. 相似文献
15.
科尔沁沙地植被的统计学特征与土地沙漠化 总被引：20，自引：15，他引：5
科尔沁沙地植被的统计学特征及其与沙漠化的关系的分析结果表明: 科尔沁沙地不同的植被特征其频率曲线有很大差异。其中, 高度、盖度、地上生物量和均匀度均为比较陡峭的单峰曲线, 密度为C型曲线, 种的丰富度和饱和度为双峰曲线, 多样性为抛物线型曲线。其发生频率, 固定半固定沙地742%的样地植被高度≤18cm、909%的盖度≥40%、591%的密度>300株·m-2、80.4%的生物量小于210和大于60g·m-2、81.8%的丰富度指数≥10个种、83.3%的多样性>1.5, 56.1%的均匀度≤0.2000, 而流动半流动沙地68.8%的植被高度≥18cm、68.8%的盖度≤30%、81.3%的密度<100株·m-2、75.1%的生物量≤90g·m-2, 100%的丰富度≤7个种、75%的多样性<1.5000, 75%的均匀度指数>0.2000。植被主要特征的变异系数0.37~1.12, 并且随着沙漠化的发展植被趋于简单、稀疏、生物量急剧下降, 变异性增强。由于科尔沁沙地的主体是固定半固定沙地(80%), 其植被的主要特征、频率曲线的主体部分和峰值都是由固定半固定沙地植被决定的。 相似文献
16.
The catchment of South Luohe River in Central China is an important region for investigating modern pollen-environment relationship, because it is located in the transitional zone between south and north China, an environment which is sensitive to climate changes. In this study, 40 surface samples under ten vegetation types were collected to reveal the relationship between pollen assemblages and vegetation. The results show that the surface pollen assemblages reflect the vegetation quite well. In forest topsoils, the average of arboreal pollen content is greater than 40%, and the Selaginella sinensis spore is high. As to sparse forest grassland and shrub community, the average arboreal pollen is 13.2% and 16.6% respectively, and the shrub pollen is relatively higher than that of grassland samples. The grassland and farmland are characterized by low percentage of tree and shrub pollen(<10% and <1%), and high percentage of herbs(>80%). Pinus, Quercus and some other arboreal pollen can indicate the regional vegetation because of their dispersal ability. Quercus pollen is under-representative and so is Pinus. Artemisia pollen is significantly over-represented, has poor correlation with the plant coverage, and may reflect human disturbance. Gramineae can indicate plant quite well, but with low representation. High content of Chenopodiaceae probably suggests human impact. Predominant Selaginella sinensis can be used as an indicator of forest environment. Cluster analysis and principal components analysis of pollen assemblages can distinguish forest and non-forest vegetation well. The former method is better at separating pine and mixed forests, while the latter is more stable and could better differentiate farmland and other non-forest area. The first axis of PCA mainly reflects the humidity. 相似文献
17.
蒙古国北部Gun Nuur湖20个表层沉积物孢粉组合与数量分析研究揭示,孢粉组合及浓度分布存在显著空间差异。结果表明：双束松型花粉百分含量由湖泊东南向西北降低,桦属、蒿属、藜科以及禾本科百分含量增加,湖泊东南侧赤松林是造成孢粉组合空间分异的主要原因。孢粉浓度分布与湖泊水深具有良好的对应关系,体现了湖水流对孢粉的二次搬运和富集作用。现代森林草原地带Gun Nuur湖表层孢粉组合中松属含量较高,具超代表性;受松属影响蒿属和藜科花粉含量较低,代表性较低。 相似文献
18.
Jeannine-Marie St. Jacques Brian F. Cumming John P. Smol 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2008,40(2):733-744
We developed a fast, inexpensive, statistically rigorous method of varve verification that uses prospective varve layer-splitting
and seasonal pollen deposition. This method can be used on any sediment that contains seasonally deposited pollen, and avoids
the need for radio-isotopic, optical, or thermoluminescence dating. The method uses a χ2 test and non-parametric regression, together with recorded plant bloom times from pollen traps, to assess the differences
in pollen abundances in light/dark (i.e. summer/winter-spring) sediment layers. A statistical test is required because such
seasonally deposited data are inherently noisy, with a low signal-to-noise ratio. To illustrate this approach, visible laminations
of Lake Mina, Minnesota, USA, were assessed in two separate regions of a core spanning 900 years. Results show that the laminations
were deposited annually. 相似文献
19.
退化羊草草原在浅耕翻处理后植物多样性动态研究 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
利用多年样方资料的统计分析,对退化草原群落浅耕翻处理后恢复过程中的生物多样性变化规律及引起这些变化的主要植物种群进行研究,结果表明：退化羊草草原在浅耕翻恢复过程中其多度分布特征表现为个别种个体的快速富集（建群种）和少数种随演替进程的富集（优势种）,多度很少的种类（偶见种和伴生种）增加的过程,以上特征与恢复过程中羊草的增加密不可分。退化羊草草原在浅耕翻恢复过程中出现多样性指数的3个高峰期,但多样性指数总变化趋势为开口向上的抛物线状。物种多样性可作为丰富度与均匀度的一个综合反映,在退化草地改良恢复过程中均匀度起着更主导的作用。均匀性指数的整体趋势与多样性指数相似。群落主要植物种群与多样性指数存在着显著的相关关系,其中羊草、冷蒿、冰草、针茅、糙隐子草、变蒿、星毛萎陵菜的密度和生物量与多样性指数具有显著或极显著的线性回归关系。黄蒿的生物量、双齿葱的密度与多样性指数呈显著的线性关系。 相似文献
20.
Pollen collected from snow samples on the Quelccaya Ice Cap in 2000 and 2001 reveals significant interannual variability in pollen assemblage, concentration, and provenance. Samples from 2000, a La Niña year, contain high pollen concentrations and resemble samples from the Andean forests (Yungas) to the east. Samples from 2001, an El Niño year, contain fewer pollen and resemble those from the Altiplano. We suggest that varying wind patterns under different El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) conditions may affect the processes of pollen transport over the Altiplano and on the ice cap, although confounding variables such as flowering phenology and sublimation should also be considered 相似文献