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1.
A quantitative provenance approach is developed and in this study applied for the silt and clay fractions of sandy, coastal deposits. Mineralogical composition of 37 surface samples was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Grain-size distributions were obtained by standard dry sieving and pipette techniques. The characterization of mineralogical provenance is based upon known compositional information of possible sources, logical models for mineral combinations related to regional geological provinces and processes, and geographical features of the documented mineral distribution in the area of investigation. These interpretations are further supported by results of correlation and principal component analyses of mineral varieties, grain-size parameters and bathymetric features of the area. Partitioning of source contributions specific for each site of deposition is derived by solving simultaneous equations. Then, the quantified mineral composition at the initial source is reconstructed in the SE Baltic Sea along the Lithuanian coast, exemplifying this new methodology for quantification of sediment sources. The main sources supplying sediment to the area are: 1) Sambian Peninsula to the south (erosion of Pleistocene till and “Blue Earth” Paleogene sediments), supplying 33% of fine-grained sediment on average, 2) Nemunas River, the discharge of which passes through Curonian Lagoon and supplies an average 17% of the coastal fine sediments, and 3) Pleistocene till, eroded on the sea floor in the north and at the Olando Kepur? shore cliff and contributing an average of 50% of the sediment. Although we use the mineralogy within the environmentally important fine-grained fraction, this mathematically simple approach could be used with any other parameters characterizing the identified sources. A quantification of the separate source contributions to each individual site of accumulation studied, using the stable, mineralogical components of the “sediment archive”, offers a time-integrated, net-effect reflection of the combined processes of an entire environmental system. 相似文献
2.
Rapid supply and deposition of 1000's of meters of Miocene and Pliocene sediment tend to lead to a different set of controls on reservoir quality than older, more slowly buried sandstones. Here we have studied Miocene fluvial-deltaic Bhuban Formation sandstones, from the Surma Group, Bengal Basin, buried to >3,000 m and >110 °C, using a combination of petrographic, geochemical and petrophysical methods in order to understand the controls on Miocene sandstone reservoir quality to facilitate improved prediction of porosity and permeability. The main conclusions of the study are that mechanical compaction processes are the dominant control on porosity-loss although early calcite growth has led to locally-negligible porosity in some sandstones. Mechanical compaction occurred by grain rearrangement, ductile grain compaction and brittle grain fracturing. Calcite cement, occupying up to 41% intergranular volume, was derived from a combination of dissolved and recrystallized bioclasts, an influx of organic-derived carbon dioxide and plagioclase alteration. Clay minerals present include smectite-illite, kaolinite and chlorite. The smectitic clay was probably restricted to low energy depositional environments and it locally diminishes permeability disproportionate to the degree of porosity-loss. Kaolinite is probably the result of feldspar alteration resulting from the influx of organic-derived carbon dioxide. Quartz cement is present in small amounts, despite the relatively high temperature, due to a combination of limited time available in these young sandstones, grain-coating chlorite and low water saturations in these gas-bearing reservoir sandstones. Reservoir quality can now be predicted by considering primary sediment supply and primary depositional environment, the magnitude of the detrital bioclast fraction and the influx of organic-derived carbon dioxide. 相似文献
3.
为探讨曹妃甸近岸及周边海区沉积物碎屑矿物组成特征以及曹妃甸大规模围填海工程对其影响,作者对2013年10月采自曹妃甸及周边海区的表层沉积物样品采用轻重矿物分离的方法进行了鉴定。结果表明:大规模围填海工程在改变曹妃甸岸线形态的同时也改变了其冲淤环境,使得碎屑矿物组分在大规模围填海前后发生一定变化。研究区的沉积物整体以轻矿物为主,平均含量为97.83%,其中曹妃甸近岸平均含量为95.57%;重矿物平均含量为2.17%,其中曹妃甸近岸平均含量为4.43%。研究区的重矿物优势矿物主要有普通角闪石、绿帘石和自生黄铁矿,其中普通角闪石所占比例在曹妃甸近岸达到最高值(36.41%);轻矿物的优势矿物主要有石英、斜长石和风化碎屑,其中石英所占比例也在曹妃甸近岸达到最高值(62.72%)。研究发现,曹妃甸近岸沉积物碎屑矿物相对含量增加而重矿物基本不变,这在一定程度上揭示了大规模人工围填海工程对曹妃甸近岸及周边海区沉积环境的影响。 相似文献
4.
于2013年11月、2014年1月及3月在青岛市灵山湾海水浴场进行了3次表层沉积物采样,对粒度组分和粒度参数平面分布的变化进行了分析。结果表明,本区沉积物整体有变粗的趋势,细砂组分特别是极细砂和粉砂组分含量下降明显,分选性变好,正偏态及高峰度分布区扩大,粒度参数高值分布区被消除。粒径趋势分析表明,在涨潮流与强盛的冬季风驱动的风浪、沿岸流的综合作用下,研究区沉积物总体呈北东-南西向沿岸输运,运移趋势变化受到波浪、潮流水动力条件与地形相互作用的影响。短期的波能变化足以改变沙滩地貌,从而影响表层沉积物的分布。可为浴场维护提供理论依据。 相似文献
5.
辽东湾表层沉积物碎屑矿物组合分布及其对物源和沉积物扩散的指示意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对取自渤海辽东湾的128个表层沉积物样品进行了碎屑矿物鉴定,对矿物成分含量应用log-ratio法处理后进行统计分析。结果表明,研究区重矿物质量百分含量平均值为6.3%,高值区位于六股河口和湾西北近岸。共鉴定出7种轻矿物,38种重矿物,轻矿物以石英、斜长石和钾长石为主,重矿物以普通角闪石、绿帘石、磁铁矿、石榴子石、钛铁矿为主。根据碎屑矿物的组合分布特征,可将研究区划分为两个矿物组合区,其中又可细分为6个矿物亚区。六股河和湾西北近岸矿物亚区的碎屑矿物主要来源于六股河、湾西北入海小溪和海岸侵蚀物质,湾东北部矿物亚区沉积物主要来源于双台子河和大辽河,湾中部矿物亚区为多源混合区,湾南部矿物亚区受邻近海域和复州河沉积物影响大,湾东南部的辽东浅滩矿物亚区为潮流作用的产物。与河流入海沉积物相比,该区表层沉积物的石英/长石比值和ZTR指数明显增大。研究认为,物源是控制研究区碎屑矿物的组合与分布的主要因素,同时也受到海洋水动力和矿物性质等因素影响。 相似文献
6.
K. B. Lewis 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(3):183-208
Sediments from the seabed off the eastern side of the North Island, New Zealand, are divided into 12 facies on the basis of grain size and mineralogy of the sand fraction. The facies are grouped into three types; modern detrital sediments, relict detrital sediments, and non‐detrital sediments. The sediments are described in terms of a modified Wentworth grain‐size scale and a modified Folk sediment classification. The modern detrital sediments range from fine sand near the shore to clayey fine silt on the lower slope. At most places they are bimodal, probably because floes and single grains are deposited together. The relict detrital sediments, which include sands and gravels, occur where deposition is slow on the inner continental shelf and near the shelf edge. Those near the shelf edge include Last Glacial sandy muds that have been winnowed and mixed with Holocene volcanic ash and glauconite. The non‐detrital sediments, which contain forarninifera, volcanic ash, and glauconite, but no detrital sand, occur on anticlinal ridges on the continental slope. In places they overlie muddier sediment deposited during the last glaciation when the sources of river‐borne detritus were nearer than at present and when mud was deposited more rapidly on the ridges than at present. 相似文献
7.
南海北部表层沉积物中黏土和碎屑矿物组成及其地质意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以X-射线衍射仪和偏光显微镜为主要手段,对南海调查区表层底质沉积物中黏土和碎屑矿物组分进行分析和研究,结果表明黏土矿物主要有伊利石、蒙皂石、高岭石和绿泥石,其组合特征在不同区域表现出明显的差异。碎屑成分主要由生物壳(钙质和硅质)、轻矿物(石英、长石为主)和含量低但种类多的重矿物组成。一般认为物质来源是调查区沿岸风化岩石遭受进一步剥蚀后细小组分通过水动力搬运沉积而成的。钙质和硅质生物壳分布受南海碳酸盐补偿深度(CCD)的控制。 相似文献
8.
Sediment trapping and bypassing characteristics of a stable tidal inlet at Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Around the artificially stabilized tidal inlet that connects Kaohsiung Harbor to Taiwan Straight, 203 surficial samples of the sea floor were taken from the nearshore, in the outer harbor, and portions of the inner harbor. The bathymetry of the same area was also surveyed. The sand fraction in each sample was analyzed for the grain-size composition with a custom-built rapid sediment analyzer. A total of twenty-one size-classes were used in the analysis. Three hypothetical sediment sources were assumed to have influenced the spatial grain-size patterns in the study area: the northward and southward littoral drifts, and the sediments exported from the harbor. After reducing the influence of each hypothetical sediment source separately, the data were analyzed using empirical orthogonal (eigen) function (EOF) analysis. The results indicate that the northward long-term littoral drift is the dominant direction of sediment transport in the nearshore of the study area. A conceptual model for four different sediment trapping and bypassing patterns are proposed. (1) Excess bypass (or net outflux): this bypass pattern is characterized by the export of fine-grained sediments (mud and size classes in the very fine sand fraction) from the interior of the harbor. (2) Partial bypass (or partial trapping): this bypass pattern is represented by the size-classes in fine sand fraction. The amount of these grain sizes entering the outer harbor through the inlet is more than the amount exiting at the inlet mouth, resulting in the retention of a portion of these grain sizes. (3) Total bypass (or zero trapping): grain sizes that exhibit this bypass pattern do not come near the mouth of the inlet. These grain sizes include medium and coarse sand fractions. (4) Lag deposits: this group includes the size classes in the very coarse sand fraction, which are largely concentrated in the scour pit immediately seaward of the inlet mouth. In general, surficial sediment grain-size patterns represent a time-averaged response of the substrate to the transport processes over the time scale of at least two seasons. The differential associations of grain-size groups with various topographic features in the study area suggest morpho-textural relationships exist between the sea floor topography and grain size distribution patterns. 相似文献
9.
10.
The characteristics and distribution patterns of detrital minerals (0.063~0.125 mm) in marine sediments provide a significant indicator for the identification of the origin of sediment.The detrital mineral composition of 219 surface sediment samples was analysed to identify the distribution of sediments within the western Philippine Sea. The area can be divided into three mineral provinces: (I) province east of the Philippine Trench, the detrital minerals in this province are mainly composed of calcareous or siliceous organisms, with the addition of volcanogenic minerals from an adjacent island arc; (II) middle mineral province, clastic minerals including feldspar, quartz and colorless volcanic glass, sourced from seamounts with intermediate-acid volcanic rock, or erupting intermediate-acid volcano; (III) province west of the Palau—Kyūshū Ridge, the matter provenance within this province is complex; the small quantity of feldspar and quartz may be sourced from seamounts or erupting volcano with intermediate-acid composition, with a component of volcanic scoria sourced from a volcano erupting on the Palau—Kyūshū Ridge. it is suggested that, (1) Biogenic debris of the study area is closely related to water depth, with the amount of biogenic debris controlled by carbonate lysocline. (2) Volcaniclastic matter derived from the adjacent island arc can be entrained by oceanic currents and transported towards the abyssal basin over a short distance. The weathering products of volcanic rocks of the submarine plateau (e.g.,Benham Plateau) and adjacent ridges provide an important source of detrital sedimentation, and the influence scope of them is constrained by the intensity of submarine weathering. (3) Terrigenous sediments from the continent of Asia and the adjacent Philippine island arc have little influence on the sedimentation of this study area, and the felsic mineral component is probably sourced from volcanic seamounts of intermediate-acid composition. 相似文献
11.
12.
潮流场对渤、黄、东海陆架底质分布的控制作用 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
朱玉荣 《海洋地质与第四纪地质》2001,21(2):7-13
运用二维潮流数学模型，模拟了渤、黄、东海陆架的M2潮汐、潮流。结果表明，渤、黄、东海陆架的潮流有强弱之分以及往复流和旋转汉之别。在此基础上，计算了8种粒径沙的湖平均悬移输沙率、潮平均推移输沙以及相应的输沙率散度。根据输沙率散度的正负，划分了海底冲刷区与淤积区。根据不同粒径泥沙输沙率散度的相对大小，确定出海底的主要底质类型为砂质沉积、粉砂质泥沉积和以粉砂为主的混合沉积。计算结果表明，海底3种主要底负类型的分布格局与海底的冲淤格局以及与输沙率矢量的发散和聚合状况基本一致。在渤、黄、东海陆架，沙脊主要在强往复流区形成，沙席主要在强或较强的旋转流区形成，泥质沉积主要在弱潮流区形成。砂质沉积、泥质沉积以及混合沉积这3种主要底质类型并非孤立存在，而是受渤、黄、东海陆架潮流场控制而形成的一个完整的潮流沉积体系。渤、黄、东海陆架的砂质沉积与泥质沉积并非残留沉积，而是潮流沉积。在没有冷涡的情况下，黄、东海陆架的典型泥质沉积在弱潮流环境中同样可以形成，因此，认为冷涡并非黄、东海陆架典型泥质沉积形成的必要条件。 相似文献
13.
Mangrove forests can provide important cross-boundary subsidies of organic matter to adjacent habitats through the production, export, decomposition and assimilation of litter. We quantified two of these components in a temperate mangrove forest in Whangamata Harbour, New Zealand: 1) litter production; and 2) decomposition rates as a function of tidal elevation, sediment type and burial depth. Litter traps sampled monthly for a year measured an annual detrital input of 3.24–5.38 t DW ha?1, of which 77% occurred in summer. Decomposition rates depended on litter type, with leaves decomposing faster (63 d to decay by 50%) than pneumatophore and wood material (316 and 460 d, respectively). Buried leaf and wood litter decomposed 1.3–1.4 times slower than litter on the sediment surface; however, tidal elevation and sediment type (mud vs. sand) had no effect. The slow decay of litter (an order of magnitude slower than tropical mangrove litter) suggests that its incorporation into temperate marine food webs may be relatively slow. 相似文献
14.
A. Oliveira F. Rocha A. Rodrigues J. Jouanneau A. Dias O. Weber C. Gomes 《Progress in Oceanography》2002,52(2-4)
The Northern Iberian margin is a typical example of a continental margin subjected to seasonal highly energetic regime (waves and tides) and receiving inputs of continental sediments via riverine discharges. The principal goal of this study has been to use clay minerals as indicators of sedimentary dynamics in the open shelf system. The distributions of clay mineral in the top layer of the sedimentary cover are shown to be related to their continental sources, but also reflect the influences of winter storms and longshore currents in determining the pathways of sediment transport.The mineralogical composition of the material issuing from the rivers is very similar to the general mineralogical composition of the fine fractions of the seabed sediments. Those deposits that are directly influenced by riverine discharges have higher contents of kaolinite (>20%), whereas those that are not have higher contents of illite (>80%). The available data indicate no significant quantities of terrigenous particles are being discharged from the Spanish rias. Therefore, we conclude that physical processes are controlling the clay mineral distributions and that, despite contributions from the Minho River, the main source of fine detrital particles to the shelf region is the Douro River discharge. These particles settle on the middle shelf, below the 60 m isobath. During storm events these particles are re-suspended and advected northwards to the Galician shelf or into deeper domains. Thus the distributions of the clays indicate there is a net transport of fine sediments both northwards and off-shelf. 相似文献
15.
谢帕德和福克碎屑沉积物分类方法在南黄海表层沉积物编图中的应用与比较 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
谢帕德(Shepard,1954)和福克(Folk)等(1970)的沉积物结构分类是较为常用的两种分类方法。尽管都是基于沉积物粒度组成的三元分类,但分类的出发点和基本思路有很大的不同。Shepard分类是三端元等价的纯描述性分类,不反映沉积物粒度组成的水动力学属性,砾质沉积物未考虑在内。Folk分类虽然也是三端元分类,但三个端元是不等价,首先按砂/泥比划分基本类型,然后再按粉砂/黏土比进一步分类,砂/泥比反映动力强度的大小,粉砂/黏土比反映介质的混浊度,具有明显的动力学意义。鉴于粒度分异与搬运距离的成因联系,Folk分类也是分析物源区的工具。笔者用两种分类研究了南黄海的表层沉积物,发现按照Folk分类,南黄海的表层沉积物分布可以分为两个沉积系列。在南黄海西部,沉积物由西向东依次为砂-粉砂质砂-砂质粉砂-粉砂;而在东部,由东向西依次为砂-泥质砂-砂质泥-泥组成。由岸及海随着沉积水动力由强变弱,沉积物粒度变细,大致与由东西两侧的强潮流作用区到中部的静水涡流作用区的动力学格局相一致,在一定程度上反映了沉积环境的变化、沉积物的物源和输运方向。实践证明,Folk分类的应用效果明显优于Shepard分类,可以较好地满足海洋地质研究的需要,应当在我国海洋沉积物的研究中予以推广。 相似文献
16.
Rong Wang Boris K. Biskaborn Arne Ramisch Jian Ren Yongzhan Zhang Rainer Gersonde Bernhard Diekmann 《Geo-Marine Letters》2016,36(4):259-270
During expedition 202 aboard the RV Sonne in 2009, 39 seafloor surface sediment sites were sampled over a wide sector of the North Pacific and adjoining Bering Sea. The data served to infer land–ocean linkages of terrigenous sediment supply in terms of major sources and modes of sediment transport within an over-regional context. This is based on an integrated approach dealing with grain-size analysis, bulk mineralogy and clay mineralogy in combination with statistical data evaluation (end-member modelling of grain-size data, fuzzy cluster analysis of mineralogical data). The findings on clay mineralogy served to update those of earlier work extracted from the literature. Today, two processes of terrigenous sediment supply prevail in the study area: far-distance aeolian sediment supply to the pelagic North Pacific, and hemipelagic sediment dispersal from nearby land sources via ocean currents along the continental margins and island arcs. Aeolian particles show the finest grain sizes (clay and fine silt), whereas hemipelagic sediments have high abundances of coarse silt. Exposed sites on seamounts and the continental slope are partly swept by strong currents, leading to residual enrichment of fine sand. Four sediment sources can be distinguished on the basis of distinct index minerals revealed by statistical data analysis: dust plumes from central Asia (quartz, illite), altered materials from the volcanic regions of Kamchatka and the Aleutian Arc (smectite), detritus from the Alaskan Cordillera (chlorite, hornblende), and fluvial detritus from far-eastern Siberia and the Alaska mainland (quartz, feldspar, illite). These findings confirm those of former studies but considerably expand the geographic range of this suite of proxies as far south as 39°N in the open North Pacific. The present integrated methodological approach proved useful in identifying the major modern processes of terrigenous sediment supply to the study region. This aspect deserves attention in the selection of sediment core sites for future palaeoenvironmental reconstructions related to aeolian and glacial dynamics, as well as the recognition of palaeo-ocean circulation patterns in general. 相似文献
17.
This paper presents a review of sediment dispersal processes in the Strait of Georgia, based on marine geological studies. Sediment from the Fraser River is dispersed around the Strait through a variety of transport pathways. Most sand and coarser silt fractions settle out and are deposited within a few 100 m of the channel mouths. Both channelled and non-channelled gravity flows probably transport sediment downslope and onto the basin floor. Asymmetric tidal currents force a predominantly northward sediment drift, resulting in a reworked slope off Roberts Bank and a finer-grained depositional slope off Sturgeon Bank. Far-field sediment accumulation is controlled by local morphology and sediment dynamics. Multibeam mapping and seismic profiling reveal that some parts of the basin floor are characterized by bottom sediment reworking and erosion. Given the complexities of sediment dispersal and seafloor reworking, generalizations about sediment dispersal paths and sedimentation rates are difficult. Future understanding will be advanced by the cabled observatory, VENUS, which will enable near real-time monitoring of key processes. 相似文献
18.
Peter B. Andrews 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(2):309-313
Modern sand and silty sand cover the inner shelf, with silty sand accumulating off the mouth of the Clutha River. Palimpsest sediment dominated by shell debris and polymodal detrital gravel and sand covers the outer shelf. The detrital sediment is largely or wholly of Clutha River origin. 相似文献
19.
海南新村港潟湖表层沉积物粒度特征及其沉积环境 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
对2013年8月在海南新村港潟湖采集的表层沉积物样品进行粒度分析,揭示了该区表层沉积物的粒度特征和沉积物类型,结合高空间分辨率的水动力和水深数据,采用系统聚类和主成分相结合的方法划分现代沉积环境。结果表明,研究区表层沉积物主要有4种类型,以粉砂和粉砂质砂为主,分别分布在潟湖中部和近岸浅水区域。沉积物平均粒径变化较大(0~8.0 Ф),均值为4.6 Ф,沉积物随水深增大而逐渐变细;沉积物粒度组分以砂(平均含量43%)和粉砂(平均含量为52%)为主,黏土含量较少,平均含量为5%。聚类结果表明,平均粒径可分为两组:第一组平均粒径均大于5.5 Ф,均值为6.8 Ф;而第二组平均粒径均小于3.5 Ф,均值为2.2 Ф。此外,平均粒径与分选、偏态和峰态系数之间呈现出两种不同的相关关系。研究区大潮和小潮期间的均方根流速(RMSV)均值是7.5和6.9 cm/s,标准偏差分别是15.3和14.9 cm/s。当RMSV大于4 cm/s,RMSV与极细砂(63~125 μm)含量呈明显的正相关关系,这表明RMSV决定了潟湖沉积物中极细砂含量。聚类和主成分分析结果表明,平均粒径、峰态和分选系数是对沉积环境最为敏感的粒度参数组合,同时结合高空间分辨率的水动力和水深数据,将研究区沉积环境划分为3类。这样划分充分考虑了水动力、物源、地形及其相互作用,更能有效地揭示沉积环境的差异,尤其体现了适宜的粒度参数组合和高空间分辨率的水动力数据在沉积环境划分中的重要性。 相似文献