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1.
Post-Bam earthquake: recovery and reconstruction 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
This paper gives a brief explanation of the earthquake in Bam. It also reports on the rescue and relief operations, including
the construction of emergency shelters and temporary housing, and on the country’s plan for the reconstruction of the city,
which includes debris removal, the rebuilding of rural and urban residential and commercial units, the reconstruction of state
and public buildings and public facilities such as schools, rural and urban water aqueducts and grids, the construction of
a sewage system, power network and telecommunication system, the provision of water to orchards and farmlands, the renovation
of industries and the revival of the cultural heritage, particularly the historical Bam citadel, among others. We also report
briefly on the effect of the Bam earthquake on the Iran Earthquake Risk Reduction Strategy and actions.
相似文献
Mohsen Ghafory-AshtianyEmail: |
2.
In this study, we tracked and analyzed the reconstruction process in Bam, Iran, after the city was struck by an earthquake with a M w of 6.6 on December 26, 2003. We adopted three approaches to comprehensively assess the city’s post-earthquake reconstruction and to shed light on the progress and sustainability of disaster recovery projects. We applied the following methodology. First, we obtained official statistics and reports that included quantitative and qualitative evaluations of the reconstruction process to evaluate the overall outcome of the government’s reconstruction projects. Second, we examined photographs taken during field surveys conducted in 2004, 2007, and 2014 to assess changes within the city. Last, we analyzed three satellite images of Bam—the first taken 3 months before the earthquake, the second immediately after the earthquake, and the third 8 years after the earthquake—to assess the progress of reconstruction work and changes in land cover and land use. The results indicated that considerable progress had been made in reconstructing some of the damaged areas. However, progress was relatively slow in severely damaged areas. 相似文献
3.
Ahmad Nicknam Reza Abbasnia Yasser Eslamian Mohsen Bozorgnasab Ehsan Adeli Mosabbeb 《Journal of Earth System Science》2010,119(3):383-396
We determine the source parameters for 2003 (Mw 6.5) Bam, Iran, earthquake using an empirical Green’s function summation approach
to model ground motions recorded by two strong motion stations at approximately 45 km epicentral distance. We introduce a
genetic algorithm technique to optimize the fit to observed elastic response spectra. The proposed genetic algorithm technique
allows us to explore the sensitivity of the results to multiple source parameters, including hypocenter location, focal mechanism
(Strike and Dip), P-wave velocity in depth, fault dimension and rupture and healing velocities. 相似文献
4.
A probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment for the Makran subduction zone at the northwestern Indian Ocean 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
A probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment is performed for the Makran subduction zone (MSZ) at the northwestern Indian Ocean
employing a combination of probability evaluation of offshore earthquake occurrence and numerical modeling of resulting tsunamis.
In our method, we extend the Kijko and Sellevoll’s (1992) probabilistic analysis from earthquakes to tsunamis. The results suggest that the southern coasts of Iran and Pakistan,
as well as Muscat, Oman are the most vulnerable areas among those studied. The probability of having tsunami waves exceeding
5 m over a 50-year period in these coasts is estimated as 17.5%. For moderate tsunamis, this probability is estimated as high
as 45%. We recommend the application of this method as a fresh approach for doing probabilistic hazard assessment for tsunamis.
Finally, we emphasize that given the lack of sufficient information on the mechanism of large earthquake generation in the
MSZ, and inadequate data on Makran’s paleo and historical earthquakes, this study can be regarded as the first generation
of PTHA for this region and more studies should be done in the future. 相似文献
5.
Meta-synthesis pattern of post-disaster recovery and reconstruction: based on actual investigation on 2008 Wenchuan earthquake 总被引:4,自引:4,他引:0
A devastating Ms8.0 earthquake struck Wenchuan on May 12, 2008, a historical county in Sichuan Province, southwest China,
which affected more than half of China. This article makes a comparative study on the pre-earthquake prevention and post-earthquake
reconstruction of 14 world-famous earthquakes in the last 100 years, generalizes the various problems in the process of recovery
and reconstruction and analyzes the reasons for the enormous damage caused by these earthquakes. Through theoretical research
and field investigation on post-Wenchuan earthquake recovery and reconstruction, the meta-synthesis pattern has been summarized
and developed. Its ideological foundation is meta-synthesis methodology, concrete expression is Wuli–Shili–Renli three-dimensional
approach, and practical realization using an integrated framework. Taking post-earthquake recovery and reconstruction as a
complicated systematic project, from the vertical perspective, the whole process can be roughly divided into the phases of
transitional recovery and comprehensive reconstruction. While from the horizontal perspective, each phase should have its
own support systems. From an investigation of the systematic planning and comprehensive implementation, it can be concluded
that post-Wenchuan earthquake recovery and reconstruction has made remarkable achievements over the past 3 years. Since disasters
continue to threaten humanity around the world, especially climate-induced extreme weather events, other countries could formulate
applicable integrated programs for post-disaster recovery and reconstruction, taking the Wenchuan experience as a reference. 相似文献
6.
H. Aghamohammadi M. S. Mesgari A. Mansourian D. Molaei 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2013,10(5):931-939
In Iran, earthquakes cause enormous damage to the people and economy. If there is a proper estimation of human losses in an earthquake disaster, it could be appropriately responded and its impacts and losses will be decreased. Neural networks can be trained to solve problems involving imprecise and highly complex nonlinear data. Based on the different earthquake scenarios and diverse kind of constructions, it is difficult to estimate the number of injured people. With respect to neural network’s capabilities, this paper describes a back propagation neural network method for modeling and estimating the severity and distribution of human loss as a function of building damage in the earthquake disaster. Bam earthquake data in 2003 were used to train this neural network. The final results demonstrate that this neural network model can reveal much more accurate estimation of fatalities and injuries for different earthquakes in Iran and it can provide the necessary information required to develop realistic mitigation policies, especially in rescue operation. 相似文献
7.
Istanbul is home to 40% of the industrial facilities in Turkey. Thirty percent of the population working in industry lives
in the city. Past earthquakes have evidenced that the structural reliability of residential and industrial buildings in the
country is questionable. In the Marmara region the earthquake hazard is very high with a 2% annual probability of occurrence
of a magnitude 7+ earthquake on the main Marmara fault. These facts make the management of industrial risks imperative for
the reduction of socioeconomic losses. In this paper we present a first-order assessment of earthquake damage to the industry
in Istanbul and raise issues for better characterization and quantification of industrial losses and management of urban industrial
risks.
This paper borrows from the project report entitled ‘Earthquake Risk Assessment for Industrial Facilities in Istanbul’. The
full report can be found at http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/depremmuh.html under the link ‘Research and Applied Projects’. 相似文献
8.
Ali Amani Shattri Mansor Biswajeet Pradhan Lawal Billa Saied Pirasteh 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2014,7(4):1517-1527
Understanding the source mechanism of earthquakes may be the key to predict earthquakes. The testing of radioactive radiations and reactionary hypothesis of gases before and after quake events can help predict and monitor earthquake occurrence. In this study, the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and the column ozone (O3) were applied to evaluate the December 26, 2003 earthquake of Bam city in western Iran. The results show that ozone concentration (column density) decreased about 30 DU and or 807?×?10E15/cm2 molecules. Using high-resolution AIRS data for the study area, we were able to discriminate gases that formed and changed before the main shock at least a day before the occurrence of the quake in Bam. 相似文献
9.
Behnam Rahimi 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2012,101(5):1441-1450
The Bam earthquake (2003 December 26, M W = 6.6) was one of the largest earthquakes that occurred in southeast of Iran during last century. It took place along an N–S trending right-lateral strike-slip fault, almost near the southern end of Nyband–Gowk fault. In this study, we mapped the frequency–magnitude distribution of aftershock events spatially across the Bam aftershock zone. The b-value varies between 0.6 and 1.1 across the Bam rupture zone. The overall depth distribution of b-value in Bam aftershock zone reveals two distinct increases in b-value: (1) at depths of 8–10 km and (2) shallower than 4 km beneath the Bam city. There is no correlation between high b- value anomalies found in this study and the region of largest slip, whereas the spatial correlation between high b-value anomalies and the zone of low V s and high σ (in earlier tomography study) is obvious. This correlation reveals that material properties and increasing heterogeneity are more important in controlling b-value distribution in Bam earthquake rupture zone. The high b-value anomaly near the surface of northern part of rupture zone may be related to unconsolidated and water-rich quaternary alluvial sediments and probable low-strength rocks beneath them. The high b-value anomaly at depth range 8–10 km can be correlated with fractured and fluid-filled mass, which may result from the movement of magma during Eocene volcanism in the Bam area. In this study, the induced changes in pore fluid pressure due to main shock are suggested as a mechanism for aftershock generation. 相似文献
10.
巴姆地震变形场和应力场:Ⅰ.用差分干涉雷达和Okada方法求解 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文对2003年12月26日伊朗东南部克尔曼省巴姆地区发生的6.6级地震产生的位移场、应变场和应力降分布进行了定量研究。首先从差分干涉雷达(D~InSAR)出发,求解出此次地震的同震干涉条纹和雷达视线方向的位移场,并从雷达干涉的相干图上清楚的观察到了发震断层的痕迹,得出此次地震的发震断层是巴姆断层以西的隐伏断层的结论。然后结合 Harvard 的 CMT(震源机制解)结果、Nakamura 的断层结果(Arg-e-Bam 隐伏断层)以及本文 D-InSAR 求解出的发震断层结果,利用 Okada 程序,计算出此次地震的北、东、垂向三个位移分量,投影得到雷达视线方向的位移,将投影结果与由 D-InSAR得到的位移场比较,看到我们所讨论的断层模式可以很好的解释差分干涉雷达的观测结果,可以合理的解释 Arg-e-Bam 隐伏断层为此次地震的发震破裂断层,通过分析地震的破坏程度分布图,隐伏断层为发震断层的解释可以很好的符合巴姆地震的等震分布图。最后,本文利用 Okada 程序计算得到了此次地震所产生的应变场和应力降场。 相似文献
11.
Arun K. Saraf Vineeta Rawat Priyanka Banerjee Swapnamita Choudhury Santosh K. Panda Sudipta Dasgupta J. D. Das 《Natural Hazards》2008,47(1):119-135
Stress accumulated in rocks in tectonically active areas may manifest itself as electromagnetic radiation emission and temperature
variation through a process of energy transformation. Land surface temperature (LST) changes before an impending earthquake
can be detected with thermal infrared (TIR) sensors such as NOAA-AVHRR, Terra/Aqua-MODIS, etc. TIR anomalies produced by 10
recent earthquakes in Iran during the period of Jun 2002–Jun 2006 in the tectonically active belt have been studied using
pre- and post-earthquake NOAA-AVHRR datasets. Data analysis revealed a transient TIR rise in LST ranging 2–13°C in and around
epicentral areas. The thermal anomalies started developing about 1–10 days prior to the main event depending upon the magnitude
and focal depth, and disappeared after the main shock. In the case of moderate earthquakes (<6 magnitude) a dual thermal peak
instead of the single rise has been observed. This may lead us to understand that perhaps pre-event sporadic release of energy
from stressed rocks leads to a reduction in magnitude of the main shock. This TIR temperature increment prior to an impending
earthquake can be attributed to degassing from rocks under stress or to p-hole activation in the stressed rock volume and
their further recombination at the rock–air interface. A precise correlation of LST maps of Bam and Zarand with InSAR-generated
deformation maps also provides evidence that the thermal anomaly is a ground-related phenomenon, not an atmospheric one. 相似文献
12.
Nonlinear Analysis of Local Site Effects on Seismic Ground Response in the Bam Earthquake 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
M. H. T. Rayhani M. H. El Naggar S. H. Tabatabaei 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2008,26(1):91-100
The influence of local geologic and soil conditions on the intensity of ground shaking is addressed in this study. The amplification
of the ground motion due to local site effects resulted in severe damage to dwellings in the Bam area during the 2003 Bam
Earthquake. A unique set of strong motion acceleration recordings was obtained at the Bam accelerograph station. Although
the highest peak ground acceleration recorded was the vertical component (nearly 1 g), the longitudinal component (fault-parallel
motion) clearly had the largest maximum velocity as well as maximum ground displacement. Subsurface geotechnical and geophysical
(down-hole) data in two different sites have been obtained and used to estimate the local site condition on earthquake ground
motion in the area. The ground response analyses have been conducted considering the nonlinear behavior of the soil deposits
using both equivalent linear and nonlinear approaches. The fully nonlinear method embodied in FLAC was used to evaluate the
nonlinear soil properties on earthquake wave propagation through the soil layer, and compare with the response from the equivalent
linear approach. It is shown that thick alluvium deposits amplified the ground motion and resulted in significant damage in
residential buildings in the earthquake stricken region. The comparison of results indicated similar response spectra of the
motions for both equivalent and nonlinear analyses, showing peaks in the period range of 0.3–1.5 s. However, the amplification
levels of nonlinear analysis were less than the equivalent linear method especially in long periods. The observed response
spectra are shown to be above the NEHRP building code design requirements, especially at high frequencies. 相似文献
13.
公元600年秦陇地震发震构造分析及考证研究 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
据史料记载,公元600年秦陇地区发生了一次大地震。关于此次地震的震中位置、震级、震中烈度和发震构造长期存在争议。根据在陇县固关一带发现的地震崩塌体,同时结合史料考证、卫星影像判读、野外调查、探槽开挖、年龄测试等手段,研究认为:公元600年秦陇地震的发震构造为六盘山东麓断裂南段固关段;秦陇地震震中在陇县固关镇一带,震级为6$ {}^{3}\!\!\diagup\!\!{}_{4}\; $级,震中烈度为Ⅸ度。该地震的研究对于六盘山地区地震危险性评估和青藏块体北东向扩展的动力学过程理解有重要意义。 相似文献
14.
Earthquake disaster risk assessment and evaluation for Turkey 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Kasım Armağan Korkmaz 《Environmental Geology》2009,57(2):307-320
Turkey is the one country in which 90% of the buildings are subject to the risk of earthquake disaster. Recent earthquakes
revealed that Turkey’s present residential reinforced-concrete constructions are insufficient in earthquake resistance. Many
of the buildings which collapsed or were severely damaged have been rehabilitated by applying simple methods, whose adequacy
is questionable. As in Japan and the United States, Turkey’s earthquake assessment studies have increased, especially after
earthquakes in 1999, In US, several methodologies and standards, such as Hazard-US (HAZUS) and Applied Technology Council
(ATC) 13-20-21 and 156, provide comprehensive earthquake loss estimation methodology for post-earthquake assessment. This
paper provides post-earthquake assessment and disaster management for Turkey. The main aim of the post-earthquake assessment
discussed is to evaluate loss and estimate damage through disaster management approach. Classification criteria for damage
are essential to determine the situation after an earthquake in both the short and long terms. The methodology includes probabilistic-based
analysis, which considers the magnitude of Ms ≥ 5.0 earthquakes between 1900 and 2005, for determining the probabilistic seismic
hazard for Turkey. 相似文献
15.
Shear wave velocity is one of the most important input parameter in the analysis of geotechnical earthquake engineering problems,
particularly to estimate site-specific amplification factor and ground response study. Dynamic in situ tests such as spectral
analysis of surface waves (SASW) or multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) are very expensive. Also due to lack of
specialized personnel, these tests are generally avoided in many soil investigation programs. Worldwide, several researchers
have developed correlations between the SPT ‘N’ value and shear wave velocity ‘V
s’, which are useful for determining the dynamic soil properties. In the present study, more than 400 numbers of soil borehole
data were collected from various geotechnical investigation agencies, government engineering institutes and geotechnical laboratories
from different parts of Mumbai city, which is financial capital of India with highest population density. In this paper, an
attempt has been made to develop the correlation between the SPT ‘N’ value and shear wave velocity ‘V
s’ for various soil profile of Mumbai city and compared with other existing correlations for different cities in India. Using
Geographical Information System (GIS), a geospatial contour map of shear wave velocity profile for Mumbai city is prepared
with contour intervals of 25 and 50 m/s. The scarcity of database or maps of shear wave velocity profile for Mumbai city will
make the present geospatial contour maps extremely useful and beneficial to the designer, practitioners for seismic hazard
study involved in geotechnical earthquake engineering. 相似文献
16.
Sophistication at a country pace: community sustainability and amenity-based development 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nicole Laliberte 《GeoJournal》2012,77(2):279-292
There is a lot at stake in the control of landscapes; not only rights and access to resources, but also the symbolic construction
of community identities. Having one’s identity represented in the landscape is critical to understanding one’s position within
that community—either as an insider or outsider. This paper examines Great Barrington, Massachusetts as a case study of the
links between discourses of landscape and community and their relations to processes of social exclusion during amenity-based
development. Building upon conceptions of community as a process of creating boundaries between insiders and outsiders, this
paper argues that the sustainability of a town cannot be assessed merely from inside a particular community identity but must
situate that town within complex multi-scalar processes to determine if it is merely externalizing its unsustainable aspects,
people and practices. I extend this argument by examining the ways to concept of multifunctionality has been used both in
Great Barrington and in international discourses to promote sustainability through processes of exclusion. The research for
this paper was done in collaboration with the Alliance for a Healthier Great Barrington. 相似文献
17.
Joy K. Adams 《GeoJournal》2010,75(3):303-314
Sustained migration of Hispanics and Anglos into Texas’s historical “German belt” has contributed to a significant decline
in the proportion of Central Texans claiming German ancestry. Under these circumstances, ethnic festivals are playing an increasingly
important role in maintaining the German-American identity of many of the region’s people and places. Organizers and participants
frequently tout the events’ inclusiveness, claiming that anyone can temporarily cross ethnic boundaries to become “German
for a day” within the festival context. However, participant observation and surveys of festival participants in three historically
German-American communities (Brenham, Fredericksburg, and New Braunfels) suggest that ethnic-themed events mirror processes
of racialization that have persisted in the region for more than 150 years. In this paper, I argue that, in helping to construct
“German” identities for the region’s people and places, German-themed events in Central Texas are implicitly involved in the
construction of “non-German” and, by extension “non-white,” ethnic identities. Further, event participation patterns reflect
a long-standing black-white racial dichotomy in the region. Within this ethnoracial hierarchy, Hispanics have long occupied
a liminal status that is reflected by their involvement in the production and consumption of German-themed events. I contend
that Hispanics’ participation in German heritage festivals reflects not only a historical process of “whitening” their racial
status but their increasing presence and power within the region. 相似文献
18.
Some thermal infrared anomalies on the earth’s surface are omens of stronger earthquakes, and have a close relationship with
the stress fields. Satellite-based remote sensing is an important means of monitoring and researching this phenomenon. The
M
S 7.3 Yutian earthquake in Xinjiang on March 20, 2008 and the M
S 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan on May 12, 2008 both happened in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, China, with epicenters more
than 2,000 km apart. The two events, however, were a production of an identical stress field in different developing phases.
Prior to the M
S 7.3 Yutian earthquake, a large-scale abnormal temperature rise not only covered the epicenter of the forthcoming Yutian earthquake,
but also arrived at the epicenter of the farther Wenchuan earthquake. The revolving elliptic stress thermal field reflecting
earthquake gestation moved from the west to the east of the Wenchuan epicenter at the time of the Yutian event occurrence.
The rotation of the calefactive ellipses and belts prior to the two strong events agreed with the stress field, the focal
mechanism, and modality and mechanism property of the ruptures in the crustal surface induced by the events. It should be
a reflection of the partial mantle uprush and rotation. 相似文献
19.
Diane U. Keogh Armando Apan Shahbaz Mushtaq David King Melanie Thomas 《Natural Hazards》2011,59(2):699-723
Australia is currently experiencing climate change effects in the form of higher temperatures and more frequent extreme events,
such as floods. Floods are its costliest form of natural disaster accounting for losses estimated at over $300 million per
annum. This article presents an historical case study of climate adaptation of an Australian town that is subject to frequent
flooding. Charleville is a small, inland rural town in Queensland situated on an extensive flood plain, with no significant
elevated areas available for relocation. The study aimed to gain an understanding of the vulnerability, resilience and adaptive
capacity of this community by studying the 2008 flood event. Structured questionnaires were administered in personal interviews
in February 2010 to householders and businesses affected by the 2008 flood, and to institutional personnel servicing the region
(n = 91). Data were analysed using appropriate quantitative and qualitative techniques. Charleville was found to be staunchly
resilient, with high levels of organisation and cooperation, and well-developed and functioning social and institutional networks.
The community is committed to remaining in the town despite the prospect of continued future flooding. Its main vulnerabilities
included low levels of insurance cover (32% residents, 43% businesses had cover) and limited monitoring data to warn of impending
flooding. Detailed flood modelling and additional river height gauging stations are needed to enable more targeted evacuations.
Further mitigation works (e.g., investigate desilting Bradley’s Gully and carry out an engineering assessment) and more affordable
insurance products are needed. Regular information on how residents can prepare for floods and the roles different organisations
play are suggested. A key finding was that residents believe they have a personal responsibility for preparation and personal
mitigation activities, and these activities contribute substantially to Charleville’s ability to respond to and cope with
flood events. More research into the psychological impacts of floods is recommended. Charleville is a valuable representation
of climate change adaptation and how communities facing natural disasters should organise and operate. 相似文献
20.
Abbas Abbaszadeh Shahri Bijan Esfandiyari Hosein Hamzeloo 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2011,4(7-8):1103-1116
Equivalent static load and dynamic analyses methods are usually used for designing structures under and subjected to earthquake excitations. Estimation of site response from an earthquake is fundamental step to anticipate the possible damages and then to try to mitigate them. In this paper, the effect of nonlinearity on site response analyses summarized and evaluating ground surface response taking into account the local soil and subsurface soils properties for the proposed bridge over the river at Sirdjan Boulevard road subjected to earthquake vibration and provokes with assumption of rigid (viscoelastic) and elastic half space bedrock and quantify the site effect on the surface over a number of geotechnical areas has been notified. First, by field investigation, the required data were collected and by primary processing the acceptable data were selected. Then, in nonlinear analysis, for elastic and rigid half space bedrock, standard hyperbolic model was selected and executed, and then the results were compared to each other. The critical point of this work was to develop and use a computer code by the authors, named the “Abbas Converter”, with several advantages, such as work and quick installation, operating as a connecter function between the used softwares and generating the input data corresponding to defined format for them. Its output results can easily be exported to the other used softwares in this study. This code can make and render this study more easily than the previous softwares have done, and take over the encountered problem. This study clearly showed the applicability of the “Abbas Converter” for evaluation of site response with bedrock-type assumption on soil behavior under the earthquake excitations. The proposed scheme is used to analyze the ground motion data from the Bam earthquake in Kerman Province, Iran (2003, Mw 6.5). 相似文献