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1.
人为活动通常是地下水硝酸盐污染的主要原因。不同来源的NO3^-具有不同的氮、氧同位素组成,利用地下水NO3^-中的δ15N和δ18O值可有效识别地下水硝酸盐污染的来源。引起地下水中NO3^-含量显著减少的不同物理、化学和生物过程,所产生的氮、氧同位素分馏效应有明显差别。地下水系统中反硝化作用发生时,NO3^-中氮和氧同位素分馏系数呈一定比例。因此NO3^-中δ15N和δ18O值也是示踪地下水硝酸盐循环,尤其是反硝化作用的有效手段。利用NO3^-中氮和氧双同位素,并与其他环境同位素及化学分析技术相结合,示踪NO3^-来源及其循环是地下水硝酸盐污染研究的重要方向之一。综述了利用地下水硝酸盐中氮和氧同位素识别NO3^-污染源与循环的研究进展,简述了近年迅速发展的阴离子交换树脂取样法,概述了此方面研究存在的主要问题,并展望了今后的研究方向。 相似文献
2.
广州夏季雨水硝酸盐δ15N变化特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过对广州2007年夏季雨水硝酸盐δ15的研究,讨论了广州地区雨水硝酸盐的主要来源及与之有关的大气化学演变过程。雨水硝酸盐占δ15N的变化趋势与N2O5含量的相似。暗示雨水硝酸盐δ15N与氮氧化合物的大气化学过程之间存在某种联系。白天雨水硝酸盐δ15N值偏低,与OH自由基氧化NOx生成硝酸盐的“白天反应”为主要反应相一致;18：00以后硝酸盐δ15N值呈升高趋势,则与N2O5累积的“夜间反应”成为主导反应相一致。因“白天反应”生成的HNO3的δ15N值受同位素分馏影响较小,白天雨水硝酸盐占δ15N值更能准确反映大气NOx的来源。白天雨水硝酸盐占δ15N平均值为2．5‰±2．1‰,表明除火力发电厂和机动车尾气排放来源外,雷电以及海源对大气NOx可能也有潜在贡献。 相似文献
3.
现代大气降水中的稳定同位素组成是全球或地区性水循环研究的重要载体,同时也是冰芯、湖泊沉积物、石笋等研究领域中,运用稳定同位素来重建古气候的重要依据。本文研究了桂林地区2012年大气降水氢氧同位素组成的逐日变化,根据得到的132组氢氧稳定同位素组成建立了桂林局地大气降水线方程为δD = 8.8δ18O +17.96,大气降水的δ18O波动范围在-13.56‰～+1.07‰,平均为-5.78‰;δD在-101.52‰～+16.02‰,δD平均为-41.03‰。利用降水稳定同位素资料,结合后向轨迹法( Backwards Trajectory) 对桂林水汽来源进行追踪,发现夏季(5-10月)大气降水的水汽来源主要受来自孟加拉湾、南海海洋气团的水汽源的控制,降水的δ18O值偏负,平均为-8.02‰(共64组);冬季(11月至次年4月)大气降水的水汽来源主要受来自西太平洋暖湿气团、冬季风冷气团或西风环流所携带的大陆性气团的影响,不同程度地叠加了局地环流气团、蒸发水汽的补给的影响,降水的δ18O值偏正,平均为-2.86‰(共68组)。研究结果表明,桂林大气降水的稳定同位素组成与降水的水汽来源、季风类型、降水云团来源和性质有关,来自远距离输送夏季风海洋性水汽团形成的降水δ18O值较低(或偏负), 而大陆性气团或局地蒸发水汽循环形成的降水δ18O值较高（或偏正）。不同的水汽来源是决定降水中δ18O值变化的主要因素,因此,通过降水中的δ18O值,特别是其季节变化的特征分析,可以反过来揭示当地降水的水汽来源。 相似文献
4.
地下水NO3-氮与氧同位素研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
人为活动通常是地下水硝酸盐污染的主要原因.不同来源的NO3-具有不同的氮、氧同位素组成,利用地下水NO3-中的δ15N和δ18O值可有效识别地下水硝酸盐污染的来源.引起地下水中NO3-含量显著减少的不同物理、化学和生物过程,所产生的氮、氧同位素分馏效应有明显差别.地下水系统中反硝化作用发生时,NO3-中氮和氧同位素分馏系数呈一定比例.因此NO3-中δ15N和δ18O值也是示踪地下水硝酸盐循环,尤其是反硝化作用的有效手段.利用NO3-中氮和氧双同位素,并与其他环境同位素及化学分析技术相结合,示踪NO3-来源及其循环是地下水硝酸盐污染研究的重要方向之一.综述了利用地下水硝酸盐中氮和氧同位素识别NO3-污染源与循环的研究进展,简述了近年迅速发展的阴离子交换树脂取样法,概述了此方面研究存在的主要问题,并展望了今后的研究方向. 相似文献
5.
运用氮、氧同位素技术判别常州地区地下水氮污染源 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：9
本文运用氮、氧同位素技术对常州地区地下水氮的污染来源进行了研究.结果表明：潜水和微承压水中NO3-含量高,平均含量为38.32 mg/L,δ^15N为4.818‰～32.834‰,δ^18O为12.502‰～20.757‰,反映了多数潜水和微承压水受到了厩肥和污水的污染;中深层承压水（第1承压水、第2承压水、第3承压水）中NO3^-含量低,NO3^-平均含量为0.52 mg/L,未受到氮污染,δ^15N为2.163‰～6.208‰,δ^18O为17.051‰～23.201‰,NO3^-应主要来源于早期形成时的大气降水. 相似文献
6.
大气降水稳定同位素组成受到温度、蒸发、水汽源地等多种因素的复杂影响,在不同时间和不同地区具有很大差异.通过分析2006~2008年间重庆雨水样品的δD和δ18O,初步建立了当地的大气降水线方程.当地的大气降水稳定同位素组成在不同季节变化明显:夏季降水中的稳定同位素值普遍偏轻,而冬季降水中稳定同位素值普遍偏重.水汽来源是控制当地大气降水稳定同位素组成的最重要原因,而蒸发作用等是控制短期次降水事件中雨水稳定同位素组成的重要影响因素. 相似文献
7.
地下水硝酸盐中氮、氧同位素研究现状及展望 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
农业区内浅层地下水中硝酸盐污染普遍存在。为保证供水安全和有效治理污染的地下水体。确定硝酸盐中氮的来源及影响硝酸盐浓度的物理、化学作用尤为重要。由于不同成因的硝酸盐中δ^15N值存在差异，利用N同位素可以确定氮污染源，但有时存在多解性问题；分析硝酸盐的δ^18O值，可提高地下水硝酸盐污染的研究深度。本文综述了用硝酸盐中N、O同位素来区分地下水污染中硝酸盐的不同来源和示踪氮循环过程这两方面的研究进展，并提出一些值得重视的研究方向。 相似文献
8.
香溪河流域地处不同地理、气候、岩溶地貌分区的重要过渡位置,研究其大气降水氢氧同位素时空分布特征,是利用氢氧同位素示踪技术研究流域水循环特征的基础。本文通过不同高程布设的观测点,获取到研究区大气降水稳定氢氧同位素(D、~(18)O及17O)观测数据,由此首次建立了香溪河流域大气降水线(δD=8.17δ~(18)O+13.38),氧同位素间的关系式(δ'17O=0.512δ'~(18)O+0.024),并深入分析氢氧同位素时空分布特征。 相似文献
9.
硝酸盐的氮和三氧同位素(δ15N, δ17O和δ18O)及氧同位素非质量分馏(△17O)综合研究, 可以更有效地示踪硝酸盐的来源和形成过程、制约硝酸盐的形成条件。本文详细描述了细菌反硝化法测定10–6级硝酸盐氮和三氧同位素的分析测试方法和实验要点。综合优化改良的细菌反硝化前处理方法、全自动气体预浓缩富集纯化系统和测试流程, 实现了实验室长期测定数据的稳定性, 以及多批次标准样品测定的良好重现性。10 nmol NO– 3标准样品的δ18O和δ15N测试精度分别是0.25‰(1σ)和0.40‰(1σ)。80 nmol NO– 3标准样品的δ18O、δ17O和δ15N的测试精度分别是0.5‰(1σ)、0.4‰(1σ)和0.1‰(1σ), 据此计算出的Δ17O精度为0.46‰(1σ)。 相似文献
10.
格尔木河流域平原区地下水同位素及水化学特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过对格尔木河流域天然水中H、O同位素的系统分析,根据地球水化学组分循环演化规律所对应流域不同类型水体的同位素组成的研究,结果表明流域地下水化学组分随流程增加溶滤作用增强,地下水中HCO3-逐渐减少,Cl-则增加。运用δD、δ18O和3H值建立了流域大气降水线方程,确定了山区河水非当年降水补给,河水以地下水补给为主、其次是冰雪融水和大气降水补给。山区降水δD、δ18O均值低于平原区,表明平原区降水受蒸发作用影响水中富重同位素。平原区地下水中的δD、δ18O值与河水基本一致,说明平原区地下水主要受河水出山后入渗补给。承压自流水δD和δ18O值与潜水基本一致,根据地下水的3H值确定早于潜水年龄,且随埋深增加δD、δ18O值减少的趋势,其年龄亦由新变老。 相似文献
11.
利用氮氧同位素研究桂林寨底地下河硝酸盐来源 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
工农业生产的迅速发展使地下水硝酸盐氮(NO3-—N)污染成为世界性的环境问题。地下水中硝酸盐的来源研究在水文地质结构特殊的西南岩溶地区就显得尤为重要。稳定氮同位素和氧同位素在地下水硝酸盐的来源示踪研究中有着广泛的应用。本研究选取岩溶地区典型地下河——广西桂林寨底地下河为研究对象,通过氮氧同位素数据,判断寨底地下河硝酸盐来源是以动物粪便为主的农家肥,为该区地下水的保护和利用提供科学依据。 相似文献
12.
地下水硝酸盐中氧同位素研究进展 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
硝酸盐中氧同位素在某些情况下能弥补氮同位素组成无显著差别的不足以及更有效地识别反硝化作用。文中综述了氧同位素检测技术、NO-3 源的氧同位素组成特征和氧同位素的应用等方面的研究进展。检测技术经历了 5个发展过程。大气和土壤环境形成的NO-3 具明显的氧同位素组成差异 ,由此可识别地下水NO-3 是来自含NO-3 化肥或大气沉降NO-3 还是来自土壤环境中的NH+ 4 经微生物硝化作用形成的NO-3 。反硝化作用使δ15N和δ18O成比例线性增加。今后的研究方向是完善检测技术、研究NO-3 中氧来自水和大气比例的影响因素及氮、氧同位素与地球化学和水文模型的结合等。 相似文献
13.
Due to the emissions from intensive human activities and rapid development of industry and agriculture, atmospheric nitrate (NO ) contamination is becoming more serious and now is a worldwide environmental problem. The isotopic compositions of NO (δ15N, δ18O and Δ17O) can deliver more information than the concentration alone, i.e., the nitrogen and oxygen isotopes can suggest the sources of NO and oxidation capability of the atmosphere, providing a powerful tool for investigating atmospheric nitrogen cycling and atmospheric NO pollution control. The δ15N of different sourced NO in the atmosphere, as well as the seasonal variation of δ15N (NO ) and the associated mechanisms were reviewed. In addition, the oxygen isotopes of various oxidants and NO (δ18O and Δ17O) in the atmosphere were summarized, and the global distribution patterns of the oxygen isotopes of NO were discussed. Lastly, the available analysis techniques of isotopic compositions of NO were reviewed. Based on the research progress of NO isotopes in the atmosphere, it was suggested that further investigations should focus on measuring the isotopic compositions of oxidants and NOx from different sources, characterizing the production mechanisms of NO , as well as investigating chemical recycling between NOx and NO with the aid of atmospheric chemical models. 相似文献
14.
The nitrogen isotopic compositions of plant tissue could reflect its uptake of and preference for ammonium or nitrate. However, various factors may influence the field-collected δ15N values under field condition, which causes the interpretation problematic. The spatial variation of nitrogen (N) concentrations and the isotopic compositions were investigated in the soils and tissues of Chinese prickly ash from the southwest China to the east China. The objectives were to investigate the variation in soil and tissue δ15N values and N forms taken up by the plant. The leaf and root δ15N values varied significantly in response to the pattern of soil δ15N values. The difference in δ15N values between the leaves and roots was 2.57‰ and may be caused by an increase in the transport of unassimilated \( {\text{NO}}_{3}^{ - } \) and \( {\text{NH}}_{4}^{ + } \) to the leaves. Leaf nitrogen was significantly and positively correlated with leaf potassium and negatively related to leaf calcium. Because potassium is the favoured counter-cation for nitrate transport in the xylem, the enrichment of 15N in leaf relative to root induced by preferenced uptake of nitrate should be accompanied by significant and positive relationship of leaf nitrogen with leaf potassium concentrations. These results suggest that Chinese prickly ash prefers \( {\text{NO}}_{3}^{ - } \) over \( {\text{NH}}_{4}^{ + } \). 相似文献
15.
Cécile Engrand Kevin D. McKeegan Gregory F. Herzog Laurence E. Nyquist 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2005,69(22):5365-5385
Large, correlated, mass-dependent enrichments in the heavier isotopes of O, Cr, Fe, and Ni are observed in type-I (metal/metal oxide) cosmic spherules collected from the deep sea. Limited intraparticle variability of oxygen isotope abundances, typically <5‰ in δ18O, indicates good mixing of the melts and supports the application of the Rayleigh equation for the calculation of fractional evaporative losses during atmospheric entry. Fractional losses for oxygen evaporation from wüstite, assuming a starting isotopic composition equal to that of air (δ18O = 23.5‰; δ17O = 11.8‰), are in the range 55%-77%, and are systematically smaller than evaporative losses calculated for Fe (69%-85%), Cr (81%-95%), and especially Ni (45%-99%). However, as δ18O values increase, fractional losses for oxygen approach those of Fe, Cr, and Ni indicating a shift in the evaporating species from metallic to oxidized forms as the spherules are progressively oxidized during entry heating. The observed unequal fractional losses of O and Fe can be reconciled by allowing for a kinetic isotope mass-dependent fractionation of atmospheric oxygen during the oxidation process and/or that some metallic Fe may have undergone Rayleigh evaporation before oxidation began.In situ measurements of oxygen isotopic abundances were also performed in 14 type-S (silicate) cosmic spherules, 13 from the Antarctic ice and one from the deep sea. Additional bulk Fe and Cr isotopic abundances were determined for two type-S deep-sea spherules. The isotopic fractionation of Cr isotopes suggest appreciable evaporative loss of Cr, perhaps as a sulfide. The oxygen isotopic compositions for the type-S spherules range from δ18O = −2‰ to + 27‰. The intraspherule isotopic variations are typically small, ∼5% relative, except for the less-heated porphyritic spherules which have preserved large isotopic heterogeneities in at least one case. A plot of δ17O vs. δ18O values for these spherules defines a broad parallelogram bounded at higher values of δ17O by the terrestrial fractionation line, and at lower values of δ17O by a line parallel to it and anchored near the isotopic composition of δ18O = −2.5‰ and δ17O = −5‰. Lack of independent evidence for substantial evaporative losses suggests that much of this variation reflects the starting isotopic composition of the precursor materials, which likely resembled CO, CM, or CI chondrites. However, the enrichments in heavy isotopes indicate that some mixing with atmospheric oxygen was probably involved during atmospheric entry for some of the spherules. Isotopic fractionation due to evaporation of incoming grain is not required to explain most of the oxygen isotopic data for type-S spherules. However spherules with barred olivine textures that are thought to have experienced a more intense heating than the porphyritic ones might have undergone some distillation. Two cosmic spherules, one classified as a radial pyroxene type and the other showing a glassy texture, show unfractionated oxygen isotopic abundances. They are probably chondrule fragments that survived atmospheric entry unmelted.Possible reasons type-I spherules show larger degrees of isotopic fractionation than type-S spherules include: a) the short duration of the heating pulse associated with the high volatile content of the type-S spherule precursors compared to type-I spherules; b) higher evaporation temperatures for at least a refractory portion of the silicates compared to that of iron metal or oxide; c) lower duration of heating of type-S spherules compared to type-I spherules as a consequence of their lower densities. 相似文献
16.
Toru Yada Tomoki Nakamura Noriko Matsumoto Hajime Hiyagon Naoji Sugiura Nobuo Takaoka 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2005,69(24):5789-5804
Bulk chemical compositions and oxygen isotopic compositions were analyzed for 48 stony cosmic spherules (melted micrometeorites) collected from the Antarctic ice sheet using electron- and ion-microprobes. No clear correlation was found between their isotopic compositions and textures. The oxygen isotopic compositions showed an extremely wide range from −28‰ to +93‰ in δ18O and from −21‰ to +13‰ in Δ17O. In δ18O-δ17O space, most samples (38 out of 48) plot close to the terrestrial fractionation line, but 7 samples plot along the carbonaceous chondrite anhydrous mineral (CCAM) line. Three samples plot well above the terrestrial fractionation line. One of these has a Δ17O of +13‰, the largest value ever found in solar system materials. One possible precursor for this spherule could be 16O-poor planetary material that is still unknown as a meteorite. The majority of the remaining spherules are thought to be related to carbonaceous chondrites. 相似文献
17.
Stable isotopic compositions of Recent freshwater cyanobacterial carbonates from the British Isles: local and regional environmental controls 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Recent (<50 years old) freshwater cyanobacterial carbonates from diverse environments (streams, lakes, waterfalls) throughout Britain and Ireland were analysed for their stable carbon and oxygen isotope compositions. The mean δ18O value of ?5–9‰ PDB for river and stream data represents calcite precipitation in equilibrium with the mean oxygen isotopic composition of precipitation in central Britain (?7–5‰SMOW) assuming a mean water temperature of 9°C. The mean δ18O of lake data, ?4–5‰ PDB, is statistically different, reflecting the effects of residence time and/or variations in the oxygen isotopic composition of rainfall. Carbon isotopes have wide variations in both fluviatile and lake data sets (+ 3 to ?12‰ PDB). These variations are principally controlled in the fluviatile samples by contribution of isotopically light ‘soil zone’ carbon relative to isotopically heavier carbon from limestone aquifer rock dissolution. Lake samples have the heaviest carbon isotope values, reflecting a trend toward isotopic equilibrium between atmospheric CO2 and aqueous HCO?3. We infer that isotopic compositions of ancient cyanobacterial carbonates should also record environmental information, although the effects of stabilization and diagenesis on primary δ18O values will need careful consideration. Primary carbon isotope compositions should be well preserved, although in marine samples values will be buffered by the isotopic composition of aqueous marine bicarbonate. 相似文献
18.
Atmospheric Reactive Nitrogen Cycle and Stable Nitrogen Isotope Processes: Progresses and Perspectives 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Oxidized reactive nitrogen in the atmosphere mainly consists of nitrogen oxides (NO X =NO+NO2, NO3) and nitric acid. The atmospheric cycling of NO X influences the formation of ozone and hydroxyl radicals that are important for atmospheric oxidation capacity. Nitric acid, the final product of NO X oxidation, not only is an important component of particulate pollutants, but also has a direct impact on the ecosystem through dry and wet deposition. The stable nitrogen isotope (δ15N) shows the potential to study reactive nitrogen cycle, and to trace the emission, transport and deposition of reactive nitrogen from local to global scales. Here, we reviewed previous studies using δ15N to investigate NO X emission and atmospheric reactive nitrogen cycle, and discuss the uncertainties of δ15N signatures of different NO X sources from two aspects: NO X generation mechanism and NO X collection methods. We also discussed the nitrogen isotope fractionation and the consequences during the conversions of NO y molecules. We ended up with discussions on the possibility of using δ15N to trace NO X emissions. Although there are still large uncertainties in quantifying and tracing NO X emissions using nitrogen stable isotopes, such isotope tool is efficient enough to trace reactive nitrogen cycles in the atmosphere. On the basis of this, we proposed that we can combine atmospheric chemistry transmission models with isotope tracers to improve our understanding of regional and global atmospheric reactive nitrogen cycle regarding the fluxes of different emission sources, their atmospheric transformation, etc. 相似文献
19.
Ilya Bindeman Andrey Gurenko Olgeir Sigmarsson Marc Chaussidon 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2008,72(17):4397-4420
This work considers petrogenesis of the largest Holocene basaltic fissure eruptions of Iceland, which are also the largest in the world: Laki (1783-84 AD, 15 km3), Eldgjá (934 AD, 18 km3), Veidivötn (900, 1480 AD, multiple eruptions, >2 km3), Núpahraun (ca. 4000 BP, >1 km3) and Thjórsárhraun (ca 8000 BP, >20 km3). We present oxygen isotope laser fluorination analyses of 55 individual and bulk olivine crystals, coexisting individual and bulk plagioclase phenocrysts, and their host basaltic glasses with average precision of better than 0.1‰ (1SD). We also report O isotope analyses of cores and rims of 61 olivine crystals by SIMS with average precision on single spots of 0.24‰ (1SD) in 13 samples coupled with electron microprobe data for major and trace elements in these olivines. Within each individual sample, we have found that basaltic glass is relatively homogeneous with respect to oxygen isotopes, plagioclase phenocrysts exhibit crystal to crystal variability, while individual olivines span from the values in equilibrium with the low-δ18O matrix glass to those being three permil higher in δ18O than the equilibrium. Olivine cores with maximum value of 5.2‰ are found in many of these basalts and suggest that the initial magma was equilibrated with normal-δ18O mantle. No olivines or their intracrystalline domains are found with bulk or spot value higher than those found in MORB olivines. The δ18O variability of 0.3-3‰ exists for olivine grains from different lavas, and variable core-to-rim oxygen isotopic zoning is present in selected olivine grains. Many olivines in the same sample are not zoned, while a few grains are zoned with respect to oxygen isotopes and exhibit small core-to-core variations in Fe-Mg, Ni, Mn, Ca. Grains that are zoned in both Mg# and δ18O exhibit positive correlation of these two parameters. Electron microprobe analysis shows that most olivines equilibrated with the transporting melt, and thin Fe-richer rim is present around many grains, regardless of the degree of olivine-melt oxygen isotope disequilibrium.The preservation of isotopic and compositional zoning in selected grains, and subtle to severe Δ18O (melt-olivine) and Δ18O (plagioclase-olivine) disequilibria suggests rather short crystal residence times of years to centuries. Synglacially-altered upper crustal, tufaceous hyaloclastites of Pleistocene age serve as a viable source for low-δ18O values in Holocene basalts through assimilation, mechanical and thermal erosion, and devolatilization of stoped blocks. Cumulates formed in response to cooling during assimilation, and xenocrysts derived from hyaloclastites, contribute to the diverse δ18O crystalline cargo. The magma plumbing systems under each fissure are likely to include a network of interconnected dikes and sills with high magma flow rates that contribute to the efficacy of magmatic erosion of large quantities (10-60% mass) of hyaloclastites required by isotopic mass balance.Olivine diversity and the pervasive lack of phenocryst-melt oxygen isotopic equilibrium suggest that a common approach of analyzing bulk olivine for oxygen isotopes, as a proxy for the basaltic melt or to infer mantle δ18O value, needs to proceed with caution. The best approach is to analyze olivine crystals individually and demonstrate their equilibrium with matrix. 相似文献
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<正>The Turpan-Hami Basin in eastern Xinjiang is one of the driest regions on Earth and a premier environment to form and preserve nitrate.A large nitrate ore field in this basin was found recently.It is estimated there are about 2.5 billion tons of resources of nitrate,and the amount is as much as the Atacama Desert super-scale nitrate deposit in Chile.Nitrate is one of a few minerals with mass-independent fractionation(MIF),and the oxygen isotope MIF is an effective method to determine the source of nitrate.Theδ~(17)O,δ~(18)O of nitrate were measured by fluorination and thermal decomposition method.The date indicated that this is the first time that oxygen isotope MIF has been located in inland nitrate minerals.The results obtained by two methods are similar,⊿~(17)=δ~(17)O-0.52×δ~(18)O=12‰-17‰.The experiment and observation data proved that oxygen isotope MIF of nitrate are the result of photochemical reactions in the troposphere and stratosphere.Thus, evidence from MIF oxygen isotopic compositions indicate that long term atmospheric deposition of nitrate aerosol particles produced by photochemical reactions is the source of the deposits. 相似文献