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1.
近十年来，不断加强对构造活动性的仪器观测和历史记录。人们把注意力集中于根据地质，地貌的记录鉴别和研究古地震上，重要的是识别断层地貌特片，例如，断层陡坎，它可能是某一区域构造活动类型及其活动时间的明显标志。 相似文献
2.
活动断层是城市地震灾害的重要风险源，准确厘定活动断层的空间几何展布是有效降低城市地震灾害和开展活动断层避让的基础。而城市化建设对原始地貌的严重改造使得原先出露地表的活动断层成为"隐形"断层，难以准确确定断层的几何展布。大同盆地中部的水峪断裂北段位于马铺山东缘，断错地貌明显，但南段进入大同市御东新区被城市建筑物覆盖，成为"隐形"断层。研究基于大同地区1965年历史航片影像资料，结合1∶10000地形图，运用航片像对和航空立体摄影的方法重建了该地区的数字高程模型（DEM）和正射影像（DOM），重点对水峪断裂"隐形"段进行识别和定位，厘定了水峪断裂断层陡坎的几何展布特征。研究结果表明，水峪断裂北段山前陡坎线性特征明显，由影像可以准确解译出断层几何展布位置；水峪断裂南段可基于2000年之前的Keyhole历史遥感影像、DOM与DEM资料，根据断层两侧的颜色差异及陡坎高度差异，精确厘定该段的断层几何展布位置；DEM提取的地形剖面表明"隐形"段陡坎高度在19 m左右。同时，基于野外调查的断层剖面与浅层人工地震剖面证明该陡坎就是水峪断裂的位置，这也表明利用历史航卫片对城市"隐形"活动断层进行精确定位的方法是可行的。该研究不仅为大同地区的地震危险性评估提供了重要依据，而且为城市"隐形"活动断层探测提供了一个新的思路和途径。 相似文献
3.
岱海盆地位于鄂尔多斯周缘断裂系的东北角,总体走向NEE,南北两侧均由断裂控制.岱海盆地南缘分布两条平行于边界断裂的地貌陡坎,延伸方向65°,总长约20km,形似断层陡坎.本文用开挖探槽、分析地层沉积过程的方法,查明了这两条地貌陡坎均为全新世形成的湖岸阶地的前缘陡坎,不是断裂活动错断地表的结果.结合全新世的气候资料,分析了湖岸阶地的形成时间和过程.一级陡坎形成于2115±80aB.P.之后,记录了最后一次高湖面的位置;二级陡坎形成于10000aB.P.至6165土105aB.P.之后,即全新世暖期开始之后的第一次湖侵至岱海第二次大的湖侵期.二级陡坎地层沉积记录了两次大的湖进湖退过程,第一次湖进时间为10000aB.P.,湖退时间9450±1260aB.P.;第二次湖进时间6700aB.P.,湖退时间6165± 105aB.P.,其间有一次级湖退过程,时间为7620±930aB.P..两级阶地前缘陡坎的形成时间与孢粉等记录的中国北方全新世温度变化相对应. 相似文献
4.
活断层工程避让在本质上属于工程抗断问题,其目的是减少活断层未来发生地表破裂时对建筑物的破坏.不是所有活断层都能产生地表破裂,只有地震活断层才是工程避让的对象.各种研究方法确定的活断层工程避让安全距离,是否适用于某一具体的活断层,尚需对活断层本身开展相关研究.本文基于活断层研究的基本方法,分别以贺兰山东麓断裂和银川隐伏断裂为例,通过对活断层构造活动历史的分析,以活断层的过去预测未来,为裸露和隐伏活断层的工程避让提供依据.对裸露活断层而言,采用地震地质填图、槽探、断层陡坎地貌调查的方法,鉴定其是否为地震活断层,古地震和断层陡坎地貌的原地复发特征是确定工程避让位置的依据,探槽剖面断层带宽度及断层陡坎宽度可作为避让距离的参考.对隐伏活动断裂而言,首先应通过多种手段进行断层定位,槽探和钻探是鉴定地震活断层并进行构造活动历史分析的基础.古地震事件的原地复发、以及钻探剖面不同深度不同沉积时期的地层界线的断距变化是分析未来地表破裂位置的主要依据,已有断层面在地表延伸的位置是下次地震地表破裂发生的位置,是工程避让的参照.通过分析,认为前人统计的15m避让距离适用于贺兰山东麓断裂和银川隐伏断裂,银川隐伏断裂考虑最大定位误差后的避让距离为40m. 相似文献
5.
临潼-长安断裂带主要由两条主断层和两条分支断层组成,断层基本沿北东向的黄土塬陡坎展布,陡坎高30～128m不等。虽然断层和陡坎有很好的重合关系,但陡坎并不完全是断层所形成,主要原因有:1)野外断层露头表明,断层错断S1古土壤层一般为0.2～1.5m,最大为6.0m,错断S2～S4古土壤层也仅有几米,与断层所在的陡坎高度相比,断层的错距很小;2)高桥和月登阁钻探结果显示,钻孔中早更新世地层上部断层错距分别不大于24.45m和8.49m,即断层在黄土塬基座中的错距比相应的黄土陡坎高度要小;3)在某些局部地段断层并不随陡坎拐弯而拐弯;4)深孔资料显示有侵蚀现象。综合分析,临潼-长安断裂带所在的陡坎是侵蚀作用和断层错动共同作用的结果,陡坎的形成以侵蚀作用为主,断层的错动量很小。地壳抬升、断块掀斜运动产生断层,新近纪或早更新世"三门湖"在已有的断层位置发生侵蚀,两者共同作用形成了现今地貌陡坎。 相似文献
6.
《地壳构造与地壳应力文集》2010,(0)
1679年的三河-平谷8级大地震,在三河—平谷地区留下了良好的地貌陡坎,应用高精度GPSRTK测量技术对陡坎的测量显示:断块从大柳店到蒋里村段均有展布,整体走向为北东40°～50°,长度不小于30km,位于东柳河屯至东兴庄段,陡坎高度为2～3m,往两侧高度变小。横穿泃河及南大河的测线剖面显示河流左岸较右岸高,河谷不对性明显,说明断层可能顺河道发育。 相似文献
7.
龙门山前山断裂大地震是原地重复发生的吗？针对这一问题,对前山断裂的同震地表形变带进行了追踪,并选择5.12汶川地震区九龙、白鹿以及汉旺等3个地点开展了古地震探槽研究工作。调查结果是： 前山断裂5.12地震地表形变带基本沿1 ∶200000地质图上先存基岩断裂发育,但仅限于通济－安昌以南段; 白鹿－八角一带同震地表形变带继承先存断层陡坎或断层沟谷发育; 偏离先存断裂而被一些学者视为断裂全新世活动重要证据的永安附近T1阶地上线性陡坎实为废弃河岸; 白鹿、汉旺探槽剖面揭示这两个地点5.12汶川地震之前至少有过一次古地震事件。这些研究结果表明前山断裂大地震是沿晚第四纪活动断裂原地重复发生的,此次地震是沿先存活动断裂又一次发生的大地震事件,为大地震原地复发模型提供了一个新的震例支持。在沿该断裂周边进行规划建设时应当合理避让。 相似文献
8.
基于详细的遥感解译和野外调查,发现龙首山南缘断裂发育有较新的地震地表破裂遗迹,包括断层坎、地震鼓包、河道的系统位错等断层地貌标志,破裂带总长度超过20 km,沿断裂走向其垂向位移介于0.35～4 m,水平位移介于0.3～1.9 m,龙首山南缘断裂主体表现为逆冲性质,仅在西端表现为局部左旋走滑的性质。通过剖面和探槽揭示,龙首山南麓地区全新世以来发生多次断层活动,最新的一次在约3.96 ka以来。经过与区域内的强震记录比对,认为此次新发现的地震地表破裂带可能是1954年山丹MS 7地震所致。1954年山丹MS 7地震在浅表沿两条断裂同时发生了地表破裂,表现为正花状构造的变形样式。这种同震位移分配现象以往多发现于走滑型地震中,此次在逆冲型地震中发现。龙首山南缘断裂地表破裂带的发现为揭示1954年山丹地震的震源过程和破裂样式提供了新的证据和思路。 相似文献
9.
2008年5月12日,汶川Mw7.9级地震在青藏高原东缘沿龙门山逆冲断裂带中段形成了两条NE向和一条NW向逆冲走滑型地表破裂。依据同震地表陡坎形态特征,将其分为8种类型:逆断层陡坎、上盘垮塌陡坎、挤压推覆陡坎、右旋挤压推覆陡坎、断层相关褶皱陡坎、后冲挤压陡坎、上冲叠覆陡坎和局部正断层陡坎。汶川地震所形成的同震地表破裂主要由以逆冲为主的映秀破裂段和兼具逆冲、右旋走滑的北川破裂段两部分组成,这两个破裂段分别对应于Mw7.8与Mw7.6级地震事件;它们还可进一步细分为分别对应于Mw7.5、Mw7.7、Mw7.0和Mw7.5等4个次级事件的4个次级破裂段。这些次级破裂段的级联破裂可以用来解释为什么汶川地震的持续时间长达110 s。余震震源机制分析结果表明,发震断层的倾角随深度的增加而变缓,且从西南向北东逐渐变陡可以用来解释走滑分量增加的成因。此次大地震还表明,沿青藏高原东缘地形抬高的主要驱动力可能是地壳挤压缩短,而不一定是下地壳物质流动和膨胀引起上地壳的隆升。 相似文献
10.
中国西部盆地多发育陡倾逆冲断层,但对其成因仍未取得统一认识。色力布亚断裂带位于塔里木盆地的西部,是一条典型的陡倾逆冲断层,为研究陡倾断层的成因提供了很好的实例。根据最新地震剖面与地层分析认为,色力布亚断裂上部倾角约为65°,经两期构造运动形成,第一期是加里东晚期运动-海西早期运动（362~439 Ma）,第二期为喜马拉雅中期运动（5.3~23.3 Ma）;正是断层的多期活动形成了上部的陡倾断层,即先存缓倾逆断层的活动改变了局部应力场,使最大主应力轴由水平变倾斜,随之产生的库伦断裂倾角变陡,并伴生反冲逆断层。同时利用数字砂箱模拟结果验证了上述推断。 相似文献
11.
利用地面LiDAR精细化测量活断层微地貌形态——以毛垭坝断裂禾尼处断层崖为例 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
受地壳内部持续运动和沉积、风化等自然动力及人类生产与生活活动影响,活断层微地貌形态往往比较复杂,传统测量方法较难快速、高效地获取大范围内精细化的活断层微地貌形态,激光雷达扫描技术的出现和发展为活断层微地貌的精细化与定量化研究提供了新的技术手段。以川西理塘毛垭坝盆地北缘的正断层崖为研究对象,利用地面LiDAR获取活断层微地貌高精度点云后,经过点云配准、滤波、重采样和三角构网处理后,建立了0.05 m分辨率的数字高程模型和真彩色三维模型,在此基础上分析了断层崖地貌特征,并获取了正断层错动两期最新地貌面的精确垂直位错量。研究结果表明,地面LiDAR技术是精细测量活断层微地貌形态和量化相关地貌特征参数的有效手段,提高了活断层微地貌形态测量的精度和认识水平。 相似文献
12.
固关-虢镇断裂是青藏高原东北缘、鄂尔多斯地块西南缘陇县-宝鸡断裂带中的一条主要断裂,该断裂的运动特征和活动性包含了青藏高原向东北方向扩展机制的重要信息。固关-虢镇断裂中段在卫星影像和DEM图上都显示出清晰的线性影像特征,地貌上表现为清楚的地貌陡坎,陡坎高80～100 m。通过卫星影像判读、野外调查、探槽开挖和年龄测试等方法的综合研究,结果认为固关-虢镇断裂中段第四纪早期有明显活动,并以左旋走滑运动为主,左旋走滑运动利用了早白垩世形成的正断层面;晚更新世以后固关-虢镇断裂停止了活动。造成断裂运动方式和活动性转变的原因是,第四纪以来印度-欧亚大陆碰撞的远程效应到达青藏高原东北缘之后,陇县-宝鸡断裂带周围的块体因为相互作用进行调整,形成了该断裂带局部构造应力以剪应力为主所致。 相似文献
13.
Multiple earthquakes produced by thrusting deformation have been recorded over the last century in the Tianshan area. Paleoseismic studies are very important in the exploration of the active quaternary tectonics and the risk assessment of great earthquakes in the Tianshan orogenic region. However, in this area, paleoseismic research is still lacking because of the lack of samples dated by 14C or optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) methods. We determined the ages of the alluvial fans by 10Be terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (TCN) dating, measured the surface deformation of the fault scarp in a GPS survey, and evaluated the vertical displacements of the events in trenches in the east Kalpintage fault in the southwest Tianshan region. We estimated the displacement and recurrence intervals of the paleoseismic events and constrained the errors of the 10Be ages and slip rates using a Monte Carlo simulation method. Our study suggests that each paleoseismic event shows a similar displacement of ~1.5 m with a recurrence interval of ~5 kyr in the east Kalpintage fault. The calculated slip rate is 0.31(+0.21/?0.18) mm/yr. In such arid regions with large areas of coarse gravel that lack 14C or OSL samples, the integration of TCN dating, geomorphic deformation survey, and trenching methods is a reliable alternative for studying the active regional tectonics. 相似文献
14.
R. Jayangondaperumal J. L. Mugnier A. K. Dubey 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,102(7):1937-1955
Geometric and kinematic analyses of minor thrusts and folds, which record earthquakes between 1200 AD and 1700 AD, were performed for two trench sites (Rampur Ghanda and Ramnagar) located across the Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT) in the western Indian Himalaya. The present study aims to re-evaluate the slip estimate of these two trench sites by establishing a link between scarp geometry, displacements observed very close to the surface and slip at deeper levels. As geometry of the active thrust beneath the scarp is unknown, we develop a parametric study to understand the origin of the scarp surface and to estimate the influence of ramp dip. The shortening estimates of Rampur Ghanda trench by line length budget and distance–displacement (D–d) method show values of 23 and 10–15 %, respectively. The estimate inferred from the later method is less than the line length budget suggesting a small internal deformation. Ramnagar trench shows 12 % shortening by line length budget and 10–25 % by the D–d method suggesting a large internal deformation. A parametric study at the trenched fault zone of Rampur Ghanda shows a slip of 16 m beneath the trailing edge of the scarp, and it is sufficient to raise a 8-m-high scarp. This implies that the Rampur Ghanda scarp is balanced with a single event with 7.8-m-coseismic slip in the trenched fault zone at the toe of the scarp, 8–15 % mean deformation within the scarp and 16-m slip at depth along a 30° ramp for a pre-1400 earthquake event. A 16-m slip is the most robust estimate of the maximum slip for a single event reported previously by trench studies along the HFT in the western Indian Himalaya that occurred between 1200 AD and 1700 AD. However, the Ramnagar trenched fault zone shows a slip of 23 m, which is larger than both line length and D–d methods. It implies that a 13-m-high scarp and 23-m slip beneath the rigid block may be ascribed to multiple events. It is for the first time we report that in the south-eastern extent of the western Indian Himalaya, Ramnagar scarp consists of minimum two events (i) pre-1400 AD and (ii) unknown old events of different lateral extents with overlapping ruptures. If the more optimistic two seismic events scenario is followed, the rupture length would be at least 260 km and would lead to an earthquake greater than Mw 8.5. 相似文献
15.
《Journal of Structural Geology》2001,23(2-3):531-543
Palaeoseismological and morphotectonic analyses enable us to define a 400-m-wide actively deformed zone associated with the active Eliki normal fault, central Greece, bounded on the south by a second-order fault and on the north by a composite and prominent fault scarp. This scarp is further analysed by trenching. Based on colluvium stratigraphy, displacement of distinct horizons and deposition of sedimentary layers, three faulting events have been identified along four fault strands affecting unconsolidated sediments in the trench. The two younger events, with throws of 0.93 and 1.37 m, respectively, the third event, with a throw of 0.44 m, and the penultimate 373 BC event suggest a variable seismic history.The entire alluvial plain of the Kerynitis and Vouraikos rivers, which cross the Eliki fault, has subsided at a rate of 1.4 mm/year, resulting in the burial of the Late Hellenistic–Roman occupation horizons under 3 m of fluvial and colluvial sediments in places.Extension in the broader area is accommodated by the seismically active Eliki and Egion faults. Structural and palaeoseismological analysis of those two faults indicates that they accommodate 1.5 mm/year, or about 10% of the geodetically estimated extension of up to 13 mm/year. 相似文献
16.
P. Lafuente L. E. Arlegui C. L. Liesa J. L. Simón 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2011,100(7):1713-1732
The Concud fault is a 13.5 km long, NW–SE striking normal fault at the eastern Iberian Chain. Its recent (Late Pleistocene)
slip history is characterized from mapping and trench analysis and discussed in the context of the accretion/incision history
of the Alfambra River. The fault has been active since Late Pliocene times, with slip rates ranging from 0.07 to 0.33 mm/year
that are consistent with its present-day geomorphologic expression. The most likely empirical correlation suggests that the
associated paleoseisms have potential magnitudes close to 6.8, coseismic displacements of 2.0 m, and recurrence intervals
from 6.1 to 28.9 ka. At least six paleoseismic events have been identified between 113 and 32 ka. The first three events (U
to W) involved displacement along the major fault plane. The last three events (X to Z) encompassed downthrow and hanging-wall
synthetic bending prompting fissure opening. This change is accompanied by a decrease in slip rate (from 0.63 to 0.08–0.17 mm/year)
and has been attributed to activation of a synthetic blind fault at the hanging wall. The average coseismic displacement (1.9–2.0 m)
and recurrence period (6.7–7.9 ka) inferred from this paleoseismic succession are within the ranges predicted from empirical
correlation. Such paleoseismic activity contrasts with the moderate present-day seismicity of the area (maximum instrumental
Mb = 4.4), which can be explained by the long recurrence interval that characterizes intraplate regions. 相似文献
17.
Cheng-Chao Lee Louis Loung-Yie Tsai Chieh-Hou Yang Kuo-Liang Wen Zi-Bin Wang Zhi-Hsian Hsieh Hsing-Chang Liu 《Environmental Geology》2009,58(7):1397-1406
A slope on the west border of the foothill near 921 surface rupture (caused by the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake) in central Taiwan
shows distinctive topographic expression that was prone to be considered as a fault scarp formed by a preexisting active fault.
The 2D and 3D resistivity images clearly delineate rock surfaces which show steep, deep, gentle, and subvertical displacement
beneath the slope, the toe of slope, the non-lateritic terrace, and 921 surface rupture, respectively, which can be attributed
to the significant contrast of resistivity between gravel and rock. The horizontal sand bed and clast-supported gravel were
deposited in a fluvial environment, whereas wedge-shaped gravel and colluvium were scarp-induced colluvial deposits in the
trench profile. The layers shown in the depth of excavation, except for rock, has no offset or disturbance by fault ever since
at least 2,480 ± 50 year B.P., based on carbon 14 dating of charcoal sample at the bottom of trench profile. According to
information from two boreholes close to the slope, an over 20-m-thick marker bed with transported shell fragments, was found
for correlation. This correlation further implies the slope was not formed by fault. On the other hand, two boreholes which
are far from the slope and located on the flat non-lateritic terrace frequently show fractured and sheared features. By comparison,
the locations around these two boreholes indicate a reverse fault or faults that occurred before the deposition of gravel.
Later on, the paleostream was developed along the foot of fault scarp that was subjected to erosion and led to subsequent
retrogression or retreat of the slope. Consequently, the incision of paleostream is believed to be responsible for the high
relief of rock surface around the slope. Furthermore, from resistivity and borehole data, the rock surface underlying terrace
is gentle where no faults occur after the deposition of gravel. The result of RIP crossing the 921 surface rupture displays
about 10 m difference in elevation of rock surface on both sides, which is greater than that of 3–4 m caused by Chi-Chi earthquake.
This indicates that the 921 surface rupture is a preexisting thrust fault that resulted from several thrusting events since
terrace gravel was deposited. So it is not necessary to establish an extra restricted zone for construction in study area,
except close to the 921 surface rupture. 相似文献
18.
基于LiDAR的海原断裂松山段断错地貌分析与古地震探槽选址实例 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
基于高精度机载Li DAR数据在GIS平台的地貌因子渲染分析,对海原断裂老虎山段松山地区古地震研究点进行高精度大比例尺(1∶1000)地貌填图,勾勒出研究点微地貌空间展布和断裂高精度几何形态。通过对松山古地震研究点2个新探槽的开挖,结合细致的探槽解译、地震事件识别与分期、年代学样品测试,得出5次37380±880BP以内的不连续古地震序列。通过对比此处已经开挖的各自相距不足150m、分布于断裂同一段落的4个古地震探槽的微地貌位置、沉积特征和地震事件信号强弱,发现即使相距不远,不同微地貌位置古地震探槽揭示的古地震现象也会有显著差别。这种差别凸显了古地震研究结果,如揭示的事件证据和个数等与探槽点位置的选取有较强的依赖性。综合对比分析表明,较低的地势、低能静水环境、高沉积速率、细粒的沉积物源区及连续的沉积环境是走滑断裂上开展古地震研究的优选地貌位置。实例表明,基于高精度地形数据对研究点开展精细地貌填图揭示微地貌时空演化,从而在探槽开挖前对古地震研究点的构造地貌优劣进行充分评价是提高古地震研究质量的必要程序,同时也显示出高精度机载Li DAR数据在活动构造研究中的重要新应用。 相似文献
19.
The Portland Hills Fault: uncovering a hidden fault in Portland, Oregon using high-resolution geophysical methods 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The Portland metropolitan area historically is the most seismically active region in Oregon. At least three potentially active faults are located in the immediate vicinity of downtown Portland, with the Portland Hills Fault (PHF) extending directly beneath downtown Portland. The faults are poorly understood, and the surface geologic record does not provide the information required to assess the seismic hazards associated with them. The limited geologic information stems from a surface topography that has not maintained a cumulative geologic record of faulting, in part, due to rapid erosion and deposition from late Pleistocene catastrophic flood events and a possible strike-slip component of the faults. We integrated multiple high-resolution geophysical techniques, including seismic reflection, ground penetrating radar (GPR), and magnetic methods, with regional geological and geophysical surveys to determine that the Portland Hills Fault is presently active with a zone of deformation that extends at least 400 m. The style of deformation is consistent with at least two major earthquakes in the last 12–15 ka, as confirmed by a sidehill excavation trench. High-resolution geophysical methods provide detailed images of the upper 100 m across the active fault zone. The geophysical images are critical to characterizing the structural style within the zone of deformation, and when integrated with a paleoseismic trench, can accurately record the seismic history of a region with little surface geologic exposure. 相似文献
20.
O. P. Smekalin A. V. Chipizubov V. S. Imaev V. M. Besstrashnov A. I. Mel’nikov 《Russian Journal of Pacific Geology》2007,1(2):176-185
In the recent structure of the Baikal Rift Zone, the Kichera Fault serves as the northwestern boundary of the Angara-Kichera aggradation depression. A seismotectonic scarp 60 m high was formed as a result of normal faulting during the late Pleistocene and Holocene. The erosion-aggradation and seismic landforms testify to the nonuniform growth of this scarp. To study the character of the seismic activity in the Kichera Fault Zone, we excavated two trenches across the seismotectonic scarp. The Holocene stage of the seismotectonic activation within the fault zone and the preceding period of relative quiescence were outlined from the character of the deformations in the trench sections and previous geomorphic investigations. According to our preliminary estimations, the active stage that started at the end of the late Pleistocene and that has remained incomplete until now was accompanied by at least three rupture-forming earthquakes. 相似文献