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1.
Sediment cores from a transect of sealochs, Etive, Sunart, Nevis, Duich, Broom and Torridon in N.W. Scotland were analysed for the trace metals lead, copper, and zinc. In addition, sediment cores from the Clyde Sea Basin (Loch Fyne, the Gareloch, Clyde dumpsite) and from the Irish and Celtic Seas were analysed as possible source areas for contaminated particles. The sediment cores were dated using excess 210Pb and 137Cs, and Al normalisation was used to correct for sediment compositional effects. All cores showed increased concentrations of all trace metals (and M/Al) towards the surface, with a maximum of 280–500% above background being observed in Loch Etive. Only cores from Duich and Torridon (Zn/Al and Pb/Al) and Etive (Zn/Al) did not continue to show an increase in trace metals to the uppermost samples. The burden of atmospherically derived trace metals accumulated over the past 100 years was compared with similar published burdens from a series of freshwater lochs adjacent to the sealochs. Plots of excess 210Pb (used to correct for sediment focusing) against atmospherically derived Pb showed a series of linear relationships of systematically decreasing gradient towards the north-west, away from potential urban sources of lead. It was calculated that 49% (15–77%) of the Pb but only 3% (1–4%) of the Zn and 2% (0–3%) of the Cu reached the sealochs from atmospheric sources. The remaining trace metals deposited in the sealochs came from marine particles. Using trace metal ratios as an indicator of pollutant provenance, it was shown that the trace metals came predominantly from the Irish Sea. There was no evidence of trace metals derived from the Firth of Clyde basin. It was concluded that trace metal contamination from the Clyde and the surrounding industrialised urban area was mainly deposited in the estuary and the Clyde Sea basin with its adjoining sealochs, such as the Gareloch and Loch Fyne.  相似文献   

2.
The discharge of radioactive waste, from nuclear fuel reprocessing facilities, into the coastal waters of north-west Europe has resulted in a significant increase in the inventories of a number of artificial radionuclides in the North Atlantic. Radiocaesium, 90Sr and 99Tc, which behave conservatively in seawater, have been used widely as tracers of water movement through the North Sea, Norwegian Coastal Current, Barents Sea, Greenland Sea, Fram Strait, Eurasian Basin, East Greenland Current and Denmark Strait overflow. These studies are summarised in the present paper. It has been estimated that 22% of the 137Cs Sellafield discharge has passed into the Barents Sea, en route to the Nansen Basin, via the Bjomoya-Fugloya Section, with another 13% passing through the Fram Strait. This amounts to 14 PBq 137Cs. Quantifying the influx of other radionuclides has been more problematic. The inflowing Atlantic water now appears to be diluting waters in the Arctic Basin, which were contaminated in the late 1970s and early 1980s as a result of the substantial decrease in the discharge of reprocessing wastes. Sellafield (U.K.) has dominated the supply of 134Cs, 137Cs, 90Sr, 99Tc and Pu, whereas La Hague (France) has contributed a larger proportion of 129I and 125Sb.  相似文献   

3.
Analysis of 210Pb, 226Ra, 137Cs and 134Cs in short sediment cores provide first estimates of deposition rates in some Clyde sea lochs. The radio-caesium nuclides originate mainly in the liquid effluent released at distance from the Clyde by the Windscale nuclear fuel reprocessing plant and their concentrations in Clyde sediments provide information on (a) enrichment factors onto particulate matter, (b) surficial mixing coefficients and (c) sedimentation rates. A radiocaesium residence time in coastal waters of ca. 103 years reflects the importance of scavenging by the high nearshore particulate flux. 210Pb levels in sediments are controlled, in the unsupported fraction, by a major input sorbed on catchment particulates and, in the supported component, by 226Ra activities occasionally perturbed by unusually high surface values probably of planktonic origin. In one loch, detectable levels of 134Cs and 60Co are attributed to their discharge by nuclear submarines.  相似文献   

4.
本文报道2015年9月和2016年5月期间天然放射性核素224Ra和223Ra在吕宋海峡及周边海域表层和垂向水体的分布特征。为理解日本福岛核事故的影响，本文亦分析研究区域内人工放射性核素137Cs的分布特征。结果表明，224，223Ra和137Cs比活度水平均处于我国南海海洋天然放射性本底变化范围之内。224Ra在吕宋海峡以西南海北部海域比活度较高，在吕宋海峡以东菲律宾海域比活度较低。137Cs没有明显的分布趋势。基于三站位（LS3，LS5和LS8）224Ra、137Cs以及温盐的垂向分布特征，本文揭示224Ra和137Cs在热带表层水、次表层水和中-深层水中比活度水平和梯度变化的差异特征。彩虹台风事件扭转了整个吕宋海峡及周边海域的海流循环过程。大量以低水平224Ra为特征的西太平洋海水涌入南海，降低水体224Ra比活度水平。但是，西太平洋和南海北部海域水体137Cs比活度水平没有明显差异，台风导致的海流变化对水体137Cs比活度没有明显影响。  相似文献   

5.
The result of research into the distribution of artificial radionuclides of137Cs in the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea are reported. The data obtained permits consideration of the peculiarities of distribution of this radionuclide in the areas under investigation. The contribution of the Chernobyl radiocaesium to the total radioactivity of these water areas is estimated.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.  相似文献   

6.
An analysis of the variations in the concentrations of 137Cs and 90Sr radionuclides in the Baltic Sea surface waters after the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant was performed. An instability of the 137Cs concentration values during the short-term observations was found, when these values were differed 2-to 3-fold. The concentrations of 90Sr appeared to be more stable; meanwhile, their deviations sometimes exceeded the ranges of the experimental errors. By the variations in the monthly average values of the radionuclide concentrations in the surface waters of the Baltic Sea in 1989–1995, no trend of the water self-purification was observed. The theoretical results obtained confirmed the potential of the formation and propagation of patches with increased concentrations of 137Cs in the southeastern part of the Baltic Sea. The most reliable factor that controlled the process of self-purification of the Baltic Sea water appeared to be the mean annual value of the concentration of radionuclides. Pronounced divergences were obtained between the measured and calculated mean annual concentrations of 137Cs and 90Sr radionuclides in the surface waters of the Baltic Sea in 1989–2001. These divergences are explained by the potential influence of the waters from the Gulf of Bothnia and by other additional supplies of radionuclides to the marine environment, which were not included into the mathematical models.  相似文献   

7.
The soft sediment fish communities below 20 m depth were studied at two sites on the west coast of Scotland (Irvine Bay, Firth of Clyde and the Lynn of Lorne) using small meshed beam trawls. In both cases the emphasis was on the small demersal fish (<15 cm) within these communities. The Irvine Bay community was studied between May 1978 and December 1979 and the Lynn of Lorne community between February 1975 and October 1976.Twenty-seven fish species were recorded in Irvine Bay and 32 in the Lynn of Lorne. In both communities four species constituted more than 78% of the total annual abundance, two gobies (Lesueurigobius friesii and Pomatoschistus norvegicus) were high in the dominance ranking for both sites. The species abundance lists were similar for both sites (0·62 level of similarity) but the species lists for each site were different (0·36 level of similarity). The overall mean density of small demersal fish was similar for both sites (Irvine Bay = 0·045 individuals m?2 and the Lynn of Lorne = 0·047 individuals m?2). There were two periods of high abundance for both communities (late autumn to winter and late spring). There was, however, a low repeatability between successive years. The species richness (D) was relatively high (Irvine Bay = 1·5-3·08, Lynn of Lorne = 1·4-3·34) as was the species diversity (H′) (Irvine Bay = 1·17-1·97, Lynn of Lorne = 1·23-1·95). The proportional representation (J′) of each species within the community was greater in Irvine Bay (J′ = 0·57-0·77) than in the Lynn of Lorne (J′ = 0·50-0·72). Therefore these two communities of small demersal fish appeared to be similar at the community level but the way in which this was achieved was different.  相似文献   

8.
The activity concentrations of dissolved137Cs have been determined in the water column and137Cs and134Cs in the sediments and the sediment porewaters of the southern Baltic Sea. The mean activity concentration of dissolved137Cs in the Gdansk Deep declined from 109 Bq m−3in June 1986 to 61 Bq m−3in 1999. In sediments, the activity concentrations of137Cs (33-231 Bq kg−1) were highest in muds and the activity concentrations of134Cs were about 6% of the total Cs activity. The Chernobyl contribution to137Cs activity was between 43% and 77%. The porewater activity concentrations of137Cs in muddy sediments were in the range 71 to 3900 Bq m−3and were higher than those in the overlying seawater. The diffusive flux of dissolved137Cs from the muddy sediments was estimated in the range 5 to 480 Bq m−2year−1. The flux of137Cs from sediment porewaters of the southern Baltic Sea was about 45% of the total, including fluxes of137Cs from wet and dry atmospheric deposition and the fluvial inputs. The results were used to elucidate the rate of recovery of the sediments and the waters of the southern Baltic from Chernobyl-derived137Cs.  相似文献   

9.
Temporal changes in cesium-137 (137Cs) concentrations in the surface (0–10 cm) layer of seabed sediment were quantified from continuous observation data at 71 stations within a 150-km radius of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, and the primary processes affecting temporal changes were identified. From March 2011 to the end of 2015, about 80% of the initially deposited 137Cs in the surface sediment in the coastal region (bottom depth ≤100 m) region has dissipated (radioactive decay is not included). Such a remarkable change in the 137Cs concentration was not observed in the offshore (>100 m) region. This paper focuses on the following three processes that affected the decrease in the 137Cs concentrations, and assesses their relative importance; (1) resuspension and transport of 137Cs-bound sediment, (2) desorption of 137Cs from the sediment, and (3) dilution of 137Cs by vertical mixing of sediment. Consequently, it was estimated that the first two processes together have potentially contributed to reduce the 137Cs inventory in the top 10 cm of the coastal region by at most 35%. Furthermore, by applying a pulse input sediment mixing model to the observed vertical distribution of sedimentary 137Cs, it was also estimated that more than 43% of the 137Cs in the surface sediment was transported to deeper sediment layers by vertical mixing of the sediment. This indicates that the decrease of 137Cs concentrations in coastal sediments was mainly affected by mixing of 137Cs-bound surface sediment with less contaminated sediment in the deeper layers.  相似文献   

10.
历次核试验进入海洋的~(137)Cs对中国近海影响的模拟研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
1945年以来,世界各主要核国家进行了数千次核试验,这些核试验产生的绝大部分放射性物质通过多种途径进入海洋,对海洋环境造成放射性污染。本文建立了一个准全球海洋的放射性物质输运和扩散数值模式,通过数值模拟手段评估了历史核试验释放的放射性物质137 Cs对中国近海海洋环境的影响。本文借助前人工作评估了核试验释放137Cs进入海洋的途径和总量;通过比较模拟结果与观测资料,表明本文建立的放射性物质模式能够较好地模拟出137Cs在中国近海及其邻近海域的分布情况和随时间演变特征;模拟结果表明中国近海里的137Cs浓度在20世纪50年代中期达到最大,其中吕宋海峡海域137Cs浓度最高,达80.99Bq/m3;进一步分析了2011年3月份日本福岛核事故前中国近海137Cs浓度分布状况,2011年整个中国近海137Cs浓度介于1.0~1.6Bq/m3间,且其浓度垂向分布较均匀,相对封闭的南海浓度略高于其他海域。  相似文献   

11.
自2011年3月日本福岛第一核电站事故发生以来,其对中国海的影响一直备受国内高度关注。基于近10年的研究成果,本文综述了福岛第一核电站事故释放的放射性核素进入中国海的海洋传输路径主要为表层环流和模态水(亚热带模态水和中央模态水),经表层环流和模态水到达中国海的时间尺度分别在10—15年和2—3年之间。对比分析福岛第一核电站事故前后可知:南海137Cs活度持平,黄海137Cs活度稍有降低,但东海137Cs活度有所升高。鉴于目前有限的监测站位和短期的观测时间,福岛第一核电站事故对中国海的影响程度大小还有待于长期监测和进一步的评估。同时针对日本政府宣布福岛第一核电站核污水排海计划,分析了其潜在的风险和指出了未来的研究方向。  相似文献   

12.
对北太平洋西部海域、苏禄海及印尼海、中国南海、印度洋东部海域、孟加拉湾及安达曼海等表层水体中放射性核素137Cs的活度进行了测定。结果表明,上述海域表层水体中137Cs活度显示了较大的变化范围,最低值出现在南极附近的南大洋(1.1Bqm-3),较高的活度值则出现在北太平洋西部海域及中国南海(3Bqm-3)。在所研究水域范围内,137Cs活度的纬度分布特征并没有完全有效地反映出137Cs的全球理论大气沉降趋势及其纬度效应。综合本研究及Miyake等人(1988)的测定结果,我们计算出137Cs自表层海水中的析出速率在苏禄海及印尼海约为0.016/a,在孟加拉湾及安达曼海约为0.033/a,在中国南海约为0.029/a,这一结果明显低于西北太平洋日本沿海表层水体中137Cs的析出速率。这可能是因为在这些海域,横向及纵向的水体混合过程相对都较慢,而且颗粒物对137Cs的吸附析出过程也比较弱所致。  相似文献   

13.
Surface intertidal sediments from 35 sites in the Irish Sea have been analysed for their 238Pu and 239,240Pu activities, together with an intensive study of plutonium in sediments of the Esk Estuary (NW England). The range of plutonium activities for the whole survey were 0·14–4118 and 1·3–16 026 Bq kg−1 for 238Pu and 239,240Pu, respectively. The levels of Pu activity, derived from the Sellafield nuclear fuel reprocessing effluents, in sediments are controlled by lithological factors and the influence of transport and post-depositional processes. Grain size distribution is particularly important, the major part of plutonium activity being in the mud fraction of all sediments.The data suggest that over the Irish Sea coastline, dynamic mixing of sediment grains by reworking and resuspension and/or by dispersion in tidal currents are important in determining plutonium distributions. The exponential decrease in sediment plutonium activities away from the Sellafield source is attributed to the progressive mixing with older contaminated and uncontaminated sediments.  相似文献   

14.
A numerical experiment is carried out to reproduce distribution of concentration of 90Sr and 137Cs, estimate their total amount and verify their source in the Japan Sea. Model results are in good agreement with observational findings in the Japan Sea expeditions between 1997 and 2002 by the Japan Atomic Energy Agency. Vertical profiles of the concentration of 90Sr and 137Cs show exponential decreases with depth from the sea surface to the sea bottom. From the model and observational results, it is suggested that the concentration of 90Sr and 137Cs in the surface layer is approximately in the range of 1.0–1.5 Bq/m3 and 2.0–2.5 Bq/m3, respectively. On the other hand, it is found that the concentration in the intermediate and deep layer is higher than that observed in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, suggesting active winter convection in the Japan Sea. The total amount of 90Sr and 137Cs in the seawater is evaluated to be 1.34 × 1015 Bq and 2.02 × 1015 Bq, respectively, in the numerical experiment, which demonstrates an estimation by observational data obtained in the Japan Sea expeditions. The total amount of 90Sr and 137Cs changed during the second half of 20th century corresponding to deposition at the sea surface with the maximums of 4.86 × 1015 Bq for 90Sr and 7.33 × 1015 Bq for 137Cs, respectively, in the mid-1960s. The numerical experiment suggests that the main source of 90Sr and 137Cs has been global fallout, although there have been some potential sources in the Japan Sea.  相似文献   

15.
The concentrations of137Cs and134Cs were measured using the sorption method in the waters of the Black Sea during 1986–1987. An inhomogeneous character of the contamination of the surface waters in the Black Sea due to the Chernobyl disaster is shown. The subsequent migration and redistribution of caesium radionuclides in the various seasons of the year were studied. The amount of137Cs and134Cs in the upper 50 m layer was estimated. The results of measuring the concentration of caesium radionuclides in the near-water atmospheric layer over the Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea in 1986–1987 are also reported.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.  相似文献   

16.
In the current study, low-background γ-spectrometry was employed to determine the 228Ra/226Ra activity ratio and 137Cs activity of 84 coastal water samples collected at six sites along the main island of Japan (Honshu Island) within the Sea of Japan, including the Tsushima Strait, and two other representative sites on Honshu Island (a Pacific shore and the Tsugaru Strait) at 1-month intervals in 2006.The 228Ra/226Ra ratio of coastal waters in the Sea of Japan exhibited similar patterns of seasonal variation, with minimum values during early summer (228Ra/226Ra = 0.6–0.8), maximum values during autumn (228Ra/226Ra = 1.5–3), and a time lag in their temporal changes ( 2.5 months and over  1300 km distance). However, the 2 other sites represented no clear periodic variation.In contrast to the positive correlation between 137Cs activity (0.6–1.7 mBq/L) and salinity (15–35), the 228Ra/226Ra ratio of coastal water samples from the Sea of Japan was not observed to correlate with salinity, and the increase in the 228Ra/226Ra ratio was not as marked (0.5–1; May–June 2004 and 2005) during the migration along Honshu Island. The input of land-derived water and/or the diffusion of radium from coastal sediments is unlikely to have affected the wide seasonal variation in the 228Ra/226Ra ratio observed in these water samples.The seasonal variation in the 228Ra/226Ra ratio recorded for the coastal waters of the Sea of Japan is considered to be mainly controlled by the remarkable changes in the mixing ratio of the 228Ra-poor Kuroshio and the 228Ra-rich continental shelf waters within the East China Sea (ECS). After passing through the Tsushima Strait, this water mass moves northeast along the coastline of the Sea of Japan as the Tsushima Coastal Branch Current (TCBC).  相似文献   

17.
通过对东海沿岸不同海区８个沉积柱样的１３７Ｃｓ或２１０Ｐｂ剖面的观测,运用１３７Ｃｓ时标法和２１０Ｐｂ过剩法估算了近几十年来的平均沉积速率。并对１３７Ｃｓ的区域分布与蓄积程度及其环境意义进行了初步探讨  相似文献   

18.
Dissolved cadmium and copper concentrations have been determined in 76 surface water samples in coastal and ocean waters around Scotland by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV). A trace metal/salinity ‘front’ is observed to the west, north and north-east of Scotland separating high salinity ocean water (>35 × 10−3) with low concentrations of dissolved Cd and Cu from lower salinity (<35 × 10−3) coastal water containing higher concentrations of Cd and Cu. Mean Cd concentrations in ocean and coastal waters are 7 ng dm−3 (0·06 n ) and 11 ng dm−3 (0·10 n ) respectively; for Cu the respective levels are 60 ng dm−3 (0·95 n ) and 170 ng dm−3 (2·68 n ). The observed distribution is attributed principally to freshwater runoff and the advection of contaminated Irish Sea water into the study area.  相似文献   

19.
Short-lived radionuclides (210Pb and 137Cs) were used to document sedimentation regime changes over the last ～100 years, from analysis of a single sedimentary sequence collected in the coastal zone of the Gulf of Tehuantepec, South Pacific of Mexico. Sedimentation rates found in the core Tehua II-21 varied from 0.03 to 0.21 cm yr?1, whereas mass accumulation rates ranged from 0.05 to 0.29 g cm?2 yr?1. 137Cs data validate results obtained from 210Pb measurements and confirm significant changes in the sedimentation regime between 1950 and 1970. We associate these alterations to land use changes, including deforestation for agriculture development and industrialization, as well as the regimentation of the Tehuantepec River from the early 1960s to the late 1970s. This interval has been marked by a major demographic expansion that followed the industrial development of the area.  相似文献   

20.
The Fukushima nuclear accident in 2011 released large amounts of radionuclides, including ~(137)Cs, into the Pacific Ocean. A quasi-global ocean radioactive transport model with horizontal grid spacing of 0.5°×0.5° and 21 vertical layers was thereafter established to study the long-term transport of the Fukushima-derived ~(137)Cs in the ocean.The simulation shows that the plume of ~(137)Cs would be rapidly transported eastward alongside the Kuroshio Current and its extensions. Contaminated waters with concentrations lower than 2 Bq/m3 would reach the west coast of North America 4 or 5 years after the accident. The ~(137)Cs tends to be carried, despite its very low concentration, into the Indian and South Pacific Oceans by 2016 via various branches of ocean currents.Meanwhile, the ~(137)Cs concentrations in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean decrease rapidly with time. Up to now the highly contaminated waters have remained in the upper 400 m, showing no evidence of significant penetration to deeper layers.  相似文献   

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