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《地球物理学进展》2015,(1)
孔隙度是地质勘探、储层评价及产能预测的重要基础参数.本文利用理想岩心和对实际岩样图像进行数字图像处理建立数字岩心,在此基础上进行二雏超声波数值模拟计算,开展孔洞型储层孔隙度预测研究.研究表明:wyllie平均时间公式在孔洞型地层中并非完全不适用,其适用性由孔洞尺寸及孔洞密度共同控制;当孔密度为0.08~0.064(个/mm~2)时实测孔隙度-波速关系背离wyllie理论计算值,当孔密度大于0.096(个/mm~2)时实测孔隙度-波速的关系趋近wyllie计算值;定孔隙度时,孔隙密度-品质因数呈Q~(-1)=aln(ρ)+b对数规律变化;定孔隙密度时,孔隙度-品质因数呈φ=aQ~(-1)+b线性规律变化,预测模型的系数直接受到孔隙密度的影响,孔隙密度越大则b值越大. 相似文献
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《地球物理学进展》2016,(2)
致密砂岩电阻率与孔隙度关系存在"非阿尔奇"特征.为明确致密砂岩电阻率与孔隙度的关系及规律,并建立适用于致密砂岩的地层因素计算方法,基于多个致密砂岩油气区实验数据对电阻率随孔隙度变化的规律及地层因素计算方法进行了研究.通过对来自3个盆地8个油气田的岩石物理实验数据分析,证实了致密砂岩地层因素与孔隙度在双对数坐标下呈现分段线性关系,孔隙度约等于10%处出现明显拐点;拟合了孔隙度小于10%时具有通用性的阿尔奇公式参数.红河油田致密砂岩压汞实验数据表明,孔隙度小于10%的岩样与孔隙度大于10%的岩样孔喉半径分布有显著差异,由此将孔隙分为大孔径孔隙和小孔径孔隙,假设其分别具有不同比例的"宏导电孔隙",并定义了"伪宏导电孔隙度"变量,岩电-压汞联测实验数据表明,伪宏导电孔隙度与地层因素在双对数坐标下表现为良好的单一线性关系,由此建立了阿尔奇公式改进式,改进式在不同孔隙度条件下形式和参数均保持统一,计算地层因素效果更好.利用红河油田及塔里木盆地志留系致密砂岩岩样岩电实验数据检验改进式计算效果,证实了改进式的可靠性. 相似文献
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本文应用2-D格子气自动机模拟饱和油水两相的多孔介质的导电特性。在油水两相界面处,引入反射与透射系数来决定粒子的运动状态,通过调节反射与透射系数就可以改变油水两相的导电性差异。用模拟结果考察Archie公式的地层因素F=R0/Rw和电阻率增大系数I=Rt/R0,其中,R0为百分之百饱和水时的岩石电阻率,Rw为水的电阻率,Rt为不同流体饮和度时的岩石电阻率。结果表明F与孔隙度φ间,I与含水饱和度间都存在幂关系,并可以表示为F=aφ-m,I=bS-nw模拟结果同时证实：公式中的参数a、m的变化反映了孔隙微观结构的变化,参数b、n主要受孔隙度大小和油相分布状态的影响。 相似文献
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在横向各向同性（TI）介质中,张量感应测井响应与地层的水平和垂直电导率σh和σv、井眼斜角α、仪器方位角φ同时有关,其资料处理和解释相当复杂,一般采用先定出φ,然后在井眼坐标系中同时反演σh、σv和α的资料处理方式.我们发现将测井响应变换到井眼坐标系时实际上无法确定其交叉分量的符号而只能确定其绝对值,这个问题尚未引起重视.本文给出了无需确定φ就可由测井响应直接计算井眼坐标系磁感应张量的公式,此方法简单,所得结果不受φ提取精度的影响.在此基础上本文给出了利用井眼坐标系的磁感应张量的交叉分量曲线提取地层纵向边界和判别相邻地层电导率高低的一种特征识别方法.本文还给出了大斜度井中TI介质的电导率视值的一种简化近似公式. 相似文献
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根据关于岩石电学的早期资料，介绍了阿尔奇公式的提出背景和当时身处学术界和测井界的研究者和工程师们围绕阿尔奇公式所展开的一系列研究和论战.回顾与分析证明：围绕阿尔奇公式所进行的早期论战在于地层因子F及指数m和n.具体的论战焦点有四个：（1）地层因子的表达式F=1/m是否合适；（2）m和n是否具有物理内涵；（3）m和n的值到底是常数还是变数；（4）m和n与岩石的内部结构是否有关.在经过近20年的研究和论争后，即在1960年左右发现指数m和n与岩石的结构、构造以及孔隙流体的饱和度和流体替换的历史有关.此外，还发现岩石的湿润性和超毛细管孔隙度对岩石的电阻率也有很大的影响.虽然阿尔奇公式影响深远而且在岩石物理学和石油测井的发展中具有划时代的意义和里程碑式的作用，但是没有考虑泥质、淡水、低孔隙、非均匀几何参数分布（孔隙度、曲折度）、非均匀饱和度分布、各向异性以及参数a和b对岩石电阻率的贡献和隐藏在这些参数和因素后面的物理机制.因此，在应用阿尔奇公式时必须注意有关的应用条件.此外，根据完全水饱和公式ρ0=FρW=aρW/m和部分水饱和公式ρt=Iρ0=bρ0S-nW来研究F、I、a、b以及m和n与岩石的内部结构、孔隙分布以及孔隙流体和岩石颗粒之间的物理及化学相互作用的关系具有反问题的特点.所以，围绕阿尔奇公式的研究和争论将有可能会伴随着时代的进步和科学技术的发展一直进行下去. 相似文献
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地层孔隙水含量的计算主要受地层孔隙度与孔隙含水饱和度的影响.通过实验室煤层及其顶底板岩芯物理测试与孔隙度测量,可以获得煤系地层岩芯的孔隙度与岩芯纵、横波速度的经验公式;结合三分量地震勘探获得的纵波与横波速度,能够计算出煤系地层的孔隙度;含水饱和度的计算通过实验室岩电参数测试和阿尔奇公式可以计算得到.结合淮南某矿区三维三分量地震勘探和地球物理测井及岩样的岩电试验,实现了三维空间煤系地层孔隙含水体积百分比的精确计算.该预测方法与传统的、钻孔控制的地下水评价方法相比可以提供相对精细的、三维空间的、定量化的煤系地层孔隙相对含水量,对煤炭与煤层气资源开采中所涉及的地下水分布规律预测有一定的参考意义. 相似文献
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《地球物理学进展》2016,(1)
针对低孔渗储层渗透率主要受孔隙结构影响致使利用常规孔隙度和束缚水饱和度等参数预测渗透率精度低的难题,依据低孔渗岩石孔隙中流体渗流的特点,考虑岩石孔隙空间中对流体渗流贡献最大的那一部分孔隙,引入有效流动孔隙概念,以提高低孔渗岩石渗透率计算精度.考虑岩性、物性、电性变化,设计岩石物理实验,根据压汞实验数据计算岩样对应不同孔隙半径的进汞孔隙度与渗透率之间的相关系数,制作相关系数与孔隙半径交会图,将相关系数达到某一值(如0.8)对应的孔隙半径确定为有效流动孔隙半径下限,其对应的进汞孔隙度确定为有效流动孔隙度实验分析值.依据水流与电流流动相似性原理,从导电角度推导有效流动孔隙度的计算公式.对于含水低孔渗泥质岩石,将束缚水和粘土水看成不导电干骨架,采用能够描述孔喉比的等效岩石元素模型推导出只有可动水孔隙存在的低孔渗岩石地层因素的公式;根据有效流动孔隙的含义,只有可动水孔隙存在的低孔渗岩石的有效流动孔隙可以等效为具有相同岩石体积和地层因素且由骨架和弯曲毛细管组成的岩石结构中的毛管孔隙,根据弯曲毛管模型推导出地层因素与有效流动孔隙度关系式,结合两式可得到有效流动孔隙度的表达式.根据实验数据采用最优化方法确定公式中参数,从而给出有效流动孔隙度计算式.统计有效流动孔隙度实验值与岩心分析渗透率关系,回归得到低孔渗泥质岩石渗透率的计算式.对B区X1、X2井低孔渗储层进行处理,从实际应用效果方面证实该方法提高了低孔渗泥质储层渗透率计算精度. 相似文献
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PNN测井方法的蒙特卡罗模拟结果研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
PNN（脉冲中子-中子）测井是利用He-3管记录热中子时间谱，通过获取地层宏观吸收截面来确定含水饱和度的方法.本文利用蒙特卡罗方法（MCNP-4C）模拟了不同地层水矿化度、孔隙度、饱和度和井眼等条件下的热中子时间谱，研究了地层宏观吸收截面与地层水矿化度的关系，从理论上确定PNN测井适合的地层水矿化度范围约为10～100 g/L，在地层水矿化度为50 g/L时适于测井的孔隙度下限约为10%.井眼流体不同，地层的热中子计数率不同，但对地层宏观吸收截面影响较小.利用远近探测器热中子计数比值可以确定孔隙度，并提出了根据不同岩性和饱和度的地层宏观吸收截面与孔隙度的交会图来评价骨架、含水饱和度以及确定油层、水层和气层的方法.PNN测井方法在低地层水矿化度、低孔隙度地层比其他方法具有优势. 相似文献
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M. N. French R. L. Bras W. F. Krajewski 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》1992,6(1):27-45
A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities. 相似文献
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Gtz Schroth Luciana Ferreira Da Silva Marc‐Andree Wolf Wenceslau Geraldes Teixeira Wolfgang Zech 《水文研究》1999,13(10):1423-1436
The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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M. A. Kahn 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2000,28(2):95-101
Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate. 相似文献