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1.
Abstract. The removal of glycine and glucose by freshly collected adult Mytilus edulis was determined using radiolabeled substances added to ambient concentrations of dissolved organic materials in freshly collected natural sea water. Uptake rates were calculated for substrate concentrations of 0.5 μM glycine and 1.0 μM glucose and were compared with the animals' energy and nitrogen demands as measured by oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates. Respiration and ammonia excretion rates as well as cither glycine or glucose removal were all determined for the same animals. The mean respiration rate was 670μl O2 g-1h-1, the mean ammonia excretion rate 1.95 μg-at NH4-g-1 h-1. The calculated uptake rates were 0.48 μmol -g-1-h-1 for free amino acids and 0.44 μmol-g-1 h-1 for free simple sugars. Such uptake rates could have contributed roughly 13% of the mussels' energy requirements or 10% of the mussels' nitrogen requirements assuming the following conditions: 0.5 μM concentration of free amino acids, 1.0μM concentration of simple sugars, uptake of total amino acids at a rate based on a weighted removal rate of glycine, alanine, serine, and glutamic acid, and uptake of simple sugars at a rate equal to that of glucose removal. It is apparent that simple organic substances dissolved in sea water may be of some benefit to mussels, especially when the substances occur in concentrations typical of coastal sea water.  相似文献   

2.
G. J. Herndl    J. Faganeli    N. Fanuko    P. Peduzzi  V. Turk 《Marine Ecology》1987,8(3):221-236
Abstract. The interdependences between phytoplankton standing crop, bacterial biomass and the dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool in the water column were investigated and related to sediment parameters in a shallow marine bay (Bay of Piran, Northern Adriatic Sea) over an annual cycle. Bacterioplankton density varied between 1–10 × 105 cells ml-1, with lowest density observed in March corresponding to the low Chi a concentrations during this period. Generation times as determined by dialysis incubations ranged between 4h (June) and 82 h (March). Mean bacterial secondary production rates during summer were about 40 mg C m-1 d-1 and 5mg C m-3.d-1 during winter. With a short time lag, DOM concentrations followed the fluctuation in Chi a.
Sediment oxygen demand measurements revealed a mean mineralization rate of about 260 mg C m-2 d-1 during summer and 100–200 mg C m-2 d-1 in winter. Sediment bacterial density varied between 108 - 109 cells g (sediment dry wt)-1 in the top 5 cm sediment layer or, in terms of biomass, 4.3 g C m-l during summer and 0.6 g C m-2 during winter. Highest concentrations of DOM in pore waters were measured in September, coinciding with high rates of sediment oxygen demand.  相似文献   

3.
Abstract. This paper briefly summarises research carried out in 1982–1990 in the coastal area off Monte Conero, SW northern Adriatic Sea. Oceanographic data on temperature, salinity, oxygen saturation, nutrients (nitrates, silicates and orthophosphates), and chlorophylls were collected to characterise this coastal ecosystem in view of the setting up of the "Costa del Monte Conero" protected marine area.
Towards the coast the physical and chemical parameters exhibited a seasonal periodicity.
Temperature showed a clear annual periodicity with a certain interannual variability; this also holds true for oxygen saturation, with peaks in March and minima in September, though without hypoxic events.
Nutrient concentrations peaked at the surface layer at the coastal station from December to March (nitrates: 35–50 μmol 1−1; silicates: 22–70 μmol 1−1; orthophosphates: 0.37–0.54 μmol 1−1) and minima in summer (Jul-Aug) on surface and bottom (0–12μmol 1−1, 0–18.5 μmol 1−1, and 0–0.15 μmol 1−1, respectively). From 1988 to 1990 nutrient peaks were lower and coastal salinity exceed 33, with nitrates below 16 μmol 1−1, silicates below 8 μmol 1−1, and orthophosphates less than 0.2 μmol 1−1.
In the coastal area of Senigallia, 40 km to the north, where the influence of the coastal current that carries the river inflows to the south is stronger, the seasonal cycle was similar, albeit with higher values for nutrients and chlorophylls.  相似文献   

4.
Abstract. Recent findings indicate that heterotrophic bacteria and not phytoplankton are the most numerous biomass components even in the euphotic zone of oligotrophic, open oceans. In this study it was hypothesized that the microbial biomass components change within a few hundred meters as oligotrophic water flows across the reef and becomes enriched with nutrients. Along a trophic gradient, four stations at the Atlantic Barrier Reef off Belize (Central America) were sampled for microbial biomass components. Phytoplankton biomass (measured as chlorophyll a) ranged from the most oligotrophic station (St. 1) to the most eutrophic station (St. 4) from 6.9–415.5 μg CI"' (assuming a C:chl a ratio of 30): heterotrophic bacterial biomass increased 4-fold (from 10.1–46.4μg C 1-1), heterotrophic nanoflagellate (HNAN) biomass increased from 4.6-19ug C 1-1, and cyanobacteria from 0.9-4.5 μg C-1-1. Production estimates derived from seawater cultures revealed a 5-fold increase in bacterial production from the oligotrophic station (3.7 ug C 1-1 d-1) to the eutrophic St. 4 (17.8ug C-1-d1-1)- Cyanobacterial production rose from 1.1–3.5ug C-1–d-1 and HNAN production from 0.65-1.13 μg C-1-1 -d-1. While cyanobacteria contributed between 13 and 20% to the autotrophic plankton component in the oligotrophic waters, their contribution dropped to about 1 % at the eutrophic stations.  相似文献   

5.
Abstract. Dark respiration rates, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) fluxes and nitrification rates were measured at two sites in the microtidal Sacca di Goro lagoon in September 2000. DIN fluxes correlated with the biomass of the dominant macrofauna species (the amphipod Corophium spp. at station Giralda and the polychaete Neanthes spp. at station Faro). Respiration (> 6 mmol O2 m−2h−1) and ammonium fluxes (> 80μmol N m−2h−1) were higher at station Giralda despite the lower organic matter content (4.5 %) and lower macrofauna biomass (4 g AFDW m−2). At both sites ammonium fluxes were significantly correlated with the biomass of the benthic infauna, but Corophium stimulated ammonium NH4+ fluxes 3-fold compared to Neanthes. The amphipod also enhanced nitrification rates (> 300 μmol N m−2h−1) due to the high density of its burrows, the higher NH4+ regeneration rates and the enhanced oxygen supply to the bacteria.  相似文献   

6.
Abstract. Bacterial (direct and heterotrophic counts, heterotrophic potentials) and organic matter (org C, org N) parameters were studied over 2 years in the surface sediments of 3 stations located on the continental shelf (station A: 15m; station B: 35m) and slope (station C: 910m) in the northwestern Mediterranean Basin.
Although logistic constraints did not allow a satisfactory sampling periodicity in the offshore survey, some seasonal trends were still observable at the deepest station. Variations were quantitatively more important in the two shallow sediments (from 3×102 heterotrophic bacteria – ml-1 in December 1984 to 107 heterotrophic bacteria-ml-1 in March 1986). Epifluorcsccncc direct counts were relatively constant (5×108 cells-ml-1), while heterotrophic potentials (with 14C labelled glucose and glutamic acid) showed a succession of very short pulses over the year. Different concentrations of organic matter (from 0.2% orgC at 15m to 0.8% orgC at 35m) appeared to sustain very similar bacterial numbers. Nevertheless, a certain relation between the seasonal evolution of bacterial and organic matter parameters was discernable. Although depth apparently had no measurable effect on maximal spring bacterial densities, it seemed to lessen the summer and winter decreases in the two shallow stations.  相似文献   

7.
Abstract. A seasonal sampling program of five stations off the Island of Rhodes (SE Aegean Sea) was carried out in 1983–1984. Temperature, salinity, Secchi disk transparency, P-PO4, N-NO3, N-NO2, N-NH3, Si-SiO2, and chl a were measured and phytoplankton species recorded. Cell concentrations and chl a varied seasonally. with the highest values in summer (l.2 times 104 -1--1 total mean cells; 0.13 mgam-3 total mean chl a ) and the lowest in winter (2.3 times 103, 1--1 total mean cells; 0.06 mg.m-- total mean chl a ). A variation in cell abundance among stations was also noted. Quantitative relationships among the recorded taxa showed that diatoms and dinoflagellates were richer in species composition (88 and 58 total species, respectively) than coccolithophores (8 species) and other flagellates (8 species). Comparison of phytoplankton samples from different depths and stations by cluster analysis showed an irregularity or discontinuity in species associations. The SE Aegean Sea was characterized as oligotrophic on the basis of the estimated nutrient and phytoplankton concentration levels.  相似文献   

8.
Sevim Polat 《Marine Ecology》2002,23(2):115-126
Abstract. The monthly changes in chlorophyll a , phytoplankton abundance and nutrient concentrations at two stations, one at the inshore and the other at the deep waters of the northern part of İskenderun Bay, were investigated between 1994 – 1995. The vertical distribution of nutrients and phytoplankton biomass were also studied at the deep station. The concentrations of NO3+NO2-N, PO4-P and SiO4-Si of surface water at both stations were 0.31 – 1.63 µg-at · l-1, 0.08 – 0.60 µg-at · l-1 and 0.50 – 2.7 µg-at · l-1, respectively. The highest concentrations were measured at the inshore station and clear differences were found between the inshore and deep-water stations. Chlorophyll a concentrations ranged from 0.17 to 2.78 µg · l-1 and the highest value was measured in March. At the inshore station, which was affected by land run-off, phytoplankton abundance reached the highest value (21,308 cells · l-1) in October 1995, with a marked dominance of Pseudonitzschia pungens (20,200 cells · l-1). The nutrient and chlorophyll a concentrations at the inshore station were higher than those at the deep station. One reason for this is the land-based nutrient input into the coastal area here. In spite of these effects, the bay is not eutrophicated because of circulation events in the northeastern Mediterranean.  相似文献   

9.
Abstract. The detritus rolling down a vertical cliff was studied at Portofino Promontory (Ligurian Sea, Italy) at 16 m depth (January 1988- January 1989). The large amount of collected sediment is mainly due to the position of the traps; they collected not only the sedimenting material, but also the detritus rolling down along the cliff. The amount of sediment matter is 7 times greater in winter than in summer, showing a good correlation with rough seas and rain that cause a "mechanical cleaning" of animal and plant debris (Sérpulid tubes, shells, exuvias. leaves) along the cliff.
The Total Suspended Matter (TSM) in the water column shows maximum values in March and September. The organic fraction has an average concentration of 0.81 mg 1-l. The phytoplanktonic biomass, measured as Chi a , shows an annual cycle with a peak in spring (1–2.7μg·l-1). while in other periods of the year the value is about 0.3-0.5 μg·1-1. A significant relationship was found between organic detritus in the collected sédiments and the Chi a in the water column. The great influence of the rocky wall detritus on the normal trend of the TSM in the coastal water column is pointed out.  相似文献   

10.
Stefan  Forster 《Marine Ecology》1996,17(1-3):309-319
Abstract. Irrigation and bioturbation lead to transport of dissolved oxygen into anoxic sediments. The depthdistribution of local oxygen input and the total time of oxygen presence was measured at randomly sampled locations within anoxic sediments, originating from the North Sea.
In the laboratory, continuous redox potential records, displaying a transient increase and decrease when in contact with oxygen for a limited time, were used to record oxidation events'. Oxygen microelectrodes were used to confm the presence of oxygen. Measurements were performed for 180 d at 230 locations in the top 6 cm of sediment cores containing the natural macrofauna community.
4783 oxidation events m-2· d-1 were recorded within the upper 6 cm of the sediment. The number and duration of oxidation events declined with sediment depth below the oxic zone. Oxygen was present in the anoxic sediment, as determined from redox potential measurements, ≥ 6 h per day at 10% of the randomly chosen locations within the upper 3 cm. The overall distribution of oxidation events and their duration suggest that local, pulsed additions of oxygen by irrigation may be sufficient to maintain an oxidised sediment layer ( sensu J orgensen amp; R evsbech , 1989). Oxic environments along burrow walls rapidly fluctuate between oxic and anoxic conditions. Using oxygen microelectrodes the presence of oxygen (oxic conditions) in these halos was found to range from 2 to 12 h per day. Continuous redox measurements show that oxidised conditions fluctuate with the oxygen pulses and display the same durations, although these may range up to 21 h per day. Oxic and oxidised sediment volumes are estimated to represent < 1% and 3.7%. respectively, of the anoxic sediment to 6 cm depth. Recognition of temporal variability and spatial heterogeneity of sedimentary conditions may prove valuable for future conclusions drawn in other research fields.  相似文献   

11.
Abstract. In late summer and early autumn of 1989 benthic mortality in the upper part of Krka estuary extended from the Skradinski buk waterfalls to approximately 5 km downstream. Dead benthic organisms were found on the bottom at depths of up to 4.5 m. During August, a freshwater phytoplankton bloom was recorded in Visovac lake (which supplies the Skradinski buk waterfalls). The green tide in the lake was composed of up to 11.9 million cells. 1--1, predominantly of Synedra acus and Dinobtyon sertularia . At that time the maximal total inflow of phytoplankton cells through the waterfalls was approx. 0.41 S-I (38000 1. d-1). Cells of these two species died after reaching the salt wedge and the cummulative effect of their decomposition apparently caused an oxygen demand sufficient enough to trigger the benthic mortality. Due to the water mass dynamics, the spreading of mortality downstream was slow (from August to October, approx. 5 km). Certain benthic fishes (like Gobius sp.) were observed on the bottom of the affected area in mid-October 1989.  相似文献   

12.
Abstract. Zooplankton stock as well as faecal pellet numbers were monitored over 2 weeks during May in the central Baltic. Considerable changes in concentrations of chlorophyll and its derivates in copepod faecal pellets as well as in surface sediments were found during this period. The maximum concentration of 1.05 ngchl. a faecal pellet-1, measured on 12 May, decreased by the end of the month to 0.08 ngchl. a faecal pellet-1. This decrease was positively correlated with the disappearance of intact diatoms inside faeces. A flux of 1.53mgchl. a -m-2-day-1 via faecal pellets was calculated for the deep water layer (60–80 m) in mid May. This decreased to 0.005mgchl. a m-2 day-1 by the end of May. Chi. a accounted for up to 10 % of total pigments in samples from the top centimetre of the sediment surface. The means of transportation of faecal pellets as well as their function as a food supply to deeper ecosystems are discussed.  相似文献   

13.
Tracy A.  Villareal 《Marine Ecology》1990,11(2):117-132
Abstract. The oceanic diatom Rhizosolenia clevei and its cyanobactcrial symbiont Richelia intracel-luluris were isolated into laboratory culture and their biology and growth dynamics examined. Nitrogen-fixation by the symbiont could sustain the symbiosis. Growth and nitrogenase activity demonstrated light saturation kinetics, with no photoinhibition up to 315 μE m-1 s-1 for growth and 780μE m-1 s-1 for nitrogen fixation. The symbiosis is not obligate for Rhizosolenia , which is capable of growth independent of the symbiont if a nitrogen source is available. The symbiont is contained in the pcriplasmic space between the Rhizosolenia plasmalcmma and frustulc, and preliminary evidence suggests excretion of fixed nitrogen into the medium may be occurring.  相似文献   

14.
Abstract. Nitzschia sicula (C astr .) H ust ., a planktonic pennate diatom, dominated the microphytoplankton (104-5 times 104 cells. 1-1) in the central, oligotrophic Southern Adriatic Pit waters (20-50m layer) in May 1990. Nauplii dominated the microzooplankton (3 indiv. 1-1in the 0-50m layer, 130 μm mean body length) and produced a considerable amount of faecal (mini)pellets (1900. 1-1 at 50m, mean diameter 47μm), which were compactly filled with N. sicula frustules. The subsurface accumulation of diatoms and nauplii was probably the result of both productive activity under specific hydrographic conditions and the convergence in a relatively strong southern Adriatic cyclonic gyre; the advective transport of populations along the shear zone, at the boundary between water masses of different thermo-haline characteristics may also have played a role. The amount of minipellets was high if compared with the data available from other seas. This was probably due to high production of minipellets, their slow sinking rate, and/or an absence of manipulation of the faecal material by zooplankton.  相似文献   

15.
Abstract. The relative palatability of 13 algae common in the kelp beds of the west coast of the Cape Peninsula, South Africa, is experimentally investigated with respect to feeding by the sea urchin Parechinus angulosus.
We investigated 2 hypotheses: 1) that this important herbivore would feed selectively on these algae and 2) that Desmarestia firma, one of these algae, would be unattractive to Parechinus on account of the H2S04 in the thallus.
Algal preferences are determined from 3 types of feeding experiment, results of which support our first hypothesis, and allow us to group the algae into 3 arbitrary categories: "preferred", "intermediate", and "non-preferred". To explain these patterns, we measured "relative astringen-cy" of each species (essentially a phenol measurement), and phenol content of 4 species (FOUN-DENIS method). Rates of feeding on single species are negatively correlated with relative astringen-cies (r = 0.76, P = 0.99). The high relative astringency of D. firma is caused by its high (18 % per dry mass) H2S04 content, and it is non-preferred. Our results therefore support our second hypothesis. Other implications of these results are discussed.  相似文献   

16.
Abstract. Planktonic and benthonic foraminifera live in the desert-enclosed, hypersaline and oligotrophic Gulf of Aqaba and northernmost Red Sea near the edge of their ecological tolerance. Marked changes in foraminiferal abundance patterns in the past, resulting from hydrological shifts related to global climatic fluctuations, facilitate a high-resolution ecostratigraphic subdivision of deep-sea records covering the last 150,000 years. Of particular significance are the foraminiferal plankton/benthos ratios, the presence/absence pattern of such species as Globigerinoides sacculifer , as well as the frequency variation of Globigerina bulloules-falconensis, Buliminacea, Miiiolacea and various "rotaliform" species. Paleoceanographic interpretation of the shifts in assemblage composition and of stable oxygen isotope data obtained on planktonic foraminifera and pteropods indicates that during glacial intervals - because of global cooling, lowered sea-level and reduced water exchange at the straits of Bab-el-Mandeb - the temperature of the upper waters fell by about 4–6 oC (to 15–17 oC), salinity rose by about 10%o to more than 50%0 while residence time of the water became longer and the input/output ratio of nutrients became higher. As a consequence, fertility of the photic zone was higher, the organic content of the sediments increased and oxygen levels in the deep basin became reduced. Thus, sea level-oscillations and strait-dynamics played a major role in the foraminiferal paleoecology of the Red Sea.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract. In Revellata Bay Gulf of Calvi, Corsica, France, the sparid fish Sarpa salpa L. is the main macro-consumer of Posidonia oceanica L. D elile leaf. Stomach contents were analysed and 13C/12C isotopic ratios were measured in fish muscle and potential food sources algae, P. oceanica leaf and its epiphytes to determine their relative contribution to the fish diet. S. salpa has an age-related mixed diet: juveniles are plankton feeders, young, sub-adults and adults are herbivorous, and, the older the individuals, the higher the relative contribution of P. oceanica to the diet. Our results and former studies of carbon stocks and fluxes in the P. oceanica bed of Revellata Bay have enabled an estimation of the general impact of S. salpa grazing on infralittoral communities: the studied species consumes 24 g C.m-2 -a-1 from P. oceanica leaf, 4.8 from epiphytes and 13 from epilithic algae. The fish net production and biomass turnover in that zone have been estimated to be 1.2gC.m-2.a-1 and 1.5 a-1, respectively.  相似文献   

18.
Sedimentary marine systems are often highly productive and perform important nutrient regeneration functions as they efficiently decompose organic material. In recent years the role of habitat effects and of species composition in ecosystem functioning has become of interest. Estuarine environments are frequently subject to considerable anthropogenic pressures whilst supporting a variety of habitats ranging from well sorted soft muds through biogenically stable sediments to highly mobile coarse sands. There is therefore considerable spatial complexity in habitat type and faunal composition. This study set out to observe the effects of altering the topographical habitat features of an estuarine mudflat on a range of porewater nutrient concentrations (NH4+, NO3−, NO2−, PO43− and SiO) collected from four depths (3, 5, 9, and 12 cm) and on faunal composition. Two treatments (Shelled Nets and Net Controls) were used to alter the topography from simple mud to a mussel shell crumble and were compared to un-manipulated Control areas. Sediment granulometry and organic matter content analyses alongside biological traits analysis of the fauna were also conducted.
Differences were observed in porewater nutrient concentrations between the Control and both netted treatments at 5 cm depth only; the species diversity and abundance were also different in the netted treatments compared to the Controls, although no difference between the two manipulated treatments were observed. The changes in faunal composition were attributed solely to the altered topography and the observed nutrient changes were attributed to the faunal alteration rather than the topographical manipulation.  相似文献   

19.
Abstract. Studies on leaf growth and production were performed in two stands, at depths of 5 m and 22m, in the Posidonia oceanica (L.) D elile bed off Lacco Ameno, Ischia (Gulf of Naples). Experiments were carried out in situ from May 1988 to August 1989 at monthly intervals.
Leaf growth and production profiles differed in the two stands investigated. Growth rates were higher at 5 m, with a peak in autumn (5.8 mg · shoot-1· d-1) and another in March (3.8 mg · shoot-1· d-1). At 22 m the maximum rate occurred in May (3.9 mg · shoot-1· d-1). These differential growth rates resulted in a delayed maximum leaf surface and biomass at the deep stand, where lower irradiance values and different temperature patterns were also found. The biomass of epiphytic algae showed trends similar to those of leaves; however, there were remarkable differences in the values between the two stations and for the two investigated years.
The production data of the present study are compared with those of other reports, and it is shown that growth processes are greatly influenced by physical factors.  相似文献   

20.
Abstract. Coastal Patagonian sea waters had been differentially nutrient-enriched to determine (i) the magnitude of the algal biomass supported and (ii) which species were able to best compete for the available nutrients. Nitrogen was found to be the nutrient limiting growth of the natural phytoplankton population. The addition of NO3 at 25 μg at 1-1 led to a 10 to 30 μg 1-1 increase in chlorophyll a in all but those treatments containing trace metal additions. The best yield coefficients were obtained when a chelator (EDTA) was added with NO3. A pool of nine diatom species were common in the N03 supplemented waters and the addition of vitamins along with NO3 allowed two of the nine species to dominate.  相似文献   

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