共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
This analysis attempts to discern primary causes of interannual and interdecadal climate variations for precipitation and temperature regions of the conterminous United States. Varimax rotated principal components analysis of annual climate division data is used in the derivation of nine precipitation and five temperature regions. Each region's time series is examined for underlying linear trends, representing long-term climate change, and tests for variance changes, to determine regional climate variability shifts. The first six precipitation components, representing the entire eastern half of the country and the Northwest, displayed significant temporal increases. Of these, four displayed significant increases in interannual variability through time. For temperature, only the Southwestern region showed a significant change (increase) through time. However, significant reductions in temperature variability were confirmed for three regions. To determine the causes of the derived climate shifts, correlation analysis was performed with various atmospheric teleconnection indices. Precipitation trends are most strongly associated with variations in the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) at the interannual time scale while interdecadal variations are associated more with variations in the Pacific/North American (PNA) teleconnection. Both interannual and interdecadal variations of regional temperature are most strongly related to the PNA, except for the Southwest, which showed a significant correlation to the SOI. This suggests that El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events are the source for much of the precipitation change evident in the eastern and Northwestern United States and temperature change in the Southwest. [Key words: climate change, precipitation, temperature, El Niño, Southern Oscillation, United States climate.] 相似文献
2.
Landscapes of the mountainous regions in northwestern China comprise a unique pattern of vegetation,consisting of a mosaic of grassland and shrub-forest.Forests generally self-organize into ordered structures and coalesce into blocks on north-facing slopes or stripes along southeast-facing slopes,with Picea crassifolia being the most representative and dominant tree species.We investigated the tree-water status and soil-moisture dynamics at a forest site(Guantan)of the Qilian Mountains in northwest China.The 30-minute-interval measurements of tree-sap flow during the growing season of 2008 are presented,and the potential functional relations between tree transpiration and environmental factors are evaluated.Soil moisture and solar energy were identified as the most influential factors,explaining more than 70%of the variance in sap flow.Based on field measurements obtained at the forest site,a stochastic model of soil-moisture dynamics was tested;and the steady-state probability density functions(PDFs)of the long-term soil-moisture dynamics and static tree-water stress were estimated using the validated model and parameters.We found that the model reproduced measured soil moisture well,despite all the simplifying assumptions.The generated PDF of long-term soil moisture was relatively open,with middle to low average values;and the calculated density of the static tree-water stress at the forest site was largely concentrated between 0 and 0.6,suggesting a moderate water-stress situation in most cases.We argue that both water and energy are limiting factors for vegetation at the forest site.In addition,the tradeoff between reduced evapotranspiration(ET)from limited solar energy and increased soil-moisture availability may create a stressed but tolerable environment and,in turn,produce a relatively constant ecological niche favorable to Picea crassifolia growth. 相似文献
3.
《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2012,66(2-3):149-151
A simple deterministic simulation model for landscape-scale soil water deficits has been developed. Standard weather station data are used to estimate ‘daily’ precipitation and actual (regional) evapotranspiration (AET). The balance is added to soil moisture, which is accounted by a simple bucket model. AET is the daily integral of the lesser of supply and demand: supply is governed by current soil moisture, demand by estimated net radiation and temperature. The model estimates geographical patterns of soil water deficit at a scale suitable for comparison with the distributions of plant species and vegetation types. The model provides a way of quantifying soil moisture stress in biogeographical research. 相似文献
4.
Variability and spatial modeling of fine-scale precipitation data for the Sonoran Desert of south-west Arizona 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
We present a unique new set of high spatial resolution precipitation data from a storage gauge network, for the sparsely observed northern Sonoran desert in south-west Arizona. We examine the nature and causes of the highly complex seasonal and spatial variability in the data, using fine-scale maps developed via spatial modeling and interpolation. These high-resolution maps had explained variances approaching 1·00, and precipitation errors of about 1% in winter and about 10% in summer. Seasonal precipitation ranges from near zero to almost 15 in across the area, and shows high interannual variability. Localized convectional processes lead to summer anomalies that are more spatially complex than in winter when broad-scale synoptic and frontal processes cause precipitation. In general, summer and winter precipitation variability are tied to meridional-zonal shifts and east–west movement of the respective anticyclone or trough pattern over the region. Statistical links between major weather stations in the region and precipitation across the area are spatially inconsistent, especially in the west. 相似文献
5.
多种东亚冬季风指数及其与中国东部气候关系的比较 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料及气温和降水观测资料,对比分析了12种不同定义的东亚冬季风(EAWM)指数及其与中国东部冬季温度和降水的关系。结果显示:多数EAWM指数具有较好的一致性,同时也存在差异,体现了不同定义的指数反映东亚冬季风整体性和局部性特征的侧重点有所不同。有10个EAWM指数均反映出近60年东亚冬季风呈减弱趋势,尤其是近30年最为明显,平均减弱速率达-0.25σ/10a,各指数均有强烈的年际变率和年代际波动。有10个(8个)EAWM指数与我国东部冬季温度(降水)第1模态呈显著负相关;其中西伯利亚高压指数对冬季温度年际变率方差解释率最高(53.3%),而对降水年际变率方差解释率最高的是对流层中高层东亚经向风指数(50.4%)。此外,不同EAWM指数与温度和降水的对应关系在El Niňo状态、La Niňa状态有不同的变化,表明在利用单个EAWM指数监测冬季气候时,要考虑到各个指数在ENSO不同状态下具有的差异性参考意义。 相似文献
6.
基于Shuttleworth-Wallace Hu（SWH）双源蒸散模型对青藏高原那曲、纳木错、藏东南站蒸散发进行估算,在结果验证良好基础上,对青藏高原蒸散发变化特征及各站主要影响因素进行了分析。结果表明：SWH模型在青藏高原3个草甸站适用性良好;年蒸散发介于388~732 mm之间,年内分布呈先增大后减小特征;3站蒸散发组分差异较大,那曲站和纳木错站土壤蒸发对蒸散总量的贡献分别为53%和56%,藏东南站蒸散发则几乎全部由植被蒸腾贡献,占比高达95%;植被叶面积指数为3站蒸散发最主要的影响因素,饱和水汽压差对藏东南站蒸散发影响也较大。研究结果可对青藏高原蒸散发及其组分时空格局与水循环过程研究提供科学依据。 相似文献
7.
1960—2017年艾比湖流域实际蒸散量与气象要素的变化特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
传统估算蒸散发的方法大都基于局地尺度,而在生态水文发生剧烈变化的资料稀缺流域背景下,充分考虑流域下垫面的空间变异性的陆面过程模型为流域长时序、大尺度及连续模拟实际蒸散量提供了新途径。以艾比湖流域为研究区,应用可变下渗能力模型（VIC）模拟1960—2017年艾比湖流域的水文过程,探讨研究区值实际蒸散发量的年、月、日时空变化规律,并运用小波分析方法对5个气象要素及研究区实际蒸散发量的模拟值进行多尺度特征分析,结果表明：① VIC在温泉和博乐的径流纳什效率系数（NSE）分别为0.09和0.23,模拟效果较为满意;VIC实际蒸散量的模拟值与理论计算值,R2达0.80,均方根误差（RMSE）为31.76 mm a-1,NSE为0.32,模拟效果相对较好;② 时间尺度上,艾比湖流域58 a来年际实际蒸散量呈上升趋势,年均实际蒸散量以1.03 mm a-1的速率递增;月值和日值蒸散量均呈单峰趋势;且年代际变化中5—7月的实际蒸散量在20世纪90年代和21世纪呈现下降趋势,20世纪70年呈现上升趋势,而其余月份无明显变化;③ 空间分布上,艾比湖流域内实际蒸散发量总体上呈现高海拔及其附近地区蒸散强烈,从春季到夏季,强蒸散区由西北向东南转移,年实际蒸散量空间分布与春夏季分布一致;④ 艾比湖流域实际蒸散发量与各气象要素在时频域中均存在1~4个显著性周期,且在一定尺度的周期上,平均风速、平均温度以及日照时数超前于实际蒸散量变化,而年降水量和相对湿度滞后于实际蒸散量变化,受降水影响实际蒸散发1965年和2003年发生1 a周期的“强—弱”转换,受相对湿度影响实际蒸散量在1965年和2008年发生2~4.5 a周期的“强—弱”转换。 相似文献
8.
非洲Sahel 地区与中国华北农牧交错带在环境特征及演变过程中体现出许多相似之处, 存在明显内在联系。对两个地带近百年降水变化、植被覆盖、干旱事件和沙尘事件对比分析, 可以 对我国干旱/半干旱地区环境变化的相关科学问题有更好认识。两个地区年降水量序列的年代际 变化趋势有很大相似性。非洲Sahel 地区年降水量在1950s 以前存在明显的年际变化特征, 从 1960s 中期起主要以年代际变化为主; 其大部分地区植被覆盖表现为增长趋势; 降水量年代际变 化可能是影响该地区干旱的重要因素, 温度变化也可能存在作用; 该区沙尘暴频次年际、年代际 变化与降水量相应尺度变化有显著关系, 年均温变化和天气变率可能具有一定影响。华北农牧交 错带年降水量以年际变化为主要特征, 有明显低频波动; 该带偏北和偏东地区植被覆盖增长比较 显著, 南部部分地区植被覆盖呈下降趋势; 降水量年代际变化是影响该地区干旱的重要因素, 但 相同降水量可能引发不同程度的干旱; 该带春季沙尘暴频次与前冬温度变化及天气变率有密切 联系, 与春季降水量也有一定关系。 相似文献
9.
近百年中国华北农牧交错带与非洲Sahel 地区环境变化的比较分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
非洲Sahel 地区与中国华北农牧交错带在环境特征及演变过程中体现出许多相似之处， 存在明显内在联系。对两个地带近百年降水变化、植被覆盖、干旱事件和沙尘事件对比分析， 可以 对我国干旱/半干旱地区环境变化的相关科学问题有更好认识。两个地区年降水量序列的年代际 变化趋势有很大相似性。非洲Sahel 地区年降水量在1950s 以前存在明显的年际变化特征， 从 1960s 中期起主要以年代际变化为主； 其大部分地区植被覆盖表现为增长趋势； 降水量年代际变 化可能是影响该地区干旱的重要因素， 温度变化也可能存在作用； 该区沙尘暴频次年际、年代际 变化与降水量相应尺度变化有显著关系， 年均温变化和天气变率可能具有一定影响。华北农牧交 错带年降水量以年际变化为主要特征， 有明显低频波动； 该带偏北和偏东地区植被覆盖增长比较 显著， 南部部分地区植被覆盖呈下降趋势； 降水量年代际变化是影响该地区干旱的重要因素， 但 相同降水量可能引发不同程度的干旱； 该带春季沙尘暴频次与前冬温度变化及天气变率有密切 联系， 与春季降水量也有一定关系。 相似文献
10.
Impact of rainfall variability and grazing pressure on plant diversity in Mongolian grasslands 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Climate and grazing are the main drivers of plant community composition and species richness in arid environments. This study aimed to examine the vegetation response to a spatial precipitation gradient, interannual rainfall variability, and grazing pressure in Mongolia. To examine the effect of a spatial precipitation gradient, we compared species richness among six sites. To investigate the effects of interannual rainfall variability and grazing pressure, we compared species richness for 2 years at two sites, in desert-steppe and steppe areas. The regional gradient in annual precipitation showed positive and negative relationships with grass richness and shrub richness, respectively, although total species richness did not vary significantly. The proportions of the different functional groups were affected by grazing pressure and rainfall variability in both zones. In the desert-steppe zone, species richness was lower in the drier year but did not vary with grazing pressure. In the steppe zone, species richness varied significantly with grazing pressure but did not vary between years. Precipitation would be more important than grazing pressure on vegetation changes in drier areas with high rainfall variability. 相似文献
11.
由于缺少足够的观测资料,人们对青藏高原上蒸散问题的认识还不充足。以1998年5~9月"全球能量与水循环亚洲季风之青藏高原试验"加强观测试验期(GAME-Tibet IOP)资料为基础,结合1967~2006年40 a的气象站数据,计算了6个样点的参照蒸散量和潜在蒸散量,并在此基础上估算了实际蒸散量的大小。结果显示,高原参照蒸散有下降趋势,但在试验期内却比40 a平均值明显偏高,且和潜在蒸散之间表现出很强的相关性;试验期内气温、太阳辐射强度、风速以及饱和水气压差等环境因子的值均高于40 a的平均状况;太阳辐射强度、风速、饱和水气压差的增强是导致参照蒸散量升高的主要原因,其中以后两者对参照蒸散量的影响尤为显著;试验期内旬实际蒸散量在9~23 mm之间波动,6~8月份实际蒸散的总量可达123.3~136.9 mm,占同期降水量的38.2%~73.4%;蒸散在高原地气相互作用过程中有重要作用。 相似文献
12.
《自然地理学》2013,34(2):121-139
Using a hydrologic model to estimate daily soil moisture at 258 evaluation locations over a 30-year period, the spatial variability and persistence of soil moisture across Oklahoma is examined. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) uses readily available meteorological inputs with detailed land surface information. Spatial variability of soil moisture across Oklahoma is extremely dynamic and exhibits a remarkable range of individual characteristics due to the heterogeneous land surface. An autocorrelation analysis is used to evaluate the persistence of soil moisture at each evaluation location. In general, soil moisture across Oklahoma persists from 5 to 10 weeks in the eastern portion of Oklahoma to over 30 weeks in western Oklahoma as a result of the large-scale climatic variability of precipitation supply and evapotranspiration demand. However, the lags are not spatially coherent due to the heterogeneity of the land surface. Land surface characteristics potentially influencing the persistence of soil moisture across Oklahoma are examined, including vegetation type and soil texture and depth. Of the three parameters, soil depth plays a significant role in the memory of soil moisture conditions. As the soil profile depth increases, a corresponding increase in the persistence of soil moisture occurs. 相似文献
13.
Stephen A. Thompson 《自然地理学》2013,34(1):31-52
Climate change is simulated using a stochastic weather generator model forced to simulate an increase in temperature of 2.5°C and in precipitation of 10 percent over a 50-year period. Output from the climate simulations are input into a water balance model. Simulations are performed for five climate divisions along a transect from semiarid western Kansas to humid eastern Missouri. Results show that even under a scenario of increasing precipitation all divisions suffer decreased summer soil moisture, with the driest divisions in Kansas suffering the largest decrease. Total runoff decreases in all divisions with the largest percentage decrease occurring in central Kansas. The largest absolute decreases in total runoff, however, occur in the humid climates. The increase in the water deficit in the drier divisions is more than twice that of the humid divisions. When attempting to detect the climate change signal in hydroclimatic variables, temperature and potential evapotranspiration are the most sensitive while annual runoff is not useful as a potential indicator of change. 相似文献
14.
喀斯特地区春季土壤水分空间插值方法对比 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以杨眉河小流域为研究区,通过土壤水分采样,选取辅助变量,采用普通克里金、协同克里金、回归克里金3种地统计学方法对土壤水分数据进行空间插值。结果表明：1）回归克里金对研究区土壤水分估算误差最小,其次为协克里金,普通克里金的误差最大;2）普通克里金生成的土壤水分表面最为平滑,而回归克里金最大程度反映了研究区实际的土壤水分空间变化;3）对于协同克里金,以湿度指数（WI）样点数据作为辅助变量的估算误差小于将WI栅格数据作为辅助变量的估算误差。总之,在可获得有效辅助变量的条件下,回归克里金对研究区土壤水分估算的效果优于协同克里金与普通克里金。 相似文献
15.
基于MOD16的山西省地表蒸散发时空变化特征分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
基于MOD16全球蒸散发产品和气象站点实测数据,运用变异系数法、Sen趋势法等研究了山西省2000—2014年地表蒸散发ET、潜在蒸散发PET的空间分布特征、变化趋势及影响因素。结果表明：① MOD16蒸散产品与气象站点实测蒸散发之间具有良好的时空相关性(R 2=0.90),其产品精度可以满足山西省蒸散发时空分布研究的要求;②山西省多年平均ET、PET分别为816.77、1608.46 mm,年内变化表现为先增高后下降的“单峰”型分布,二者差值在5月、6月最大,此时山西省最为干旱;③ 全省年平均ET呈现西北低、东南高的分布特征,PET呈西南高、东北低的分布特征,二者差值整体上较大,表现为全省地表水分比较缺乏,其中忻州、吕梁西部最为严重;④ 全省近15 a来ET和PET的年际变化都比较小,整体上全省PET在增加,ET在相对减少,意味着近15 a来干旱情况在加剧;⑤ ET、PET的时空变化与诸多气象因子相关,在空间尺度上与降水、相对湿度密切相关,在时间尺度上与气温、降水关系最为密切。 相似文献
16.
Unseasonable floods are floods that occur in the season of lowest flood frequency, or dry season. Such floods pose a unique problem to flood planners and forecasters, yet little research has investigated the physical processes associated with unseasonable floods. The purpose of this study is to construct a synoptic climatology of extreme unseasonable floods for the southeastern United States. Results indicate that the types of storms creating unseasonable floods are location specific, with four unique regions across the study area: Carolina (tropical storms/hurricanes), Georgia Coastal Plain (Gulf depressions), Gulf-Atlantic (frontal), and Tennessee (frontal with upper-air enhancement). The precipitation created by these storms is low to moderate, rarely exceeding the 10-year 24-hour storm total. The precipitation levels suggest that a combination of meteorological conditions and land-surface conditions create the extreme events. A statistical analysis indicates that high soil-moisture levels combine with the moderate rains to produce extreme unseasonable floods. [Key words: unseasonable floods, synoptic climatology, land-surface conditions, southeastern United States.] 相似文献
17.
“蒸发悖论”在黄河流域的探讨 总被引：14，自引：1，他引：13
利用黄河流域72个气象站点1960-2010年的气象资料,系统分析了过去51年间气温、降水量以及潜在蒸散量的变化趋势,研究了气温、降水量与潜在蒸散量之间的长期变化趋势关系,对影响潜在蒸散量下降的主要因子进行了探讨,重点对黄河流域是否存在“蒸发悖论”进行验证.研究结果表明:(1)过去51年间,黄河流域内气温增加显著、潜在蒸散量呈下降趋势,总体上存在“蒸发悖论”;(2)“蒸发悖论”具有空间上和时间上的不一致性,随着气温增加,春、夏、冬三季潜在蒸散量呈减少趋势,减少区域主要集中于山西、河南大部分区域以及甘肃、宁夏、内蒙古、陕西等少部分区域;时间上主要表现在1960-1979年潜在蒸散量变化趋势不明显,1980-2010年气温与潜在蒸散量变化趋势在空间分布上的逆向关系更加明显;(3)过去51年间,降水量无论是年际还是夏、秋季变化趋势都不明显,降水量与潜在蒸散量时空变化分布上大体呈现逆向变化关系;(4)从气象要素变化对潜在蒸散量变化的贡献率来看,近51年来风速的明显减小是导致黄河流域潜在蒸散量减少的主导因素. 相似文献
18.
低纬高原地区降水量资源年际变化的特征时间尺度及其时空演变 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
应用三维数据的时间小波变换方法，分析研究了低纬高原地区降水量资源在年际变化上的特征时间尺度及其时空演变。结论为：低纬度高原地区降水量资源在年际变化上的特征时间尺度分别约为2a、7a和15a。2a、78和158特征时间尺度的较大振幅能量活动区，分别主要位于滇西北到滇东南、滇东北到滇西南和滇中一带。与2a特征时间尺度相对应的较大振幅能量活动中心纬度的降水量，表现出了明显的东西向波动的时间演变特征，而与78和158特征时间尺度相对应的较大振幅能量活动中心纬度的降水量，则表现出了在东西向较为稳定少变的时间演变特征。与2a特征时间尺度相对应的较大振幅能量活动中心经度的降水量，也表现出了明显的南北向波动的时间演变特征，而与7a和15a特征时间尺度相对应的较大振幅能量活动中心经度的降水量，则表现出了一种明显向南移动的时间演变趋势。 相似文献
19.
基于InVEST模型的黑河流域上游水源涵养量 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
黑河流域上游生态系统具有重要的水源涵养功能,对维系流域生态平衡有着重要的意义。基于InVEST模型估算了黑河流域上游水源涵养量,分析了水源涵养量的时空变化特征及其与气候因子的相关性。结果表明：2001—2015年黑河流域上游草地、林地、灌丛面积分别增加了1 665.00、381.75、162.75 km2,而荒漠和农田分别减少了2 165.25、20.50 km2;2001—2015年黑河流域上游水源涵养量年均值为228.64 mm,在空间上呈现东南高、西北低的分布特征,高值区位于祁连山一带,肃南裕固族自治县北部条带状为上游水源涵养量的低值区;从变化趋势来看,研究区水源涵养量以7.60 mm·a-1的速率减少;近15年来,研究区潜在蒸散、降水量分别呈现增加和减少趋势,速率分别为1.45、-0.67 mm·a-1,水源涵养与潜在蒸散以负相关为主,而与降水量正相关,降水量主要影响上游的中东部、北部的祁连山高寒地区,而潜在蒸散主要制约西北部的水源涵养量。 相似文献
20.
利用丽江地区常规观测资料,对丽江地区近51年来暴雨事件发生的频次及强度进行分析,研究结果表明：（1）丽江地区暴雨事件全部发生在汛期内（5～10月）,呈单峰型分布,7月、8月为暴雨集中发生时期,连续性暴雨事件在丽江地区属于极小概率事件.（2）暴雨事件发生频次与降水量均呈现一致上升趋势,在年际尺度上具有3～5年的周期性.（3）丽江地区小雨发生频次最多,占总降水频次比率超过63％.暴雨频次所占比率较小,最高发生在7月,仅为2.69％.大雨与暴雨的频次占总降水频次不足9％,但由极端降水事件产生的降水量却占总降水量超过35％.（4）小雨、中雨的降水量年际变化稍小,呈下降的趋势;大雨、暴雨的降水量年际变化明显,有明显的上升趋势. 相似文献