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1.
Liu Cong Li Shucai Zhou Zongqing Li Liping Shi Shaoshuai Wang Meixia Gao Chenglu 《Natural Hazards》2020,102(3):1451-1474
Submarine landslides are a common type of disaster which threaten property and the safety of human life. To effectively prevent and control such disasters, we conduct a series of large-scale physical model tests to determine the mechanism of submarine landslides. First, a large-scale physical model test system is designed and developed, including flume test frame, wave-making system, wave-absorbing system, and data monitoring system. In the tests, we investigate the effect of different sea waves by changing the parameters of the wave-making system and the influence of the slope inclination by constructing different models. Data regarding the wave pressure acting on the slope surface, seepage pressure, and displacement are monitored during the test procedure. The test results show that the seepage pressure in the faults varies cyclically with the sea waves and is lower at internal points than at outcrops. If the wave loading time is sufficiently long, the seepage pressure and displacement deformation in the fault zone will gradually increase. In other words, failures in fault zones precede submarine landslides. The weak fault zone provides the preferred sliding surface, and the sea waves supply the external dynamic energy for submarine landslides. The conclusions provide guidelines for similar engineering and research.
相似文献2.
The anomalous weather patterns observed world-wide associated with El Niño are often accompanied by changes in local sea levels. Sea level anomalies are transmitted through various oceanic and atmospheric pathways and data suggest that this effect is currently on the order of tens of centimetres in some areas both within and outside of the equatorial Pacific. Positive sea level anomalies either generated or enhanced by El Niño have been linked to powerful storm waves and coastal flooding. 相似文献
3.
Global climate change in response to buildup of human-induced greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has already resulted in several visible consequences such as an increase in ocean heat content and melting of glaciers. The relative effect of sea level and wave variability on shoreline changes along the coastline of James Town, Ghana (Gulf of Guinea), was investigated between 2013 and 2014. Data were gathered at James Town, over an 8-month period (2013–2014) from nearshore video installation, Era-Interim hindcast, and satellite altimetry. Data were evaluated over daily and monthly timescale variations. Though beach changes are not directly driven by sea level variability, its action is key in modulating waves influence. The results show that the shoreline responds in decreasing order to sea level variations (86%), waves (9%), and tidal cycles (5%) on daily bases. Wind-induced setup has limited effect on the shoreline. The observed most important component of sea level anomaly at this tropical “storm free” coast is the influence from inverse barometer. Decadal observations from satellite show that sea level anomaly is continuously rising in the Gulf of Guinea subregion with expected strong consequence for this urbanized low lying sandy coast.
相似文献4.
The spatial sampling offered by TOPEX and Jason series of satellite radar altimeters and its continuity during the last twenty years are major assets to provide an improved vision of the global mean sea level (GMSL). The objective of this paper is to examine the recent GMSL variations (1993–2012) and to investigate the correlation between the GMSL and ENSO (El Niño-southern oscillation) episodes. For this purpose, a mean sea level anomalies time series, obtained from TOPEX, Jason-1 and Jason-2 measurements, is used to determine the trend of GMSL changes by using a simplified form of an unobserved components model (namely UCM). Then, to investigate the impact of the ENSO phenomenon on the GMSL changes, we considered the sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) index over the Niño3 region (5N–5S 150W–90W). Cross wavelet transform and wavelet coherence analysis are performed to expose common power between the GMSL changes and the SSTA index and their relative phase in the time–frequency space. The results indicate that there are in the estimated GMSL's trend a number of fluctuations over short periods that are least partly related to the El Niño/La Niña episodes. Cross wavelet transform and wavelet coherence analysis indicate that a significant correlation between GMSL and ENSO occurred during 1997–1998, 2006–2007, 2009–2010 El Niño events and 2007–2008 and 2010–2011 La Niña ones. All these areas show in-phase relationship, suggesting that GMSL and SSTA index vary synchronously. 相似文献
5.
毫米波测云雷达的特点及其研究现状与展望 总被引：17，自引：2，他引：15
云在大气的能量分配、辐射传输,尤其是水循环系统中有不可忽视的作用。云探测对云物理、人工影响天气、气候变化和航空航天等领域有重要意义,是大气科学研究的热点之一。尽管目前已经发展了很多种遥感设备对云进行观测(如激光雷达、卫星、云幂仪等),但这些设备无法得到高时空分辨率的云水平和垂直结构,而毫米波雷达是云三维精细结构探测的重要工具。由于毫米波雷达具有更接近小粒子尺度的短波长,因此更适合用来探测弱云,同时毫米波雷达也存在衰减严重的缺点。介绍了毫米波雷达的特点以及其探测小粒子的优势;对比分析了其与新一代多普勒天气雷达、晴空风廓线雷达的差异,得出：毫米波雷达具有高时空分辨率,能够更精确地反映云的垂直和水平结构,比普通天气雷达更适合监测云的变化。概括了国内外毫米波测云雷达的发展现状以及在云物理研究方面的情况,并展望了国内毫米波雷达未来研究的方向。 相似文献
6.
JINADASA KATUPOTHA 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》1988,17(2):209-213
A well-developed extensive buried coral reef at Akurala, north of Hikkaduwa, is deposited on a low plateau of decomposed crystalline rocks of Precambrian age. Radiocarbon age datings from three coral quarries in the area reveal that the branching and massive corals, in a position ofgrowth, were gradually deposited between 6, 110 ± 80 B.P. and 5,500 ± 80 B.P. in a bay or a lagoon as isolated patches, and their heights vary from 1.4m to 3.9m below mean sea level (MSL). Four radiocarbon age datings of emerged coral reef patches at Akurala and Akurala- Telwatte vary from 6,170 ± 70 B.P. to 5,350 ± 80 B.P. and at levels between 10cm and 70cm above MSL respectively. The present living corals in front of the southwest coast thrive from mean low water spring (MLWS) tidal level to 4m in depth in lagoonal reef areas. From the level of pesent living coral it is inferred that sea level was above the present level about 50cm at 6,110 ± 80 B.P. and 1m or more at 5,560 ± 80 B.P. The in situ position and condition of the materials show that they were not accumulated by catastrophic events such as storm waves. 相似文献
7.
Francisco J. Sierro Nils Andersen Maria A. Bassetti Serge Bern Miquel Canals Jason H. Curtis Bernard Dennielou Jose Abel Flores Jaime Frigola Beatriz Gonzalez-Mora Joan O. Grimalt David A. Hodell Gwenael Jouet Marta Prez-Folgado Ralph Schneider 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2009,28(25-26):2867-2881
Direct traces of past sea levels are based on the elevation of old coral reefs at times of sea level highstands. However, these measurements are discontinuous and cannot be easily correlated with climate records from ice cores. In this study we show a new approach to recognizing the imprint of sea level changes in continuous sediment records taken from the continental slope at locations that were continuously submerged, even during periods of sea level lowstand. By using a sediment core precisely synchronized with Greenland ice cores, we were able to recognize major floods of the Mediterranean continental shelf over the past 270 kyr. During the last glacial period five flooding events were observed at the onset of the warmest Greenland interstadials. Consistent correspondence between warm climate episodes and eustatic sea level rises shows that these global flooding events were generated by pronounced melting of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets, due to rapid intensification of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation.The method described in this study opens a new perspective for inter-hemispheric synchronization of marine climate records if applied in other continental margins from the Southern Hemisphere or the equatorial regions. 相似文献
8.
Lars B. Clemmensen Lars Nielsen Mette Bendixen Andrew Murray 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2012,41(3):422-434
Flakket on the island of Anholt in Denmark is a cuspate foreland facing the microtidal Kattegat sea. It is composed of a number of beach ridges typically covered by dune sand and separated by swales and wetlands. OSL dating indicates that the evolution of Flakket began c. AD 1000. Foreland growth was punctuated by a major episode of coastal reorganization leading to coastal retreat c. AD 1800. Coastal retreat led to the formation of an erosion surface that separates older and higher‐lying beach‐ridge and swale deposits from younger and lower‐lying deposits. The palaeo‐sea level is deduced from the architecture of the deposits, and interpretation of ground‐penetrating radar data and geomophological observations indicates that relative sea level was about 1.90±0.25 m above present sea level c. AD 1000, but about 0.00±0.25 m relative to present sea level c. AD 1830 and c. AD 1870. Anholt is situated at the margin of the uplifted Fennoscandian area; assuming uplift to be about 1.2 mm a?1 it follows that absolute sea level was about +0.70±0.25 m at AD 1000, but around ?0.22±0.25 m at AD 1830 and around ?0.17±0.25 m at AD 1870. Within the uncertainties of the age control, the sea‐level indicators mapped by ground‐penetrating radar reflections and the variability of estimates of uplift found in the literature, the result obtained for AD 1000 is consistent with findings from the Stockholm area in Sweden and with a recently published global sea‐level curve. 相似文献
9.
The extent of multi‐year sea ice impacts climate processes worldwide, such as ocean–atmosphere carbon dioxide exchange and deep ocean current formation. Reconstructing these processes in the past, and assessing the distribution of ecologically and climatically significant features, such as polynas, requires recognition of sediments deposited under multi‐year sea ice, but little is known about their characteristics. Textural analysis of subaerial and sea floor sediment in Explorers Cove, McMurdo Sound, at the mouth of Taylor Valley, Antarctica, augmented with observations of sedimentary structures and faunal components, elucidates how sediment is transported to the sea floor and allows characterization of the deposits. Comparison of grain‐size characteristics of subaerial (moraine, delta and sea‐ice surface) sediment and sea floor sediment from short cores taken at depths of 7 to 25 m indicates that the likely source of the moderately to poorly sorted sea floor sand is deltaic sediment; small glacial meltwater streams have built deltas since Taylor Valley became ice‐free ca 7000 years ago. Windblown sediment accumulating on the multi‐year sea ice close to the coast typically is coarser grained than sediment on the sea floor; this suggests that the transport of sediment through the ice to the sea floor is not the predominant mode of sediment transfer. However, supra‐sea‐ice sediment does move to the sea floor through local fractures. The rate of sedimentation under multi‐year sea ice is low because of limited stream flow and biogenic sedimentation; the ice cover inhibits primary productivity and dampens waves, precluding physical re‐suspension. The upper centimetres of sea floor sediment are churned by epifaunal scallops and brittle stars that leave no telltale biogenic structures and whose calcite ossicles and shells may be poorly preserved. The resulting deposits under multi‐year sea ice are poorly sorted, massive sand that provides little evidence of the bioturbators that have masked the indicators of the original physical depositional processes. 相似文献
10.
Morphology and facies architecture of a falling sea level strandplain, Umiujaq, Hudson Bay, Canada 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Coastal strandplain deposits near Umiujaq, eastern Hudson Bay, Canada, were formed under falling relative sea level conditions resulting from postglacial isostatic uplift. Ground-probing radar profiles across the strandplain reveal a lower progradational unit (LPU) discordantly overlain by an upper progradational unit (UPU), which were correlated with stratigraphic sections exposed in incised valley walls. The discordance is a wave erosion surface (WES) that separates fine shoreface sands of the LPU from coarse-sand and gravel of the UPU. Major basal downlap surfaces can be traced updip into marine terraces and define downstepping wedges. The downstepping is interpreted as representing ‘autocyclic’ morphological reconfiguration rather than a response to changes in the rate of sea level fall. The internal architecture is strongly dependent on the accommodation and thus on antecedent topography. A conceptual model for strandplain deposition under falling sea level incorporates a bipartite shallowing-upward sandy succession when sufficient accommodation is available. Where accommodation space is limited, a sharp-based bar-and-beach sandbody directly overlies muddy deeper water deposits and the WES resembles a regressive surface of erosion. 相似文献
11.
浅海初至折射波法勘探干扰因素分析及校正方法 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
海上水文环境的复杂性给开展浅层初至折射波法地震勘探带来一定困难 ,主要体现在潮汐、海流、涌浪等对观测系统产生较大影响 ,是海上工作的主要干扰因素。本文针对排列弯曲、炮点偏移距大小、炮点与检波器不在同一深度以及时距曲线偏移等问题进行了讨论 ,并提出了校正和解决的方法。 相似文献
12.
Matthew Simpson Sethu Raman R. Suresh U. C. Mohanty 《Journal of Earth System Science》2008,117(6):897-909
Doppler radar derived wind speed and direction profiles showed a well developed sea breeze circulation over the Chennai, India
region on 28 June, 2003. Rainfall totals in excess of 100 mm resulted from convection along the sea breeze front. Inland propagation
of the sea breeze front was observed in radar reflectivity imagery. High-resolution MM5 simulations were used to investigate
the influence of Chennai urban land use on sea breeze initiated convection and precipitation. A comparison of observed and
simulated 10m wind speed and direction over Chennai showed that the model was able to simulate the timing and strength of
the sea breeze. Urban effects are shown to increase the near surface air temperature over Chennai by 3.0K during the early
morning hours. The larger surface temperature gradient along the coast due to urban effects increased onshore flow by 4.0m
s−1. Model sensitivity study revealed that precipitation totals were enhanced by 25mm over a large region 150 km west of Chennai
due to urban effects. Deficiency in model physics related to night-time forecasts are addressed. 相似文献
13.
W.R. Peltier 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2009,28(17-18):1658-1674
The budget of global sea level rise includes contributions from several distinct factors, including thermosteric effects, the wasting of small ice sheets and glaciers, and the loss of mass by the great polar ice sheets and by the continents due to desiccation. Since the former contribution may be estimated on the basis of both hydrographic survey data and more recently using Argo float data, the second may be estimated on the basis of mass balance measurements on existing ice-fields, and the latter on the basis of modern GRACE-based time dependent gravity field measurements, the inputs to the globally averaged rate of sea level rise may be directly constrained. Since GRACE also provides a measurement of the rate at which mass is being added to the oceans, we are now in a position to ask whether this rate of mass addition to the oceans matches the rate at which mass is being removed from the continents. As demonstrated herein, the mass component of the budget of global sea level is closed within the observational errors. When the mass-derived contribution is added to the thermosteric contribution it is furthermore shown that the inference of the net rate of global sea level rise by the altimetric satellites Topex/Poseidon and Jason 1 is also reconcilable over the GRACE era. It is noted those individual terms in the budget, especially the contribution from small ice sheets and glaciers, remains insufficiently accurate. It is demonstrated that the lingering influence of the Late Quaternary ice-age upon sea level is profound and that closure of the budget requires an accurate model of its impact. 相似文献
14.
Trends in global and regional sea level from satellite altimetry within the framework of auto-SSA 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Habib Taibi Salem Kahlouche Mahdi Haddad Ali Rami 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2013,6(12):4575-4584
The sea level change is a crucial indicator of our climate. The spatial sampling offered by satellite altimetry and its continuity during the last 18 years are major assets to provide an improved vision of the sea level changes. In this paper, we analyze the University of Colorado database of sea level time series to determine the trends for 18 large ocean regions by means of the automatic trend extraction approach in the framework of the singular spectrum analysis technique. Our global sea level trend estimate of 3.19 mm/year for the period from 1993 to 2010 is comparable with the 3.20-mm/year sea level rise since 1993 calculated by AVISO Altimetry. However, the trends from the different ocean regions show dissimilar patterns. The major contributions to the global sea level rise during 1993–2010 are from the Indian Ocean (3.78?±?0.08 mm/year). 相似文献
15.
Influence of glacial isostatic adjustment upon current sea level variations in the Mediterranean 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Present-day sea level variations in the Mediterranean depend on various factors, including recent climatic forcing, tectonic activity, anthropogenic effects, and glacio-isostatic adjustment. The latter is governed by mantle rheology and the spatio–temporal distribution of the late-Pleistocene ice sheets and it is expected to produce a long-wavelength pattern of sea level variations across the Mediterranean, mostly determined by the response of the solid earth and of the geoid to loading effects of melt water since the end of deglaciation. Modeling glacio-isostatic effects in this region is necessary for a correct interpretation of tide gauge and GPS time-series, and thereby to constrain both the present-day climate-related sea level rise and regional or local geological, tectonic and human-driven displacements. By an exhaustive exploration of the parameter space of mantle rheology and ice sheet chronologies, in this work we outline upper and lower bounds on the current rate of sea level variation associated with glacial isostatic adjustment in the Mediterranean. This may contribute to a full assessment of coastal vulnerability by sea level rise on a regional and local scale. 相似文献
16.
在对莱州湾南岸8个钻孔沉积物沉积结构及有孔虫特征分析基础上,识别相关海面标志层位,辅以加速器质谱AMS14C测年,重建了全新世相对海面变化历史,并讨论了海面变化的沉积响应及控制因素。约9200cal BP以前,海面快速上升,研究区海侵时海面于-21.5m左右;9200~8400cal BP海面上升速率减缓至约2mm/a;8400~8000cal BP海面由-14m快速上升至-5.5m,速率约为33mm/a;8000~7600cal BP,海面持续数百年停滞或微弱下降;7600~7000cal BP海面由-5.5m快速上升至0m以上,速率至少约为13mm/a;7000~6000cal BP海面缓慢上升至+2~+3m位置,速率约为3mm/a;约6000cal BP以后海面缓慢下降至现今水平。约9200cal BP以前、8400~8000cal BP、7600~7000cal BP时期的3次海面快速上升,是MWP-1C融水脉冲、诱发8.2ka冷事件的融水脉冲,以及MWP-2融水脉冲的中纬度地区响应。中全新世全球冰融趋于停滞后,由于研究区沉积盆地沉降速度较慢,在冰川均衡调整效应下,使+2~+3m的相对高海面得以呈现。 相似文献
17.
Parameterization of sea surface drag under varying sea state and its dependence on wave age 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
R. Rajesh Kumar B. Prasad Kumar A. N. V. Satyanarayana D. Bala Subrahamanyam A. D. Rao S. K. Dube 《Natural Hazards》2009,49(2):187-197
Momentum and energy exchange at air–sea interface through wind stress is very important for air–sea interaction studies, ocean
modeling, and climate studies. The accurate representation of wind stress, in terms of drag coefficient, is a key factor in
estimating the momentum transfer at the interface. The drag coefficient, in general, estimated using bulk formulae does not
take into account the influence of wave age. This study examines the dependence of wave age on computed surface drag coefficient
obtained by combining the Toba 3/2-power law with Froude number scaling, resulting in a new drag formulation (hereafter referred
as RP formulation). We demonstrate that our proposed formulation is in good conjunction with established theories for both
young and mature waves. Our investigation shows the theoretical formulation advocated earlier by Guan and Xie (hereafter referred
as GX) overestimated the surface drag for mature waves as wind speed tends to increase. In addition, the formulation by GX
was not verified by observational data. In the present work, for validation purpose, we use time series measurement of meteorological
and oceanographic data from a deep water location in the Indian Ocean which was tested with both RP and GX formulations. We
find that the proposed RP formulation, which embeds the 3/2 power of wave-age, shows a better match for both young and mature
waves with the results of Janssen compared to the hypothesis of conventional wave age used by GX. 相似文献
18.
Electromagnetometry at the sea floor has been developed over the last two decades taking advantage of the progress of positioning
and acoustic technology in marine region. In spite of its risks and costs, electromagnetometry at the sea floor has significantly
contributed to the study of conductivity anomalies through direct observations of electromagnetic variations at the sea floor.
Some of the fruitful results of the ocean bottom observations around Japan as well as data processing of sea floor electromagnetic
measurements are reviewed. Future problems in electromagnetometry at the sea floor are also discussed. In conclusion, the
importance of establishing semipermanent electromagnetic observatories at the sea floor is emphasized. 相似文献
19.
Duncan C. Blanchard 《Estuaries and Coasts》1989,12(3):127-137
This paper is a review of work done on the production of an aerosol by the sea, and on the mechanisms by which bacteria might be enriched on the aerosol. Air bubbles produced in the sea, primarily by breaking waves, burst at the surface to eject both film and jet drops into the atmosphere. These drops are mixed upward by turbulence to produce the well-known marine sea-salt aerosol. In rising through the water, the bubbles may scavenge bacteria which, when the bubble burst, are skimmed off the bubble and ejected upward with the jet drops. Depending on drop size, the distance the bubble moves through the water, and other factors, the concentration of bacteria in jet drops can be several hundred times that in the bulk water film drops can also be enriched with bacteria. The enrichment of jet and film drops with bacteria, viruses, or toxins may at times produce a health hazard for those living along the shore. 相似文献
20.
The relative roles of river, atmospheric, and tidal forcings on estuarine sea level variability are examined in Breton Sound, a shallow (0.7 m) deltaic estuary situated in an interdistributary basin on the Mississippi River deltaic plain. The deltaic landscape contains vegetated marshes, tidal flats, circuitous channels, and other features that frictionally dissipate waves propagating through the system. Direct forcing by local wind stress over the surface of the estuary is minimal, owing to the lack of significant fetch due to landscape features of the estuary. Atmospheric forcing occurs almost entirely through remote forcing, where alongshore winds facilitate estuary-shelf exchange through coastal Ekman convergence. The highly frictional nature of the deltaic landscape causes the estuary to act as a low-pass filter to remote atmospheric forcing, where high-frequency, coastally-induced fluctuations are significantly damped, and the damping increases with distance from the estuary mouth. During spring, when substantial quantities of controlled Mississippi River inputs (?q = 62 m3 s-1) are discharged into the estuary, upper estuary subtidal sea levels are forced by a combination of river and remote atmospheric forcings, while river effects are less clear downestuary. During autumn (?q = 7 m3 s-1) sea level variability throughout the estuary is governed entirely by coastal variations at the marine boundary. A frequency-dependent analytical model, previously used to describe sea level dynamics forced by local wind stress and coastal forcing in deeper, less frictional systems, is applied in the shallow Breton Sound estuary. In contrast to deeper systems where coastally-induced fluctuations exhibit little or no frictional attenuation inside the estuary, these fluctuations in the shallow Breton Sound estuary show strong frequency dependent amplitude reductions that extend well into the subtidal frequency spectrum. 相似文献