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风化洞穴在全球不同气候区广泛发育,其形成过程和主控因素是地貌学研究的热点问题,但形成机制至今仍存在不少争议,尤其对丹霞地貌区风化洞穴的研究还较少。丹霞山是世界自然遗产地“中国丹霞”的典型代表,陡坡上发育形态和规模各异的风化洞穴,是丹霞地貌的重要景观要素,为认识亚热带湿润气候风化洞穴成因提供了良好的机会。文章以丹霞山砾岩和砂岩陡坡上的5处典型风化洞穴为研究对象,利用野外考察、形态测量、气象监测、样品显微观察及盐化学实验等方法,在已有研究的基础上进一步对湿润气候丹霞地貌区风化洞穴的特征和成因进行探讨。结果表明：1）在砾岩中发育的洞穴一般个体形态较大,洞穴具有较明显的向上和向内生长趋势;砂岩中发育的洞穴大多密集排列,形态较小,常具有蜂巢结构。2）岩石性质是洞穴发育的基本影响因素,在宏观尺度上决定了洞穴的发育位置和排列方式,也决定了不同岩性下发育的风化洞穴的形态特征。在微观尺度上,岩石含有较多长石、钙质胶结物等易溶矿物组分,在酸性雨水渗流过程中发生化学溶解,加上盐结晶作用导致岩石微观结构破坏,诱发洞穴初始形成。3）洞穴尺寸变大后,洞穴内适宜的微气候是洞穴演化的关键因素,为水和盐的聚集及盐风化提... 相似文献
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青藏高原东北缘马衔山夷平面特征指标的提取与分析 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
夷平面研究在地貌演化和新构造运动,特别是青藏高原隆升过程研究中占有极其重要的地位,准确界定夷平面分布范围是开展夷平面定量--半定量研究的重要基础.截至目前,前人已利用计算机图像处理技术和目视解译等方法开展了相关工作,并取得重要研究进展.然而,以往利用坡度高程指标提取夷平面时存在一定的随意性和主观性.青藏高原内部及其周边地区发育系列夷平面,其中高原东北缘马衔山地区较好的保存了两级夷平面.被夷平的地层为前寒武系马衔山群混合岩,山顶面上发育冰缘地貌,主夷平面波状起伏,上有岛山和晚新生代沉积,局部覆盖有40 m左右红粘土和30 m以上更新世黄土,并在局地残留3 m以上风化壳,是开展夷平面研究的理想地区.为探讨如何确定提取夷平面的最佳坡度高程指标,本文基于夷平面的特殊地貌几何形态,利用均值变点分析法和最小误差法确定了提取夷平面的最佳高程和坡度指标,并据此对马衔山地区的两级夷平面的分布范围进行提取和统计分析.最后结合剖面线,坡向分布图和区域地质资料探讨了夷平面的构造变形特征.研究发现马衔山地区两级夷平面最佳坡度指标均为12°,山顶面和主夷平面高程主要分布在3470~3640 m和2670~2870 m;统计分析表明山顶面面积约为6.4 km2,平均高程为3559 m,主夷平面面积约为15.5 km2,平均高程为2771 m;而夷平面的变形特征主要受控于区域断层. 相似文献
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《地理与地理信息科学》2017,(1)
山地夷平面是以河流为主的各种外营力对地面的长期剥蚀、夷平作用形成并被后期地壳运动抬升到山地顶部的大范围的平坦或微波状起伏的面,是复原地貌演化的基础。20世纪90年代以来,笔者在前人研究的基础上,通过大比例尺地形图、卫片图判读以及野外考察和同位素年龄测定等方法,对华北山地夷平面进行了研究。结果表明,华北山地有3期山地夷平面和1期山麓剥蚀面,其形成条件与构造、气候、海平面有关,并有初期的地壳急剧抬升-快速下切、中晚期的逐渐减缓-侧蚀夷平与末期的相对稳定-风化壳发育3个阶段,以溯源侵蚀-谷坡后退的方式进行,夷平面形成后还会产生变形与解体。夷平面研究对于理论研究和生产实践均具有重要意义。 相似文献
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中国热带第四纪动物群与气候波动 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
中国热带第四纪动物群的70多个实例约有40%出现在冷期,反映气候波动幅度较小.动物群的时空分布可以佐证早更新世气候波动的2个主旋回、中更新世的3个主旋回、晚更新世的2个主旋回和全新世大暖期.末次冰期和新冰期未曾危及热带动物群的生存.历史时期的冷波动使动物逐步南迁,但其绝迹主要是受人为因素影响. 相似文献
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夷平面研究评述 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
全球构造与地球大尺度地形特征之间的关系研究重新成为一个地学研究热点。在国内,夷平面研究的“回春”是其一个主要的表现形式。但在研究中,一些基本的理论与问题有待明确、探讨和解决。在夷平面理论的研究中,地貌演化的历史研究和演化的机制研究仍是最基本的问题。“夷平面”定义的混乱严重阻碍了相关研究的发展。不同气候和构造环境下,夷平面的形成和演化过程仍需科学地概括和抽象。在研究实践中,时间和空间尺度的精确解释成为关键的问题。一方面,不同类型夷平面的地貌特征(海拔高度、地面坡度、相对高度和面积)仍待明确或半定量、定量表示;而另一方面,夷平面的定年仍是一个棘手的问题。在夷平面的确认过程中,一些地貌学原则和规律应当遵循,如齐一山顶面地貌学成因的不确定性;以及同一地貌单元内,准平原型夷平面的出露具有唯一性等。夷平面的相关堆积是夷平面定年和古地貌重建的基础,但是我们必须明确相关堆积与夷平面的关系,如夷平面的原地相关堆积——风化壳的年龄只能够对夷平面的形成时代给予约束,而不能指示其确切的形成时间。更为困难的是,在古地貌的重建过程中,起始时刻某一区域的地貌特征参数仍然无法精确的确定。 相似文献
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洞穴次生化学沉积物与地质背景及洞穴环境的耦合关系——以广西巴马水晶宫为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
运用岩溶地貌及洞穴次生化学沉积物的成景机制和原理,结合动态耦合的方法和系统的观点,通过“洞穴”这一共同作用的对象,将洞穴的区域地质背景、洞穴外部环境、洞穴内部环境与洞穴次生化学沉积物成景过程进行有机联系,创立某一洞穴次生化学沉积物成景耦合系统,概括其内涵、特征和意义。同时通过对广西巴马水晶宫区域地质背景、洞穴外部环境、洞穴内部环境等系统分析和研究,全面系统探讨水晶宫洞穴次生化学沉积物的成景耦合过程,并按不同时期区域构造运动的程度及洞穴次生化学沉积物的形成特征,将该成景耦合过程划分为4个可往复循环的阶段：① 区域构造平稳前期—洞穴次生化学沉积物形成发育阶段;② 区域构造平稳中期—洞穴次生化学沉积物大规模发育阶段;③ 区域构造平稳后期—洞穴次生化学沉积物缓慢或停止发育阶段;④ 区域间歇性构造运动—洞穴次生化学沉积物崩塌阶段。 相似文献
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中国夷平面研究的新进展—吴忱等著，华北山地地形面、地文期与地貌发育史》评介 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
夷平面的研究是地貌学理论、古环境学和地球动力学研究中的一个重要方面,对于寻找某些矿藏也很有意义.在我国,夷平面在华北山地广泛发育,是研究的发祥地.20世纪初就有中外地学家不断发表论著,并且将研究逐步扩及到西北和西南地区.50至60年代,关于夷平面研究逐渐稀少.70至90年代中期,夷平面的研究几乎成为空白,只在其它研究项目中捎带涉及.夷平面研究长期停滞不前的原因,笔者认为主要有三:一是未能找到确切的断代证据以定出夷平面的形成时代;二是未能开展大范围的连续追溯、调查和制图,进行夷平面的分级、对比和查明区域变化;三是对夷平面研究的理论和实际意义缺乏深刻理解.其中,难度最大的是夷平面的形成时代鉴定、分级与对比. 相似文献
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Until recently, the amount of published information available about the fauna in Norwegian karst caves has been very limited. The Karst Research Project in Norway, established in 1977, has considerably expanded our knowledge in this field. As ecosystems, Norwegian karst caves can be divided into two types: 1) open systems – connecting directly to the surface, with rivers or brooks entering through discrete openings. Most animals are surface or surface-related forms which may survive but rarely can reproduce underground. True cavernicoles are not often found; 2) infiltration systems – are fed by seepage water from overlying material, and show a more complex and interesting cave ecosystem, including troglophilic and troglobitic forms (which, with few exceptions, are invertebrates). Vertebrate data from caves in Norway consist of fossils and unfossilized bone remains, usually of mammals. These represent accidentals from stream and pit-fall traps, as well as remains of predator dens. Two on-going research projects in Norway arc: 1) the Ecosystem Study in Bevergrotta – sampling of the environment and contents has been continued for several years, and has shown this to be one of the most significant cave ecosystems in Norway; 2) Mammalian Remnants in Caves – sampling is still in the preliminary stage, and has collected only exposed remains. The data at present indicate bones of 5700 years old or younger. Clearly deeper sampling over a broad geographic area needs to be done. 相似文献
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2008年,重庆穿洞遗址发掘出一具保存较好的晚更新世大马蹄蝠（Hipposideros armiger）化石,这是中国发现的第5个大马蹄蝠化石地点,同时,也是迄今为止所发现保存最为完整的标本。对该地点化石材料观测显示：大马蹄蝠在与其他翼手目标本进行形态对比时,可以根据其个体大小、颅骨形状及齿式特征等进行多项有效鉴别。在大马蹄蝠演化方面,从化石材料上观察,更新世晚期大马蹄蝠桡骨长度与现生标本基本一致,这反映出大马蹄蝠在更新世晚期其飞翔能力与现生标本相似（桡骨长度增大,这是翼手目与一般哺乳动物相比在演化方面的特化现象）。穿洞大马蹄蝠化石的发现,对研究长江三峡地区第四纪古环境具有重要意义。它证明了更新世晚期时三峡地区有温暖湿润的气候和繁茂的森林植被,并且分布有为翼手目提供居址栖息的大型岩溶洞穴;晚更新世时期,出现于中国其他地区的冰期气候等恶劣环境现象,未曾对长江三峡地区动、植物生存环境造成影响。 相似文献
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The origin of the sediments located in the Naracoorte Caves (South Australia) was investigated via the analysis of strontium isotope ratios (87Sr/86Sr), elemental geochemistry, and mineralogy. Sedimentary deposits located in Robertson, Wet, Blanche and several other chambers in Victoria Cave are all variable mixes of fine sand and coarse silts, which display similar and consistent strontium isotope ratios (0.717–0.725). This suggests that over the 400 ka time frame that these deposits span there has been minimal variation in the source of the clastic sediments. Increased strontium concentrations for these cave sediments correspond with increasing silt content, yet there is no correlation between 87Sr/86Sr ratios and silt content. This implies that the silt-sized component of the sediments is the main contributor of strontium to the cave sediments. Comparisons of 87Sr/86Sr with regional surficial deposits show a significant correlation between the cave sediments (avg: 0.7228; n = 27), the fine silt lunettes of the Bool Lagoon area (avg: 0.7224; n = 4), the sandy A horizons of the Coonawarra Red Brown Earths (RBEs; avg: 0.726; n = 5), and Holocene age podsolic sand deposits (0.723). These data suggest that there has been substantial flux from this group of deposits to the caves, as would be expected considering prevailing winds. This relationship is further supported by a strong correlation between many trace elements, including Ti, Zr, Ce, and Y; however, variations in clay mineralogy suggest that the fine silt-dominated lunettes and Padthaway RBEs were not significant contributors to the cave deposits. Hence, the detritus entering the caves was more than likely from areas proximal to the cave entrance and was dominated by medium grain-sized materials. Major regional deposits, including the coarser-grained, calcite-rich Bridgewater Formation sands, basalts from the lower SE, Padthaway Horst granites, Gambier limestone, and metamorphics from the Adelaide geosyncline show minimal correlation in 87Sr/86Sr ratios, elemental geochemistry, and mineralogy with the cave sediments, and are discounted as significant sources. In comparison, 87Sr/86Sr ratios for the Coorong silty sands (0.717–0.724), Lower Murray sands (0.727–0.730), and the medium size silt component of the Murray–Darling River system (0.71–0.72), compare favourably with the cave sediments. This relationship is further supported by similarities in elemental chemistry and mineralogy. Thus, much of the strontium-rich silt that is now located in the Naracoorte Cave sediments likely originated from the Murray–Darling basin. Over time, this material has been transported to the SE of South Australia, where it mixed with the medium sand component of the regressive dune ridge sequence, locally derived organic matter, limestone fragments, and fossil material to produce the unique deposits that we see evident in many of the chambers of the Naracoorte Cave system today. 相似文献
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Tomi P. Luoto 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2012,47(1):141-157
Surface sediment samples from Lake Moaralmsee in the Austrian Alps were examined for fossil remains of aquatic insects and
mites. This study investigated the influence of water depth on the fauna, to explore the possibility of using such fossil
remains in sediment cores to reconstruct past water level changes. In addition, instar-specific patterns of chironomid (Diptera:
Chironomidae) head capsule accumulation were examined to evaluate whether the smaller, lighter-weight early instars are more
easily transported within the lake basin, creating a potential source of error for paleolimnological inferences. Results showed
that intra-lake distribution of these zoological remains is closely related to water depth and suggested that the fossils
accumulate near each species’ habitat. In addition, the ratio between exoskeletons of oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) and
chironomid head capsules was strongly related to water depth. Examination of instar-specific accumulation patterns of all
chironomid remains showed no significant relationship between specific instars and water depth, though littoral samples consisted
only of the 3rd and 4th instars. A taxon-specific examination revealed that the early instars of Paracladius are significantly focused to the deeper parts of the basin. Because most taxa displayed significant relations with water
depth, a transfer function was developed, relating fossil chironomids to water depth. This model has a high coefficient of
determination and a low estimate of prediction error. In this study, Paracladius was found to prefer shallow and intermediate water depths, hence enhanced offshore transport of early instar head capsules
may weaken model performance statistics. Results indicate that intra-lake calibration sets of invertebrate remains have great
potential in paleolimnological research, though there is a possible risk of spatial autocorrelation. Such datasets also contribute
to the understanding of the modern ecology of the fauna because fossil assemblages in surface deposits provide habitat-specific
autecological information. More effort should be directed at evaluating how remains of different instars are transported within
other lake basins, because selective offshore transport of head capsules of different larval stages can potentially cause
bias in environmental reconstructions. 相似文献
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Holocene fossil shells of the rotifer, Habrotrocha angusticollus (Bdelloidea: Rotifera) is reported from two peatlands in northern Ontario, Canada. H. angusticollis is a common component of the microfauna in Sphagnum peatlands and other wet mossy habitats. Our knowledge of the distribution and ecology of H. angusticollis is limited and this paper is the first detailed report of the shells as fossils in North America. Fossil shells of H. angusticollis may prove to be a valuable paleoecological indicator in peat deposits once Quaternary paleoecologists learn to recognize them and neoecologists extend their surveys to peatlands. 相似文献
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南京汤山葫芦洞是著名的南京直立人化石发现地,洞穴碎屑堆积与演化研究是该地点研究中的薄弱环节。本文应用统计学方法分析了该洞穴4个剖面碎屑堆积氧化物和植硅体化石记录,结合洞穴堆积物特征厘清了各剖面间地层对比关系;借助地质雷达等物探技术反演了洞穴东部埋藏堆积的空间结构和特征,进而结合年代学研究成果,将洞穴碎屑堆积自下而上划分为7层,建立了洞穴碎屑堆积剖面与埋藏碎屑堆积间的对比框架。受气候环境演变、洞穴内部动力系统变化以及侵蚀基准面局部调整的影响,洞穴侵蚀堆积的发育可分为洞穴北侧堆积、东部堆积、南裂隙堆积、中部锥状体堆积和西部堆积5个阶段。洞穴演化过程时空上的显著迁移特征及洞穴宜居性差,暗示葫芦洞并非是早期直立人的居住地。 相似文献
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Diatom and thecamoebian signatures of Red River (Manitoba and North Dakota) floods: Data collected from the 1997 and 1999 spring freshets 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Overbank deposits that aggraded during the severe and moderate Red River, Manitoba and North Dakota floods of 1997 and 1999 were examined to characterize the typical diatom and thecamoebian flood assemblages. The deposits contain diatom assemblages dominated by Nitzschia spp., Stephanodiscus spp. and Navicula spp. as well as large quantities of Hantzschia amphioxys, Luticola
imbricata and L. mutica and lesser amounts of Aulacoseira italica, A. granulata, A. ambigua, Cyclotella meneghiniana, Amphora montana and Synedra ulna. Samples collected from the Red River in late summer are dominated by the plankton Cyclotella atomus, species of Stephanodiscus, Cyclostephanos sp. 1 (cf. delicatus), Cyclotella meneghiniana, Nitzschia reversa and Nitzschia acicularis. Late summer, floodplain lake plankton are dominated by Fragilaria capucina, Cocconeis placentula, Stephanodiscus parvus/minutulus and Cyclotella atomus. Red River thecamoebian flood assemblages are dominated by Cyclopyxis spp., with lesser amounts of Centropyxis aculeata and Arcella vulgaris. Late summer water samples from the Red River contain very few thecamoebian remains. The majority of the taxa present are Centropyxis aculeata, Arcella vulgaris and Cyclopyxis spp. Floodplain lakes are dominated by benthic thecamoebians, especially Difflugia oblonga and Cucurbitella tricuspis, a eutrophic indicator. The results of this baseline study suggest that diatom and thecamoebian assemblages can characterize flood deposits, within floodplain lake basins, during both very high and moderately high flood years, and that these assemblages are inherently different from those typically found in lakes along the Red River. 相似文献
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河北省头泉叠层石与古地理探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
元古代叠层石是研究古地理变化的重要材料。井陉县头泉村叠层石显示了原始的群落状态,经鉴定其时代为元古代高于庄组,代表性分子为拟灌木藻板锥叠层石、多角紊乱锥叠层石、圆筒锥叠层石、杨沙候锥叠层石和高于庄叠层石。叠层石形态分异多样,与滨海、浅海相白云岩伴生,个体有较强的铁染现象,在纵向剖面上多期生长;它反映了当时古海洋的温度、盐度条件基本稳定,水动力、水深、光照条件有一定变化,古地理演化可划分为6个阶段。 相似文献
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黄河、长江泥沙特性对比分析* 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：10
通过对黄河、长江泥沙的粒度分析、矿物分析及石英包裹体分析,揭示了两大河流泥沙的差异性。黄河悬沙粗于长江而底沙比长江为细。重矿物组合中,黄河泥沙黑云母含量远高于长江,粘土矿物中蒙脱石含量约比长江多一倍。反映了两大河流水动力条件及泥沙源区的环境差异。石英包裹体分析,更反映了两大河流泥沙源区的成因环境,为区分河流泥沙来源提供了一种新的方法。 相似文献
20.
The blocking or reversing effect of the downstream trunk river on its tributary lakes is an essential aspect of river-lake hydraulics. To measure how and the extent to which a trunk river can influence its tributary lakes, we made a case study in Changjiang River and one of its tributary lakes, Lake East Dongting (Lake ED) during a 35-year study period (1980–2014). Specifically, we investigated Lake ED’s discharge ability into Changjiang River using stage-discharge relationship curves, and hence the changes of the lake discharge ability under different hydrologic conditions of the Changjiang River. The results show that (1) the Changjiang River does exert a huge impact on the water regimes of Lake ED. And this impact varies seasonally. A variation of 3000 m3/s in Changjiang River’s runoff would change the lake water level by about 1.1 m in dry seasons, by 0.4 m in wet seasons, and by 0.6 m during severe summer floods. (2) Changes in the Changjiang River runoff triggered by the Three Gorges Dam since 2003 have led to dramatic water regime variations in Lake ED. Other factors, including reduction of lake inflow and the lake bed erosion, also exacerbated the water regime variations in Lake ED. 相似文献