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Multi‐slicing strategy for the three‐dimensional discontinuity layout optimization (3D DLO) 
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下载免费PDF全文 Yiming Zhang 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2017,41(4):488-507
Discontinuity layout optimization (DLO) is a recently presented topology optimization method for determining the critical layout of discontinuities and the associated upper bound limit load for plane two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional (3D) problems. The modelling process (pre‐processing) for DLO includes defining the discontinuities inside a specified domain and building the target function and the global constraint matrix for the optimization solver, which has great influence on the the efficiency of the computation processes and the reliability of the final results. This paper focuses on efficient and reliable pre‐processing of the discontinuities within the 3D DLO and presents a multi‐slicing strategy, which naturally avoids the overlapping and crossing of different discontinuities. Furthermore, the formulation of the 3D discontinuity considering a shape of an arbitrary convex polygon is introduced, permitting the efficient assembly of the global constraint matrix. The proposed method eliminates unnecessary discontinuities in 3D DLO, making it possible to apply 3D DLO for solving large‐scale engineering problems such as those involving landslides. Numerical examples including a footing test, a 3D landslide and a punch indentation are considered, illustrating the effectiveness of the presented method. © 2016 The Authors. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 相似文献
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This paper deals with the problem of T‐bar penetration. New kinematically admissible velocity fields are derived from elastic solutions of incompressible material using Airy stress function. These velocity fields are used to obtain upper bounds to collapse loads. Two particular solutions are presented, one for a rough contact surface between the T‐bar and soil and the other for a smooth contact surface. The merit of the solutions is that within the boundaries of the velocity field, the soil is required to shear compatibly and continuously. Therefore, these solutions can easily be combined with the strain path method to estimate rate and softening effects. Analysis including consideration of strain rate effect showed that the new mechanisms predict, under certain conditions, lower values than previously published upper bound solutions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Fei Zhang Dov Leshchinsky Rafi Baker Yufeng Gao Ben Leshchinsky 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2016,40(18):2514-2531
This paper revisits the variational limit equilibrium (LE) analysis of three‐dimensional (3D) slope stability in the context of limit analysis (LA). It proves the kinematic admissibility of the 3D mechanism in LA, although it was derived from LE variational extremization. It also includes algorithms in the realm of LA that are associated with the variational mechanism. A comparison between the variational results and reported LA upper‐bound or LE closed‐form results is conducted. It demonstrates that the variationally derived mechanism consistently yields upper‐bound solutions for 3D symmetrical slopes that are as accurate as those produced by postulated mechanisms in LA. However, the results are more critical than those derived from spherical failure mechanism in LE. The generalized log spiral 3D mechanism rigorously legitimizes the variational slope stability analysis in both frameworks of mechanics LE and LA. Stability charts were produced where the 3D factor of safety can be assessed for a constrained length of failure, while including factors like pore water pressure and seismic loading. The results presented within this study demonstrate the capabilities of the variational 3D solution and can be used to evaluate approximate methods, numerical or closed‐form, developed in 3D slope stability analyses. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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针对地表超载作用下隧道稳定性和破坏模式问题,基于刚体平动运动单元上限有限元理论编程并计算分析,获得了浅埋隧道失稳临界超载系数上限解和刚性运动块体体系破坏模式。通过与现有的刚性块体极限分析上限法以及极限分析上、下限有限元法计算结果的对比分析,验证了上限解的可靠性。研究结果表明,（1）临界超载系数 黏聚力c之比 随土体内摩擦角 和隧道埋深C与直径D之比( )的增大而相应增大,随土体重度与黏聚力参数 的增大而减小;（2） 和 对隧道破坏模式的影响较明显; 增大,则隧道破坏范围增加;内摩擦角 增大,刚性运动块体破坏模式相互错动更加显著,相比而言, 对破坏模式的影响并不显著;（3）刚体平动运动单元上限有限元上限解精度高,所得刚性运动块体破坏模式具有滑移线形态,能精细地反映隧道失稳破坏特征。 相似文献
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The method of Epstein et al. (1976) for analysis of D/H ratios of cellulose carbon-bound hydrogen has been modified. This modified “renitration” method yields δD values which are in agreement with those obtained by the sodium chlorite delignification method. Comparison of results obtained by the renitration method with the published results of Epstein et al. (1976) indicate some differences in the δD values of individual samples. However, the overall plant-water δD relationship determined by Epstein et al., is not greatly changed upon redetermination by the renitration method. Additional data from a variety of plants representing a wide geographical range reveal that relative humidity is an important variable in determining the δD value of cellulose C-H hydrogen on this inter-regional scale. The role of relative humidity can be reasonably explained by a leaf water model that assumes an isotopic steady-state during transpiration. These results reaffirm the conclusion of Epstein et al., that the δD variations of the source water are the dominant control of the δD variations of cellulose C-H hydrogen from naturally grown plants. Thus, there is an expectation that these cellulose δD variations can have climate significance. 相似文献
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A meshfree node‐based smoothed point interpolation method (NS‐PIM), which has been recently developed for solid mechanics problems, is applied to obtain certified solutions with bounds for hydraulic structure designs. In this approach, shape functions for displacements are constructed using the point interpolation method (PIM), and the shape functions possess the Kronecker delta property and permit the straightforward enforcement of essential boundary conditions. The generalized smoothed Galerkin weak form is then applied to construct discretized system equations using the node‐based smoothed strains. As a very novel and important property, the approach can obtain the upper bound solution in energy norm for hydraulic structures. A 2D gravity dam problem and a 3D arch dam problem are solved, respectively, using the NS‐PIM and the simulation results of NS‐PIM are found to be the upper bounds. Together with standard fully compatible FEM results as a lower bound, we have successfully determined the solution bounds to certify the accuracy of numerical solutions. This confirms that the NS‐PIM is very useful for producing certified solutions for the analysis of huge hydraulic structures. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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天山乌鲁木齐河流域山区降水δ18O和δD 特征及水汽来源分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
依据乌鲁木齐河流域山区3个站点实测次降水δ18O和δD数据以及气象观测资料,结合临近GNIP(Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation)站点数据,对其降水δ18O和δD特征及水汽来源进行了分析。结果表明,大气降水中δ18O值波动范围大,但呈现明显的季节性变化:冬季降水δ18O较低,夏季降水δ18O较高。受流域山区气候和地理条件影响,从上游到下游各站点大气降水线截距和斜率均呈现逐渐减小趋势。大气降水中δ18O和δD与日均气温存在密切正相关关系,且温度与δ18O之间的相关性优于δD。降水中d-excess值也表现出季节性变化,冬季降水d-excess值高于夏季降水。利用HYSPLIT 4.0气团轨迹模型,得出夏季水汽主要来源西风环流输送,冬季受西风环流和极地气团共同影响。 相似文献
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基于极限分析上限定理,考虑均匀加筋和三角形加筋两种加筋模式,采用拟静力分析方法推导了一定边坡高度条件下的三维加筋边坡临界加筋强度的计算公式。通过与已有文献结果的对比,验证了所提方法的正确性,并讨论了边坡宽高比、水平和竖向地震力系数对三维边坡稳定性的影响。结果表明:地震力作用下边坡临界加筋强度随边坡宽高比的增大而增加,但其变化速率逐渐减小,当边坡宽高比大于10时,三维边坡加筋强度与二维情况相近;随着水平地震作用的增大,三维边坡临界加筋强度呈非线性增大;随着竖向地震作用的增大,临界加筋强度大致呈线性增加,且随着坡角的增大,竖向地震作用对临界加筋强度的影响更加显著;两种加筋模式下的边坡临界加筋强度值变化规律一致,且三角形加筋模式所需的加筋强度较小,效果较优。最后,针对实际工程提出了一些工程建议。 相似文献
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In this study, upper bound finite element (FE) limit analysis is applied to stability problems of slopes using a nonlinear criterion. After formulating the upper bound analysis as the dual form of a second-order cone programming (SOCP) problem, the stress field and corresponding shear strength parameters can be determined iteratively. Thus, the nonlinear failure criterion is represented by the shear strength parameters associated with stress so that the analysis of slope stability using a nonlinear failure criterion can be transformed into the traditional upper bound method with a linear Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion. Comparison with published solutions illustrates the accuracy and feasibility of the proposed method for a simple homogeneous slope stability problem. The proposed approach is also applied to a seismic stability problem for a rockfill dam to study the influence of different failure criterions on the upper bound solutions. The results show that the seismic stability coefficients obtained using two different nonlinear failure criteria are similar but that the convergence differs significantly. 相似文献
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黏土地基中土体强度的非均质和各向异性是比较突出的现象。在已有工作的基础上,根据目前常用的不排水条件下饱和黏土非均质和各向异性强度模型,采用已被证实计算光滑条基极限承载力相当高效的多块体离散模式,编制了考虑强度非均质和各向异性时黏土地基上光滑条基地基承载力计算的多块体上限解计算程序,实现了非均质各向异性黏土地基上光滑条基地基极限承载力的多块体上限解法。为验证多块体上限解法的应用情况,将计算结果与已有的上限解、滑移线解等做了广泛的对比发现,该处计算非均质和各向异性黏土地基上光滑条基极限承载力的上限方法是相当有效的。为方便应用,基于多块体上限方法给出了非均质和各向异性条件下地基承载力系数 的计算曲线。探讨了 随土体强度非均质和各向异性的变化规律。通过分析非均质条件对地基破坏面的影响,揭示了非均质对地基承载力影响的内在原因。 相似文献
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Organic materials in lacustrine sediments are from multiple terrestrial and aquatic sources. In this study, carbon (δ13C) and hydrogen isotopic compositions (δD) of phytol, various sterols, and major n-fatty acids in sediments at Lake Haruna, Japan, were determined in their solvent-extractable (free) and saponification-released forms (bound). The δ13C-δD distributions of these lipid molecules in sediments are compared with those of terrestrial C3 and C4 plants, aquatic C3 plants, and plankton to evaluate their relative contributions. δ13C-δD of free phytol in sediments is very close to that of phytol in plankton samples, whereas δ13C-δD of bound phytol in sediments is on a mixing line between terrestrial C3 plant and plankton material. Unlike phytol, no significant δ13C-δD difference between free and bound forms was found in sterols and n-fatty acids. δ13C-δD values of algal sterols such as 24-methylcholesta-5,22-dien-3β-ol in sediments are close to those of plankton, whereas δ13C-δD of multiple-source sterols such as 24-ethylcholest-5-en-3β-ol and of major n-fatty acids such as n-hexadecanoic acid in sediments are between those of terrestrial C3 plants and plankton samples. Thus, δ13C-δD distributions clearly indicate the specific source contributions of biomarkers preserved in a lacustrine environment. Free phytol and algal sterols can be attributed to phytoplankton, and bound phytol, multiple source sterols, and major n-fatty acids are contributed by both terrestrial C3 plants and phytoplankton. 相似文献
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Jean‐Michel Brazier Anne‐Dsire Schmitt Eric Pelt Damien Lemarchand Sophie Gangloff Tho Tacail Vincent Balter 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2020,44(2):331-348
This work presents new 87Sr/86Sr and δ88/86SrSRM987 isotopic values of thirteen mineral, vegetal and animal reference materials. Except for UB‐N, all our results are consistent with previously published data. Our results highlight intermediate precisions among the best presently published and a non‐significant systematic shift with the calculated δ88/86SrSRM987 mean values for the three most analysed reference materials in the literature (i.e., IAPSO, BCR‐2 and JCp‐1). By comparison with the literature and between two distinct digestions, a significant bias of δ88/86SrSRM987 values was highlighted for two reference materials (UB‐N and GS‐N). It has also been shown that digestion protocols (nitric and multi‐acid) have a moderate impact on the δ88/86SrSRM987 isotopic values for the Jls‐1 reference materials suggesting that a nitric acid digestion of carbonate can be used without significant bias from partial digestion of non‐carbonate impurities. Different δ88/86SrSRM987 values were measured after two independent Sr/matrix separations, according to the same protocol, for a fat‐rich organic reference material (BCR‐380R) and have been related to a potential post‐digestion heterogeneity. Finally, the δ88/86SrSRM987 value differences measured between animal‐vegetal and between coral‐seawater reference materials agree with the previously published results, highlighting an Sr isotopic fractionation along the trophic chain and during carbonate precipitation. 相似文献
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Multiple-step loading triaxial compression test (ML-TCT) method is a useful tool to evaluate strength parameters of rock samples using a single specimen applying several loading/unloading. However, because of accumulated damages in the specimen with repeated cycles of axial loading/unloading, the shear strength is prone to be underestimated. A multiple-step loading damage (MLD) model was proposed to simulate ML-TCT results. Two series of ML-TCTs were carried out on a sedimentary soft rock of mudstone. The first series was to determine the geotechnical parameters to describe the MLD model, and the second series was to verify the model. The results demonstrated that the proposed MLD model was powerful to simulate ML-TCTs on the mudstone and modify the results of carried out tests to generate more reliable results. Moreover, a generalized MLD model was constructed. This model allows prediction of peak deviator stresses and the relevant excess pore water pressures in a ML-TCT for rocks having different strength which generally are affected by the previous loading history. The generalized MLD model indicates that the margin between shear strength parameters obtained by single-step loading triaxial compression tests and ML-TCTs, increases with an increase in the rock strength. Moreover, upper bound values for effective cohesion, c′, and lower bound values for, effective friction angle, ?′, was obtained in a ML-TCT with increasing effective confining pressure, σ′c. Whereas, upper bound values for ?′ and lower bound values for c′ predicted in a ML-TCT with decreasing σ′c. It was concluded that, ML-TCT increasing σ′c is preferable to ML-TCT decreasing σ′c. 相似文献
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针对大多滑坡体滑裂面的三维特征，将滑坡体离散为多条柱体，从分析作用干滑裂面上的力的静力平衡入手，通过引入一定的假定，分析作用在条柱上的作用和力矩平衡条件，应用Newton-Lapson方法可以方便地求出滑坡的稳定系数真值下限解。便于与三维极限分析的上限解一起，确定滑坡安全系数的范围。应用三维极限平衡分析方法对小湾水电站坝前堆积体在坡角开挖条件下的稳定性进行了分析，得出该堆积体的稳定程度。 相似文献
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为研究浅埋隧道掌子面稳定性及获取精细化的破坏模式,提出了一种上限有限元非结构化网格自适应加密策略。以单元耗散能权重指标作为网格自适应加密评判准则,该策略同时兼顾了单元尺度与塑性应变。应用高阶的6节点三角形单元并建立上限有限元线性规划模型,以多次反复计算和网格加密的方式实现了二维自适应上限有限元分析并编制了计算程序。利用条形基础地基极限承载力课题,从上限解精度和网格加密形态方面验证了该程序的有效性。针对浅埋隧道掌子面稳定性问题,展开多参数条件下的自适应上限有限元计算,分析了网格加密过程中单元总数与上限解精度的关系,列出不同隧道埋深和内摩擦角对应的隧道掌子面稳定性临界值的上限解,揭示出掌子面稳定性变化规律及精细化的破坏模式。 相似文献
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堆石料三维边界面模型在FLAC3D中的开发与验证 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
堆石料三维边界面模型结合了统一非线性强度准则,可以反映三维应力空间堆石料的应变硬化、软化以及体积收缩和剪胀等传统本构模型难以反映的力学特性。基于三维边界面模型的基本理论,通过FLAC3D提供的二次开发平台,在VC++环境下实现了三维边界面本构模型的二次开发,并给出基于FLAC3D程序的边界面本构模型开发的关键步骤、编程要点和调试方法。利用开发的本构模型,开展了三轴压缩试验的数值模拟计算,并与理论值进行了对比分析。结果表明,嵌入在FLAC3D中的三维边界面本构模型能够较好地反映设定试验条件下的材料性能,而且三维边界面本构模型模型参数简单,都可从常规三轴试验获得,从而验证了三维边界面模型二次开发程序的优越性与合理性。 相似文献
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The kinetics of hydrogen diffusion in enstatite was studied by hydrogen–deuterium exchange experiments in the range of 1–5,000 bar and 700–850°C using synthetic single crystals of pure and Cr-doped enstatites. The OH- and OD-content in the samples was quantified after each thermal treatment with Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy. H–D-exchange rates were measured parallel to the three crystallographic axes. In addition, in order to visualize diffusion profiles, OH and OD were mapped for some samples, utilizing synchrotron IR micro-spectroscopy. Hydrogen self-diffusivities derived from D/H exchange experiments at one atmosphere are very similar to the chemical diffusivity of hydrogen in natural Fe-bearing orthopyroxene, which was reported previously (Stalder and Skogby 2003) to exhibit a small, but significant anisotropy (D[001] > D[100] > D[010]). Activation energies are estimated to be 211 (±31) kJ/mol for diffusion parallel [100] and 185 (±28) kJ/mol for diffusion parallel [010]. Lattice diffusion of hydrogen is decelerated by more than one order of magnitude when Cr is dissolved in enstatite. In comparison to the chemical composition, pressure seems to have only a minor influence on hydrogen diffusion. Compared to other minerals in the Earth’s upper mantle, enstatite exhibits the highest activation energy for hydrogen diffusion, suggesting faster diffusion than in other mafic minerals at mantle temperatures, but slower diffusion at crustal conditions. Thus under upper mantle conditions, physical properties that are expected to be influenced by hydrogen mobility, such as electrical conductivity, may in enstatite be more intensely affected by the presence of hydrogen than in other upper mantle minerals. 相似文献
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Kyle P. Larson Dawn A. Kellett John M. Cottle Alfredo Camacho Alex D. Brubacher 《地学学报》2020,32(2):151-158
The Tibetan plateau is host to numerous ~N‐S striking graben that have accommodated E‐W directed extension. The development of these structures has been interpreted to reflect a variety of different geological processes including plateau collapse, oroclinal bending or mid‐to‐lower crustal flow. New 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology and quartz c‐axis data from the Thakkhola graben of west‐central Nepal show that E‐W extension was ongoing at least locally by the early Miocene (ca. 17 Ma). Our new, and previously published chronologic information on the initiation of graben across the orogen shows that they typically developed immediately after cessation of the South Tibetan detachment system, a structural network that facilitated differential southward movement of the upper and middle crust. We interpret this fundamental switch in orogen kinematics to reflect recoupling of the middle and upper Himalayan crust such that the subsequent widespread flow of the mid‐to‐lower crust out of the system to the east forced brittle accommodation in the upper crust. 相似文献