共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 343 毫秒
1.
本文对济南辉长岩经历不同应力途径后岩石晶粒内的微破裂特征的观测进行了研究.实验中岩石样品首先承受较高的围压(使应力差达到岩石强度的80%),然后分别按 A,B,C 三种途径进行实验.三种途径已在另一文中作了叙述(见地震学报第2卷第3期237页).实验结束后,将岩石样品切开,制成标准薄片及光片.通过显微镜的观测发现,三种应力途径所引起的微破裂性质明显不同.在 B 型实验中,长石晶粒内的微裂纹表现得短小,其长度多数不超过长石晶粒短轴的长度.整个岩石样品内微裂纹的分布密集于较小的范围内.在 C型实验中,倾斜裂纹数量增多,长石晶粒中的裂纹比 A 和 B 实验更长和更多,出现一种星状的微裂纹.观测到的辉长岩的微观现象可能说明与岩石标本过密、超膨胀现象有关. 相似文献
2.
《地球物理学进展》2017,(6)
矿物和岩石电导率的实验研究一直都是国内外专家学者所关注的重点内容,目前电导率的实验测量主要采用交流阻抗谱的方法.从实验结果来看,地壳矿物和岩石电导率的影响因素主要分为外部环境和内部性质两部分,包括矿物和岩石所受到的温度和压力大小、内部赋存的流体和熔体、岩石颗粒边缘的碳膜、岩石的颗粒大小和面理方向以及矿物晶格赋存的结构水与晶格方向等.结合地球物理探测结果,前人对下地壳高导层成因提出了各自不同的看法,同时电导率的实验数据对于解释地下岩层结构、动力学特征也带来了一定的帮助.通过总结可以发现对于断层带的电导率性质目前仍然知之甚少,在今后的实验研究中则需要重点关注. 相似文献
3.
裂纹系微破裂集结和动态扩展的实验研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
研究了裂纹系的动态破裂,重点考察了裂纹系相互作用.选用大理石、玻璃为实验材料,将其加工成薄板状,并在板内预制各种不同形态的裂纹系,在单轴压下用可见光透视观察裂纹系动态相互作用的破裂过程.实验中发现,岩石的动态破裂过程和玻璃有很大差别,岩石的裂纹系动态相互作用后期是通过微破裂演化来实现的,而在玻璃中观察不到.裂纹系的不均匀应力场分布是破裂演化的初始原因.通过实验,给出大理石材料中各种不同形态裂纹系的动态破裂演化的全场过程图像,直观地揭示了含裂纹系岩石变形破坏的实质.实验显示了不同几何形态的裂纹系的破裂发育过程有明显区别.在微破裂集结时,周围的破裂部分闭合.因此,用二维模型描述的微破裂图像和实际有很大出入.为了消除这个差距,必须研究三维破裂.本文的实验结果表明,裂纹(断层)不能起到阻碍破裂扩展的作月;裂纹(断层)作为障碍体,和预存裂纹之间存在强烈的相互作用,使得样品的强度降低几乎一个量级.讨论了上述结论对于认识地震(包括矿震)断层行为的意义. 相似文献
4.
碳是影响岩石电导率大小的一个重要因素,可能是造成龙门山断层带电导率异常的重要原因之一.为了研究不同的碳含量、矿物颗粒粒径与碳晶体结构对断层带电导率的影响,在干燥、常温、0.2~300 MPa的压力条件下实验研究了人工模拟断层泥样品(石英粉末与含碳粉末混合的样品,简称模拟样品)和采自映秀-北川断层八角庙剖面的天然断层岩样品(简称天然样品)的电导率.实验结果显示,当模拟样品中的含碳粉末连通时,电导率与碳体积率的关系符合逾渗理论模型;而含碳粉末未连通时,电导率随总孔隙度降低而指数性升高.同时模拟样品的电导率也随石英颗粒粒径的变化而发生改变.相比于模拟样品中的含碳粉末主要分布于石英颗粒支撑的孔隙中,天然样品中的碳则主要以碳膜的形式赋存在颗粒边缘,导致碳体积率相同的条件下,模拟样品的电导率小于天然样品.此外,天然样品的电导率(9×10~(-4)S·m~(-1))也要小于野外大地电磁探测的结果(0.03~0.1 S·m~(-1)).在今后的实验中还需要考虑在动态摩擦条件下对含有完整含碳结构的天然样品进行电导率的实验研究. 相似文献
5.
6.
《地球物理学进展》2015,(4)
对石灰岩不同围压的三轴压缩过程进行微结构观察,发现:当平均应力与体积应变曲线偏离静水压力线时,岩样微结构产生颗粒之间胶结物破坏,颗粒挤紧,孔隙减小,导致应变硬化,达到剪切增强的压实阶段.继续加载较软的颗粒被挤碎,导致崩塌变软,岩样出现宏观软化现象;同时孔洞表面产生大量平行于最大主应力方向的裂纹,汇聚成核.在低围压(40 MPa)时,含天然缺陷的岩石中,观测到剪切带的产生,也会在局部缺陷处发生崩塌;随着围压的增加(150MPa),局部体积崩塌将逐步引发大面积的垮塌.对应岩石试件的屈服行为也由以剪切破坏机制为主,逐渐转变为以体积崩塌压缩机制为主,引起纵向应变迅速增加.当剪切增强压缩继续发展到C*′直到峰值应力前时产生颗粒破裂、移动或旋转,曲线出现转向,岩样发生体积膨胀,同时引起密集声发射活动.峰值应力后,微裂纹串联成裂纹簇开始剪切诱导岩样体积膨胀,导致应力降引起应变软化,同时产生剪切局部化.在没有无序性影响的压缩带发展和传播的数值模拟中,展示了压缩带由样品的上下端面向样品中部逐渐扩展的过程,与Bentheim砂岩切片图显示和AE监测结果是吻合的.通过微观与宏观实验结合的描述方法清楚地展现了剪切带、压缩带、膨胀带的产生机理以及压缩带的发展过程,这里压缩屈服过程即为帽盖模型的形成过程,它是近似椭圆的帽盖模型中的帽子部分. 相似文献
7.
在地铁、高速铁路等基础设施的快速发展下,长期滞弹性微损伤累积效应应引起人们的关注,尤其是对动载和高频效应的关注.本文在频率0.01～1000 Hz、温度-50～200℃内研究了弹性范围内的饱和砂岩、大理岩,在强迫共振、单轴循环加载下的温度和频率的滞弹性行为的弛豫衰减峰.结果显示,弹性模量和波速随温度的升高而下降,且下降梯度比一般岩石的力学实验结果要陡;随着频率提高,弹性模量和波速显著增大,频散效应会加强.该结果反映了在应力诱导下岩石内部微缺陷等微损伤之间的运动和相互作用的微观过程,该过程会导致微结构变化,进而引起微观的位移,产生微损伤;微损伤经历一段时间或很长时间的积累过程,就可能造成疲劳损伤断裂.岩石内部微观结构的非均匀性和矿物晶粒间界等缺陷是最薄弱的部位,在循环应力作用下再次形成新的微裂纹系统,从而加速损伤的积累,引起断裂.除此之外,岩石中多种渠道的残余应力会导致疲劳损伤;振动频率的提高,也会加速岩石的损伤;结合温度升高的综合效应会引起岩石内部微裂纹增长,导致岩石微结构变化并引起微损伤,虽然这是在屈服点以下引发的滞弹性微损伤,但最终它们都将使岩石的品质劣化. 相似文献
8.
断层三维扩展过程的实验研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
实验研究三维断层的形成和扩展对于理解实际断层作用过程具有重要意义．在双轴压缩条件下开展了断层三维扩展过程的实验研究,利用多通道数字化高密度应变观测和基于可见光图像分析的数字散斑相关测量技术对岩石样品应变场的详细结构进行了动态观测和分析,同时利用多通道声发射全波形三维定位系统对样品内部微破裂的发育过程进行了观测．实验结果表明,断层在三维空间的扩展模式与二维明显不同,表现出更复杂的空间展布形态和变形机制．断层的三维扩展过程可以划分为3个基本阶段：第一裂纹扩展阶段——翼裂纹扩展阶段、转换阶段——花瓣裂纹活动阶段和第二裂纹扩展阶段——贝壳断面形成阶段．不同阶段具有不同的主导裂纹扩展方式,并对应不同的变形场和微破裂分布．其中,花瓣裂纹活动阶段在三维断层的发育过程中至关紧要,它是从表面似二维扩展向三维扩展转换的关键,也是三维断层扩展区别于二维断层的核心所在。 相似文献
9.
本实验在气体介质三轴高温流变仪上,采用怀安瓦窑口麻粒岩,在温度900～1200℃、围压300 MPa、应变速率10~(-4)～10~(-6)/s条件下,开展高温流变实验.实验样品麻粒岩由斜长石(52%)、单斜辉石和斜方辉石(40%)、石英(3%)、磁铁矿和钛铁矿(5%)组成,矿物平均粒度为:斜长石294μm、单斜辉石和斜方辉石282μm、石英97μm、磁铁矿和钛铁矿109μm.利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪分析获得变形后样品的水含量约为0.17±0.05wt%.实验样品的强度随温度升高而降低,随应变速率降低而降低.基于力学数据,采用稳态流变方程,获得实验样品在900～1000℃时的应力指数为8.1～12.9,在1050～1150℃时的应力指数为4.8～5.8,平均值5.2.应力指数随着温度升高而降低.显微结构和成分分析表明,在900℃时麻粒岩出现矿物压扁与定向拉长特征,样品以位错滑移和微破裂变形为主;在950～1000℃时,麻粒岩样品中颗粒边界变得圆滑,表现出位错攀移特征,辉石和磁铁矿边缘出现微量熔体;在1050～1200℃时麻粒岩出现部分熔融,而且随着温度和实验时间(应变)增加,熔体含量增加,熔体结晶出微粒斜长石、辉石和橄榄石,部分辉石通过固体反应生成橄榄石.颗粒边界熔体和矿物反应促进了扩散作用,导致位错攀移和熔体引起的扩散蠕变共同控制了麻粒岩的高温流变. 相似文献
10.
岩石脆性直接影响储层压裂,是储层压裂改造之前必不可少的环节。本文对松辽盆地青山口组粉砂岩,分析岩石动、静态脆性特征。基于岩石力学实验获得的应力-应变的关系,调查岩石的脆塑性体特征,结果显示静态弹性参数获得的脆性指数与应力跌落系数呈现负相关性,其中脆性指数B_2(杨氏模量E和泊松比v归一化后的均值)与应力跌落系数相关性最好。分析矿物组分与脆性指数B_2、杨氏模量和泊松比的关系,认为相关层系石英、黄铁矿、碳酸盐岩类矿物可作为脆性矿物。基于B_2,在超声波实验中调查了孔隙流体、孔隙度对岩石动态脆性特征的影响,发现孔隙流体能够增强岩石的塑性,降低岩石脆性,且孔隙度越大,岩石脆性降低幅度越大。在饱含不同流体的岩石中,饱气粉砂岩的脆性最高,饱油次之,饱水最小,且饱油、饱水岩石脆性非常接近。对比岩石力学和超声波实验测量结果显示,整体上超声波实验获得的脆性指数比岩石力学实验获得的脆性指数大,不过,二者均随着孔隙度增大而降低,且差值随孔隙度增大而增大。原因在于超声波属于无损测试,而力学实验过程中导致了岩石内部的微裂缝、孔隙发生了改变。此外,低孔隙度岩石的脆性,主要与岩石内部微裂缝的发育程度有关。 相似文献
11.
Abstract The orientations of both healed extension microcracks and microcracks in quartz grains sealed mostly by carbonate minerals were measured from Cretaceous granodiorite core samples drilled along the Nojima Fault, southwest Japan. The preferred orientations of both healed and sealed microcracks consist of approximately three orthogonal sets, (components) A, B and C, in which A strikes NS–NW-SE and dips vertically, B strikes EW–NE-SW and dips vertically, and C is subhorizontal. Both the healed and sealed microcracks were possibly formed by hydraulic fracturing, and the successive release of tensile stress due to pore fluid overpressure in the principal stress directions could have caused this microcracking in mutually orthogonal directions. The quartz grains are also very moderately plastically deformed, which is indicated by the occurrence of kink bands and undulose extinction. The association of healed microcracks and kink bands in the quartz suggests that these microstructures formed under subgreenschist facies conditions (≈300°C) during hydrothermal activity that could have occurred immediately after the emplacement of granodiorite during the Late Cretaceous period. Based on both the preferred orientation of microcracks, and c-axis fabrics of kinked and unkinked grains (so called kink method), it is inferred that the σ1 -and σ3 -axis were oriented horizontally in NS–NW-SE and EW–NE-SW directions, respectively. The inferred paleostress field does not conform to the east–west-trending compression during the Quaternary period, but to the activation of EW–NE-SW-trending, left–lateral strike–slip faults during the Late Cretaceous period in southwest Japan. 相似文献
12.
Double-torsion specimens of two granitic rocks were prepared in several directions with reference to microcracks fabric. Even for the same rock and at the same stress levels, the observed crack velocities in two granitic rocks were dependent on both the propagation direction and the opening direction. The maximum difference by several orders of magnitude was found for both rocks. The highest crack velocity was observed when the subcritical crack was parallel to most of the preexisting cracks. The maximum critical stress intensity factor was about twice as high as the minimum one in different directions. An analysis for a thin plate having anisotropic elasticity under torsional load showed that the observed difference in the crack velocity and the critical stress intensity factor was not an error due to conventional equations derived on the assumption of isotropic elasticity but the true material's property. As the preferred orientation of microcracks has been pointed out for many granitic rocks, we can conclude that the anisotropic nature of the fracture resistance of the two granitic rocks used in this study was not exceptional. A region of a transport-limited velocity was not found for rocks, even at the velocity of 10–2 m/s, that is almost equal to the theoretical limit of the stress corrosion cracking. 相似文献
13.
Petrophysical measurements were carried out on dry specimens of mica-gneiss, amphibolite and serpentinite from KTB core samples and samples of surface outcrops in order to determine the effect that a deviatoric stress field, as observed at the KTB area, may have on the in-situ rock properties. Simulating the variation of the actual principal stresses and temperature with depth, seismic wave velocities, densities, linear and volumetric strain (porosity) have been measured, taking into account the overall spatial orientation of the foliation at the KTB area with respect to the principal stress axes. Comparison with respective data evaluated for lithostatic pressure conditions revealed that the stress-related (crack-related) effect on wave velocities respectively on velocity anisotropy is in the range 1–3%, due to microcracks which are selectively closed or kept open by the deviatoric stress. The effect of the deviatoric stress is particularly documented by shear wave splitting due to microfractures that are oriented normal to the minimum principal stress axis. 相似文献
14.
V. I. Vettegren V. S. Kuksenko I. P. Shcherbakov 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2016,52(5):754-769
The mechanism and dynamics of the deformation and fracture of quartz, granite, and marble samples under the striker blow on their surface and electric discharge inside them are studied by the fractoluminescence (FL), electromagnetic (EME), and acoustic emission (AE) methods with 10-ns resolution. The impact excites a forced deformation wave with a velocity within 0.8 to 2 km/s depending on the mineral. The atomic bonds rupture and microcracks are formed at the nodes of the wave, which leads to the emergence of the FL flashes and disruption of the time dependences of EME. Based on the intensity of the flashes, the dimensions of microcracks are estimated to vary from 2 to 70 µm depending on the mineral. In turn, the emergence of microcracks initiates additional deformation waves.The discharge inside the studied samples excites a pressure shock wave which transforms into the tension wave after reflection from the surface. According to the analysis of FL spectra, this leads to the breakdown of the rocks into positively charged ions and electrons. The shock wave velocity in granites is measured at 4.8 km/s, which is close to the velocity of the longitudinal acoustic vibrations ~5 km/s. The microcracks in the rock have not enough time to form with this loading velocity. It is supposed that the shock wave stretches the deformed interatomic bonds at the dislocation nuclei in the crystal lattices of the minerals up to their breakdown into positively charged ions. 相似文献
15.
Weathering reduces the strength of rocks and so is a key control on the stability of rock slopes. Recent research suggests that the geotechnical response of rocks to weathering varies with ambient stress conditions resulting from overburden loading and/or stress concentrations driven by near-surface topography. In addition, the stress history experienced by the rock can influence the degree to which current weathering processes cause rock breakdown. To address the combined effect of these potential controls, we conducted a set of weathering experiments on two sedimentary lithologies in laboratory and field conditions. We firstly defined the baseline geotechnical behaviour of each lithology, characterising surface hardness and stress–strain behaviour in unconfined compression. Weathering significantly reduced intact rock strength, but this was not evident in measurements of surface hardness. The ambient compressive stress applied to samples throughout the experiments did not cause any observable differences in the geotechnical behaviour of the samples. We created a stress history effect in sub-sets of samples by generating a population of microcracks that could be exploited by weathering processes. We also geometrically modified groups of samples to cause near-surface stress concentrations that may allow greater weathering efficacy. However, even these pronounced sample modifications resulted in insignificant changes in geotechnical behaviour when compared to unmodified samples. The observed reduction in rock strength changed the nature of failure of the samples, which developed post-peak strength and underwent multiple stages of brittle failure. Although weakened, these samples could sustain greater stress and strain following exceedance of peak strength. On this basis, the multi-stage failure style exhibited by weaker weathered rock may permit smaller-magnitude, higher-frequency events to trigger fracture through intact rock bridges as well as influencing the characteristics of pre-failure deformation. These findings are consistent with patterns of behaviour observed in field monitoring results. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
16.
Alexander Y. Rozhko 《Geophysical Prospecting》2020,68(2):631-656
It is evident from the laboratory experiments that shear moduli of different porous isotropic rocks may show softening behaviour upon saturation. The shear softening means that the shear modulus of dry samples is higher than of saturated samples. Shear softening was observed both at low (seismic) frequencies and high (ultrasonic) frequencies. Shear softening is stronger at seismic frequencies than at ultrasonic frequencies, where the softening is compensated by hardening due to unrelaxed squirt flow. It contradicts to Gassmann's theory suggesting that the relaxed shear modulus of isotropic rock should not depend upon fluid saturation, provided that no chemical reaction between the solid frame and the pore fluid. Several researchers demonstrated that the shear softening effect is reversible during re-saturation of rock samples, suggesting no permanent chemical reaction between the solid frame and the pore fluid. Therefore, it is extremely difficult to explain this fluid–rock interaction mechanism theoretically, because it does not contradict to the assumptions of Gassmann's theory, but contradicts to its conclusions. We argue that the observed shear softening of partially saturated rocks by different pore fluids is related to pore-scale interfacial phenomena effects, typically neglected by the rock physics models. These interface phenomena effects are dependent on surface tension between immiscible fluids, rock wettability, aperture distribution of microcracks, compressibility of microcracks, porosity of microcracks, elastic properties of rock mineral, fluid saturation, effective stress and wave amplitude. Derived equations allow to estimate effects of pore fluids and saturation on the shear modulus and mechanical strength of rocks. 相似文献
17.
在1.2千巴围压下进行了三种初始饱和岩样(辉长岩、花岗岩Ⅰ和Ⅱ,各以淡水和盐水饱和)的压缩实验直至破裂并继续到摩擦滑动,所有实验中测定了岩样电阻率。 以Brace等人研究表面电导的方法为基础,我们引入给定含水岩样的体电阻系数和面电导系数两个专用术语以分析实验结果。发现一旦岩样开始膨胀,其面电导系数随差应力增加都增大。结果表明:含水岩样体膨胀后电阻率下降主要是由于表面电导作用的增强。 和前人的结果不同,不同岩样摩擦滑动时电阻率变化各异。作者提出:这种差异可能与岩石中所含矿物颗粒大小有关。含大颗粒的岩石滑动时电阻率下降,而含小颗粒的岩石滑动时电阻率上升。 相似文献
18.
三向受压状态下地壳岩体的张性变形和张性破裂 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文叙述了处于三向受压状态的地壳岩体产生张性变形和张性破裂的原理,并以珠江三角洲地区为例说明:①岩体内应力集中点的浅部,可产生张性变形和张性破裂;②地质考察所观察到的张性或张剪性断裂,其断裂面上作用的正应力未必是拉应力,极有可能是压应力,但却一定是拉应变;③张性破裂引起的地震,震级较小,一般在4.5级以下,④地震引起的张性地裂缝的走向,就是震源应力场的主压应力方向。 相似文献
19.
Granitic rocks usually exhibit strongly anisotropy due to pre-existing microcracks induced by long-term geological loadings.
The understanding of the rock anisotropy in mechanical properties is critical to a variety of rock engineering applications.
In this paper, Brazilian tests are conducted statically with a material testing machine and dynamically with a split Hopkinson
pressure bar system to measure both static and dynamic tensile strength of Barre granite. To understand the anisotropy in
tensile strength, samples are cored and labelled using the three principle directions of Barre granite to form six sample
groups. For dynamic tests, a pulse shaping technique is used to achieve dynamic equilibrium in the samples during the dynamic
test. The finite element method is then implemented to formulate equations that relate the failure load to the material tensile
strength by employing an orthotropic elastic material model. For samples in the same orientation group, the tensile strength
shows clear loading rate dependence. The tensile strengths also exhibit clear anisotropy under static loading while the anisotropy
diminishes as the loading rate increases, which may be due to the interaction of pre-existing microcracks. 相似文献