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1.
《气象研究与应用》1982,(4)
A11 the familiar features of the air, such as clouds occur in the tro-posphere.The highest of the normal c1ouds reach only to between 7,000and 10,000 meter. Nowadays,however,we know that the air is not div-ided simply into troposphere.Neither is the height of the troposphere thesame a11 over the Earth.It is about ten miles at the Equater and five at 相似文献
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This paper discusses the state of European research in historical climatology. This field of science and an overview of its development are described in detail. Special attention is given to the documentary evidence used for data sources, including its drawbacks and advantages. Further, methods and significant results of historical-climatological research, mainly achieved since 1990, are presented. The main focus concentrates on data, methods, definitions of the “Medieval Warm Period” and the “Little Ice Age”, synoptic interpretation of past climates, climatic anomalies and natural disasters, and the vulnerability of economies and societies to climate as well as images and social representations of past weather and climate. The potential of historical climatology for climate modelling research is discussed briefly. Research perspectives in historical climatology are formulated with reference to data, methods, interdisciplinarity and impacts. 相似文献
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The commonly measured value of in the relaxed eddy accumulationmethod of about 0.56is shown to arise from the non-Gaussiannature of turbulence. Fourth-orderGram–Charlier functions forthe two-dimensional probability distributionsof variation in the horizontal component of wind velocityand concentrations of water vapour, carbondioxide and methane with respect to thevertical component of wind velocity are used to examinethe value of .An analytical solution for ispresented in terms of fourth-order moments.Under mean conditions, this solution givesa value for of0.557. Variation of is shown to be controlledprimarily by the ratio of the mean ofc'w3 (where c'is relevant to the entity of interest andw' is vertical component of windvelocity) to the correlationcoefficient between the entity concentrationand vertical component of wind velocity. 相似文献
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《中国气象科学研究院年报》1994,(1)
ＴＨＥＤＵＳＴＳＴＯＲＭＩＮＣＨＩＮＡＺｈｕＦｕｋａｎｇ（朱福康）ａｎｄＺｈａｎｇＷｅｎｑｉａｎ（章文茜）ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＳｙｎｏｐｔｉｃａｎｄＤｙｎａｍｉｃＭｅｔｅｏｒｏｌｏｇｙＡＢＳＴＲＡＣＴＴｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒａｎａｌｙｚｅｓｔｈｅｇｅｏｇ... 相似文献
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《中国气象科学研究院年报》1994,(1)
ＴＨＥＳＴＵＤＹＯＦＰＹＲＯＴＥＣＨＮＩＣＦＬＡＲＥＳＺｈａｎｇＪｉｈｕａｉ（张纪淮）ａｎｄＭａＰｅｉｍｉｎ（马培民）ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＷｅａｔｈｅｒＭｏｄｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎＡＢＳＴＲＡＣＴＩｎｏｒｄｅｒｔｏｉｒｎｐｒｏｖｅｔｈｅｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏ... 相似文献
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Described is a new technique of decade-scale climatic forecasting, presented by a combination of wavelet analysis and stochastic dynamics. The technique is also applied to diagnosing and forecasting the duration time of dry and wet climates in the decadal hierarchy of different areas in China. Results show that in the decadal hierarchy, the north, southwest, and southeast of China are areas where various kinds of frequent climate disasters appear; droughts easily occur in the north and northwest, while floods often occur in South China. Because this modeling technique is based on time series data, it can also be applied in the modeling and forecasting of such time series as hydrology, earthquakes and ecology. 相似文献
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C. L. Mateer 《大气与海洋》2013,51(1):15-16
Abstract Estimates of the entrainment rate of salt water into the Fraser River plume have been made using two independent methods. A value of k = 2 × 10 ‐4 is obtained for he entrainment coefficient relating the vertical to the horizontal velocity from salt conservation arguments at a series of profiles along the plume and from calculations of surface divergence, as measured by drifting drogues. It is also found that entrainment contributes significantly to the deceleration of the river plume after it issues into the Strait of Georgia. 相似文献
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Elisabeth RAMM Chunyan LIU Xianwei WANG Hongyu YUE Wei ZHANG Yuepeng PAN Michael SCHLOTER Silvia GSCHWENDTNER Carsten W. MUELLER Bin HU Heinz RENNENBERG Michael DANNENMANN 《大气科学进展》2020,37(8):793-799
正1.Introduction:permafrost carbon and nitrogen feedback to climate change Permafrost refers to any ground, including soils, sediments and rocks, with a temperature at or below the freezing point of water (0℃) for two or more consecutive years (Biskaborn et al., 2019). Permafrost soils of the Northern Hemisphere store vast amounts of both organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N)(Tarnocai et al., 2009; Harden et al., 2012; Mueller et al., 相似文献
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The investigations on the dynamies of the PBL have been developed in recent years. Some authors emphasized macro-dynamics and others emphasized micro-structure of the PBL. In this paper, we study and review some main characteristics of the wind field in the PBL from the view point connecting the macro-dynamics and micro-stucture of the PBL, thus providing the physical basis for the further research of the dynamics and the parameterization of the PBL. 相似文献
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This paper improves Bannon's work on the quasi-geostrophic frontogenesis in a horizontal deformation field. By setting the lower boundary condition for the equation of potential temperature on the realistic topography instead of on z = 0, a general solution for the temperature field is derived after applying conformal mapping to the equation for the potential temperature, the vertical velocity and divergence field are also calculated. The general characteristics for the frontogenetic process still are frontolytic for warm front and frontogenetic for cold front in downstream of a mountain and the reverse is true upstream of a mountain, but more fine spatial structure of the temperature field and frontogenetic characteristics than Bannon's are obtained near surface because of the treatment of lower boundary condition. It is concluded that the frontogenetic characteristics are related to the translating speed of the deformation field with respect to the topography. 相似文献
15.
The internal boundary layer — A review 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
J. R. Garratt 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1990,50(1-4):171-203
A review is given of relevant work on the internal boundary layer (IBL) associated with:
- Small-scale flow in neutral conditions across an abrupt change in surface roughness,
- Small-scale flow in non-neutral conditions across an abrupt change in surface roughness, temperature or heat/moisture flux,
- Mesoscale flow, with emphasis on flow across the coastline for both convective and stably stratified conditions.
16.
The El Niño stochastic oscillator 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
G. Burgers 《Climate Dynamics》1999,15(7):521-531
A stochastic model is fitted to the observed NINO3.4 time series between 1951–1995. The model is nothing more than the complex version of a first-order autoregressive process. The autocorrelation of this stochastic oscillator model is an exponentially decaying cosine, specified by three parameters: a period, a decay time, and a phase shift. It fits the observed NINO3.4 autocorrelation quite well. Anomalies during an El Niño can be characterized to a large extent by a single, irregularly oscillating, index. Equatorial wave dynamics and delayed-oscillator models have been used to explain this behaviour, and it has been suggested that El Niño might be a stable phenomenon excited by weather noise. Assuming this is the case, the stochastic oscillator has a direct physical interpretation: the parameters of the oscillation can be linked to dynamical models of the delayed-oscillator type, and the noise terms represent random influences, such as intraseasonal oscillations. Long Monte Carlo simulations with the stochastic oscillator show substantial decadal variability and variation in predictability. The observed decadal variability is comparable, except for the rather large rise in the long-term mean around 1980. The observed seasonal dependence of El Niño behaviour is not compatible with the natural variability of a stationary stochastic oscillator. Formulating the model in terms of standardized anomalies takes into account some of the seasonal dependence. A stochastic oscillator forecast model has a skill approaching that of more comprehensive statistical models and may thus serve as an appropriate baseline for the skill of El Niño forecasting systems. 相似文献
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Results are presented based on measurements taken using an FLS-12 lidar system and laser particle counters only on the Atlantic
coast of the U.S.A. during a campaign within the scope of the international EOPACE experiment. The objectives of the EOPACE
(Electro-optical Propagation Assessment in Coastal Environments) effort, which was conducted in Duck, N.C. (U.S.A.) between
25 February and 11 March 1999, involved investigating, developing and evaluating ocean and coastal aerosol models and their
effects on visibility; integrating and developing simple, realistic models for infrared propagation near the ocean surface
and developing a consistent chemical/optical model for aerosol particles suitable for inclusion in navy meteorological models. 相似文献
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The Effect of Intensity： Typhoon-Induced SST Cooling on Typhoon The Case of Typhoon Chanchu （2006） 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
In order to investigate air-sea interactions during the life cycle of typhoons and the quantificational effects of typhoon-induced SST cooling on typhoon intensity, a mesoscale coupled air-sea model is developed based on the non-hydrostatic mesoscale model MM5 and the regional ocean model POM, which is used to simulate the life cycle of Typhoon Chanchu （2006） from a tropical depression to a typhoon followed by a steady weakening. The results show that improved intensity prediction is achieved after considering typhoon-induced SST cooling; the trend of the typhoon intensity change simulated by the coupled model is consistent with observations. The weakening stage of Typhoon Chanchu from 1200 UTC 15 May to 1800 UTC 16 May can be well reproduced, and it is the typhoon-induced SST cooling that makes Chanchu weaken during this period. Analysis reveals that the typhoon-induced SST cooling reduces the sensible and latent heat fluxes from the ocean to the typhoon＇s vortex, especially in the inner-core region. In this study, the average total heat flux in the inner-core region of the typhoon decrease by 57.2%, whereas typhoon intensity weakens by 46%. It is shown that incorporation of the typhoon-induced cooling, with an average value of 2.17℃, causes a 46-hPa weakening of the typhoon, which is about 20 hPa per 1℃ change in SST. 相似文献