共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
流域水文模型计算域离散方法 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：7
常用的概念性水文模型 ,能够很好地模拟水文时间变化过程 ,但没有考虑水文变量和水文参数的空间变化与空间不均匀性。随着空间数据的获取手段的增多以及空间离散技术的发展 ,考虑水文参数和水文变量空间变化的分布式水文模型得到了极大的发展。本文详细介绍了分布式流域水文模型中用到的几种不同计算域离散方法 ,并讨论了河道汇流模型中常用到的有结构网格和无结构离散网格。地理信息系统技术对计算域离散有辅助作用 ,其有利于无结构离散网格的自动生成和交互修改 ,并可结合遥感技术 ,使水文模型能获取精确的空间分布的水文参数和水文变量。 相似文献
2.
无定河流域降雨量空间变异性研究 总被引：28，自引：4，他引：28
运用地质统计学中的普通KRIGING方法 ,对 1 990～ 1 997年无定河流域 67个雨量站的年降雨量进行了插值及空间场变异分析。分析发现降雨量的频率分布符合对数正态分布 ,采用对数克立格方法为计算工具进行分析 ,结果显示实验半变异函数符合一般的球状模型。从获得的参数可知 ,1 990～ 1 997年期间 ,变程各不相同 ,甚至差异很大。 1 991年最小 ,为2 0 1 7km ,1 994年最大 ,为 68 65km ,说明了该年无定河流域的降雨量空间变化在所分析的时间序列中是最缓和的 ,这与 1 994年的变异系数最小也相吻合。同时各个年份计算结果均显示有块金值 ,说明在小于变程的空间尺度上仍然存在随机效应。最后运用克立格方法对该流域的部分区域降雨量进行了空间插值成图。 相似文献
3.
砒砂岩地区降雨与植被耦合关系对侵蚀产沙的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究降雨--植被耦合关系对侵蚀产沙的影响,为侵蚀治理提供数据支持.基于TRMM降雨数据和MODIS 250 m NDVI,分析降雨和植被的年内分布模式和匹配关系,并构建降雨--植被耦合指数RV,用于反映侵蚀产沙状况.进一步利用年降雨量,NDVI以及其分布参数(峰度系数和偏斜度)与输沙量进行相关分析和多元回归分析.结果显示:降雨的集中,偏斜程度和波动性要比植被更为明显;RV与实际输沙量的相关系数为0.84,可以很好地反映侵蚀产沙的相对大小;年输沙量与降雨的分布参数相关性最高,达到0.94和0.87,对提高回归模型的拟合程度影响也最大;考虑降雨量,NDVI及其分布参数的模型的拟合程度最好,Ra2达到0.9232.因此,降雨与植被的年内匹配模式对侵蚀产沙具有重要影响. 相似文献
4.
V. C.K. Kakane H. Søgaard 《Geografisk tidskrift / udgivet af Bestyrelsen for Det Kongelige danske geografiske selskab》2013,113(1):76-85
Geografisk Tidsskrift, Danish Journal of Geography 97: 76–85, 1997. Daily Meteosat images for 1989 have been analysed for the purpose of mapping surface temperature and rainfall in Ghana. The images in the time-series are georeferenced and the maximum value composite (MVC) technique is applied to the temperature calibrated IR-channel images after a cloud screening of the images. The cloud covered areas are outlined and traced using the Meteosat visible channels. Stratiform clouds are detected using surface albedo while cumuliform clouds are detected based on a technique calculating the spatial variability within a 5 pixel by 5 pixel window around each point in the image. The cloud covered parts of the scene are then delimitated by comparing the normal albedo values and the spatial variance in albedo. The paper then discusses how the outlined procedure can be applied in an environmental monitoring context. For each of the months June to November 1989 the mean monthly rainfall amounts at 35 meteorological stations are plotted against the mean surface temperature. It is found that apart from the month of June statistical significant linear relationships are obtained and that the scattering around the line is decreasing for increasing sampling length. 相似文献
5.
Thach Ngoc Nguyen Canh Xuan Pham Huy Quoc Nguyen Toan Ngo Bao Dang 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2019,40(2):312-333
Hoang Su Phi is a mountainous district in Ha Giang province, Vietnam. When the rainy season arrives in these parts, flash floods (besides landslides), frequently occur in many areas, seriously affecting the socio‐economic condition of the district. Therefore, in this paper, we have developed an early warning system for flash floods, established based on a geomorphological and hydrological approach. The basic principle underlying this system is the fact that flash floods will often occur where there is high potential risk with sufficient rainfall. In the model, eight parameters of the basin were used to build a potential flash flood map. Using the spatial processing module in an open source software, early predictions from automatic weather stations were interpolated and processed online to produce a potential risk map. Depending on the threshold of precipitation values, the results determined locations where flash flood may occur at various flash flood risk indices (FFRI). The system may be applied to support provision of early flash flood warning up to 1?6 days in advance in the district, allowing the local government ample time to make appropriate decisions on the prevention and/or mitigation of damages caused by flash flood hazards. 相似文献
6.
BY HANNA RIDEFELT JONAS ÅKERMAN ACHIM A BEYLICH JAN BOELHOUWERS ELSE KOLSTRUP ROLF NYBERG 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2009,91(3):215-232
Solifluction movement rates from 1952 to 2008 for the Abisko region, northern Sweden, have been compiled and analysed through correlation tests and multiple regression. The temporal analysis is based on two datasets ( Lobe11 & gridAB and Line B ) from Kärkevagge. The dataset Lobe11 & gridAB show a strong correlation between movement rates and mean annual air temperature (MAAT) and MAAT is also identified as one of the significant contributing parameters in the multiple regression model. No significant correlations were found for the Line B dataset. The spatial analysis indicates generally higher movement rates in the western part of the region and at lower altitudes mainly between 700 and 900 m a.s.l., but the spatial variability is high. To reduce the influence of the temporal variation the data for the correlation tests of the spatial variations were divided into two parts: 1957 to 1980 and 1981 to 2008. The correlation analysis of the dataset 1957 to 1980 shows a significant negative correlation between annual average movement rates and permafrost probability and altitude. The dataset 1981 to 2008 shows a positive correlation between movement rates and wetness index. It is concluded that movement rates may increase with higher MAAT in the western part of the region (Kärkevagge), the spatial variability of movement rates within the region is very high and that altitude (and/or permafrost) together with wetness index are the main controls on the regional spatial variation. The study highlights the limitations in establishing statistical relationships between movement rates and climate using data from different field empirical studies. 相似文献
7.
随着地理学的发展以及人们对健康问题的日益关注,医学地理学得到迅速发展。鉴于目前医学参考值制定时仍存在忽略地理因素的影响,本文收集中国各地3809 例健康成年女性呼气高峰流量参考值,分析地理因素对其的影响,计算不同地区参考值的数值差异,探究地理因素对医学参考值产生影响的机理,其中,纬度、海拔高度、年平均气温、年平均相对湿度、年降水量、表土砂砾百分率、表土参考容量共7项地理因素存在显著的相关性。利用ArcGIS中的Moran's I指数对数据进行分析,确定数据与空间及地理因素存在关系。并通过岭回归分析,建立回归方程,并进行插值。研究结果表明,中国健康成年女性肺部呼气高峰流量与纬度与海拔、气候、土壤等地理因素之间存在着显著的关系,同时证明,岭回归与支持向量机组合模型的地理分布差异预测结果优于单独预测方法。 相似文献
8.
云底二次蒸发导致的同位素动力分馏可显著影响观测的降水同位素组成和大气水线。本文利用海河流域7个监测站点的降水δ2H和δ18O数据,分析了云底二次蒸发对流域降水同位素的影响。结果表明：流域降雨水样的大气水线为δ2H=7.19δ18O-0.74,显著不同于降雪水样的大气水线(δ2H=8.42δ18O+15.88);流域降雨,特别是小降雨(<5 mm)事件,易受到云底二次蒸发的影响,导致其大气水线的斜率和截距均随着降雨量的减小而减小。流域降雨同位素的云底二次蒸发主要受气温和相对湿度控制,随着气温的升高和相对湿度的减小,云底二次蒸发加剧,导致观测的地面降雨富集重的同位素,同时伴随的同位素动力分馏导致流域降水过量氘(d)值以及大气水线的斜率和截距均减小。与平原地区相比较,流域山间盆地地区受“雨影效应”影响,气候相对干燥,其降雨同位素受更强的云底二次蒸发影响。观测期间,流域小的降雨事件占总降水事件的42%,故云底二次蒸发对流域降水同位素具有重要的影响。 相似文献
9.
黄河小花间石山林区产汇流特征 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
产汇流机理研究是水文模拟的基础 ,从实测水文资料出发进行深入分析是认识产汇流特性的有效手段。黄河小花间 (小浪底 -花园口间 )洛河卢氏以上流域为典型的石山林区 ,产汇流特性不同于黄河流域的一般地区。从选取的 43场暴雨洪水资料分析得出 :该地区的暴雨空间分布不均匀 ,存在着明显的暴雨中心 ,产流机制和产流模式复杂。进一步分析变化环境下的降水径流特性后 ,发现年径流量的变化主要受控于降水特性 ,下垫面的改变和人类活动对年降水径流关系影响并不显著 ;但对次洪而言 ,该区生态保护和水土保持措施在一定程度上减少了产流能力 ,提高了暴雨径流相关性。 相似文献
10.
Susceptibility assessment of shallow landslides on Oahu, Hawaii, under extreme-rainfall events 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The deterministic Stability INdex MAPping (SINMAP) model, which integrates a mechanistic infinite-slope stability model and a hydrological model, was applied to assess susceptibility of slopes in 32 shallow-landslide-prone watersheds of the eastern to southern areas of Oahu, Hawaii, USA. Input to the model includes a 10-m Digital Elevation Model (DEM), an inventory of storm-induced landslides that occurred from 1949 to 2006, and listings of soil-strength and hydrological parameters including transmissivity and steady-state recharge. The study area of ca. 384 km2 was divided into four calibration regions with different geotechnical and hydrological characteristics. All parameter values were separately calibrated using observed landslides as references. The study used a quasi-dynamic scenario of soil wetness resulting from extreme daily rainfall events with a return period of 50 years. The return period was based on almost-90-year-long (1919–2007) daily rainfall records from 26 raingauge stations in the study area. Output of the SINMAP model includes slope-stability-index-distribution maps, slope-versus-specific-catchment-area charts, and statistical summaries for each region.The SINMAP model assessed susceptibility at the locations of all 226 observed shallow landslides and classified these susceptible areas as unstable. About 55% of the study area was predicted as highly unstable, highlighting a critical island problem. The SINMAP predictions were compared to an existing debris-flow-hazard map. Areas classified as unstable in the current study were classified as low-to-moderate and moderate-to-high debris-flow hazard risks by the prior mapping. The slope-stability maps provided by this study will aid in explaining the causes of known landslides, making emergency decisions, and, ultimately mitigating future landslide risks. The maps may be further improved by incorporating heterogeneous and anisotropic soil properties and spatial and temporal variation of rainfalls as well as by improving the accuracy of the DEM and the locations of shallow landslide initiation. 相似文献
11.
Eric P. Nelson Katherine A. Connors Claudio Suárez S. 《Natural Resources Research》2007,16(2):171-190
The risk of slope failure in the Chuquicamata open-pit mine was analyzed using Geographic Information System (GIS) software
and modeling techniques. Models incorporated various component layers at a relatively large map scale (1:5000): alteration,
geotechnical unit, proximity to major faults (VIF), GSI (geological strength index), slope (from digital elevation model),
proximity to watertable (difference grid between topography and modeled watertable), and composite structural density grid
(VIF, smaller faults, and fracture frequency); not all layers were used in all models. Three modeling techniques were used:
fuzzy logic, in which parameters in each component layer were ranked by mine geotechnical experts according to their influence
in promoting slope failure, and two data-driven techniques, weights-of-evidence and logistic regression, in which statistical
correlation of training points (known failures) with parameters were used to derive a relative probability of failure. Because
most slope failures are controlled by structure, VIF and smaller faults were divided by orientation into subsets with dip
direction parallel, opposite, and normal to slope aspect; these orientations promote circular and planar, toppling, and wedge-type
failures, respectively. Density grids of these subsets show high-risk areas for individual failure types.
The models demonstrate sensitivity of the analysis to (1) selection of component layers, (2) selection of training points,
(3) classification and ranking of categorical parameters, and (4) data problems in certain layers. Predicted high-risk zones
in the final models show a high degree of correspondence with recent, post-model failures. Such models can be used to anticipate
future pit design concerns. The results presented here illustrate how vast amounts of data, in multiple geo-referenced layers,
can be analyzed and modeled using GIS techniques for predictive studies at relatively large map scales. Such modeling techniques
could provide a powerful tool for predictive modeling in a vast array of large-map-scale applications requiring similar data
integration and evaluation. 相似文献
12.
林分空间结构及其水源涵养功能关系一直是森林生态水文学研究的热点.我们在祁连山大野口流域选取林分空间结构、林冠截留和河川径流等监测样地,采用特征参数统计分析、多度分析和相关系数分析等方法,研究了林分空间结构因子及其水源涵养功能之间的关系.结果表明:(1)祁连山大野口流域49块样地的2 819株青海云杉(Picea crassifolia)的胸径、树高、冠长、冠幅、冠幅面积的分布曲线比正态分布平缓,树龄、胸径断面的分布曲线比正态分布剧烈;径级从1～5 cm到26～30 cm、高度级从2～4 m到18～20 m、冠长级从2～4 m到12～14 m、冠幅级从2～4 m到4～6 m,其多度分别为89.4%、94.4%、77.8%和82.7%.(2)林冠截留年总量和平均截留率分别为139.1 mm和35.28％;(3)从相关系数分析来看,海拔对树高影响较大,对冠长影响较小,与其他因子不相关;坡向对冠幅影响最大,对冠长、树高影响较小;坡度对这些因子几乎没有影响.径级与多度、冠长与多度均符合三次多项式关系;胸径与树高、冠长、冠幅、树龄符合线性多元回归函数;雨量级与林冠截留率呈反比.本文可为流域林分空间结构特征与水源涵养功能之间的机理研究提供基础数据和参考资料. 相似文献
13.
暴雨山洪灾害预警是中小流域山洪灾害防控体系的薄弱环节,也是决定山洪灾害防控成败的关键。论文围绕山洪灾害预警的核心问题,从中国山洪灾害区域差异特征、山洪灾害预警技术方法、山洪灾害概率预警现状3个方面进行了综述。中国山洪灾害分布存在明显的时空差异,因此有必要根据山洪灾害的区域差异发展有针对性的预警方法。以临界雨量为指标的雨量预警是目前中国中小流域暴雨山洪灾害预警的主要技术手段,但常规方法仅给出一个(组)确定的临界雨量阈值,导致预警结果存在突出的不确定性问题。概率预警可以定量评估诸多不确定性,给出山洪灾害概率预警结果,因此具备很好的理论优势与潜在应用价值。论文展望了山洪灾害概率预警未来的研究重点与方向：(1)充分挖掘暴雨洪水样本信息,开展山洪灾害概率预警基础方法与技术集成研究;(2)加强非平稳性条件下的临界雨量阈值估算与山洪灾害概率预警研究;(3)综合考虑预警阈值发生概率及其致灾概率,优化“多级预警、多级响应”技术方法,推进山洪灾害综合预警业务系统建设与应用。 相似文献
14.
加拿大爱得蒙顿市犯罪问题的地理研究* 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
运用GIS技术和回归分析方法,分析加拿大爱得蒙顿市各类犯罪的空间分布规律。结果发现：城市犯罪分布的空间差异异常明显,城市内部存在少数极端的犯罪高发区;犯罪的空间分布遵循距离衰减规律,表现为距城市中心越近的地区犯罪发生密度越高,距城市中心越远的地区犯罪密度越低;犯罪发生密度与居住人口密度成正相关,即居住人口密度越高,越容易诱发犯罪,但不同类型的犯罪与居住人口密度的关联程度不一样;不同用地性质的区域犯罪发生密度存在明显差异,在各类用地中,商业区为城市犯罪的高发区。 相似文献
15.
复合型双核结构是一种特殊的双核结构。通过对湖北省空间结构的分析,将双核结构引入湖北,发现了这种复合型双核结构的空间现象。湖北省是一个以襄樊-武汉、宜昌-武汉区域连动为特征的复合型双核地域空间结构。湖北省这一复合型双核结构的形成有着深厚的历史演变基础,同属于流域性双核结构,有着紧密的空间和经济联系。这一复合型双核空间结构串起了湖北的汉十汽车工业走廊和沿江经济带,是湖北“金三角”地带的核心区域,是带动湖北省经济发展的“引擎”。 相似文献
16.
Emily C. Hazell Claus Rinner 《International journal of geographical information science》2020,34(8):1648-1681
ABSTRACT Modelling changes in biodiversity have become a necessary component of smart urban planning practices. However, concepts such as biodiversity are often evaluated using area-based composite indices, the results of which are heavily reliant on specific parameters chosen. This paper explores the design and implementation of a butterfly biodiversity index by comparing two widely accepted modelling techniques: principal component analysis and spatial multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). A high degree of scale dependency has been demonstrated in previous studies exploring the use of area-based composite measures. To evaluate the impact of scale, each model was assessed at two different spatial resolutions. The outcomes were analyzed, mapped and compared using ordinary least squares, geographically weighted regression and global Moran’s I to evaluate relative biodiversity patterns across the City of Toronto, Canada. Findings indicate that the impact of spatial scale was significant, whereby the coarser resolution models were found to be more highly correlated with biodiversity, compared to the finer resolution models. The results of this study contribute to a growing body of literature that explores key conceptual questions regarding the robustness of GIS-based MCDA, the impact of scale in urban ecology studies, and the use of composite indices to manage spatial ecological data. 相似文献
17.
近数十年湘江流域河流水文变化规律 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
湘江是长江中游主要支流之一，作者从制约河川水文要素变化的自然环境因素着手，依据湘江流域有代表性水文测站多年实测水文气象资料，较全面地分析了河川径流，水位，暴雨洪水，泥沙。水化学等水文要素的组成，发展与变化规律。 相似文献
18.
天津夏季降水演变规律及其城市效应 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用1956~2005 年天津25 个雨量站的月降水数据, 借助累积距平、相关分析、Mann- Kendall 秩次相关检验 法等, 分析了夏季降水的时空演变规律。在此基础上, 结合ARCGIS 空间分析功能, 研究了天津雨岛效应的时空特 征。结果表明: 25 个站点的年降水量70%以上集中在夏季, 夏季降水倾向率均为负, 60%的站点通过了显著水平检 验。从加权平均得到的全市夏季降水序列得出1956~2005 年倾向率为- 24.7mm/10a, 其中1956~1988 年倾向率为 7.6mm/10a, 1989~2005 年倾向率达- 28.6mm/10a, 由此可见天津夏季降水减少主要发生在近17 年。又比较其不同 历史时段的空间演变规律发现, 夏季降水减少趋势北部山区大于南部平原, 南部平原的市区大于市郊, 呈现城市雨 岛效应, 特别是在20 世纪70 年代初期之后雨岛效应更加明显, 且受降水的丰枯影响较大, 丰水年雨岛现象明显, 枯水年雨岛消失。 相似文献
19.
通过采用Mann-Kendall趋势分析法、小波分析方法、地统计插值等方法,基于黄土高原塬面保护区及临近的21个站点的逐日降水量数据,对区域内降雨侵蚀力的时空变化,趋势及主要影响因素进行了分析。结果表明：(1) 黄土塬面保护区1960—2017年多年平均降雨量为599.2 mm;多年平均降雨侵蚀力为1 871.91 MJ·mm·hm-2·h-1·a-1,降雨侵蚀力在过去60 a来呈微弱上升趋势且变化的季节差异显著。(2) 黄土高原塬面保护区降雨侵蚀力的空间分布大体呈由南部向两侧递减的趋势,Mann-Kendall Z值除研究区北部、东部呈下降趋势,其余区域都为上升趋势。(3) 黄土高原塬面保护区降雨侵蚀力多年存在32 a的大周期,在大周期内还存在13 a、52 a的小周期。(4) 影响北半球中高纬度地区的主要的大气环流因子中仅Cold & Warm Episodes by Season因子的波动对整个区域和陕西塬区的降雨侵蚀力有一定影响,二者存在一定的负相关性,其余环流指数与降雨侵蚀力没有显著的关联性;此外太阳黑子与陕西塬区降水侵蚀力变化规律存在一定的正相关,与其他塬区并无显著关联性。 相似文献
20.
Effects of soil surface components on soil hydrological behaviour in a dry Mediterranean environment (Southern Spain) 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Various researchers have studied the spatial pattern of soil surface components such as vegetation, rock fragments, bare soil, litter and surface crusts, as a key factor of hydrological behaviour in Mediterranean settings with heterogeneous patches of vegetation cover and strong human impact. The studies indicate that there is a mosaic of patches that generate run-off or infiltrate overland flow, distributed in various ways along hillslopes. Few of these studies, however, have looked at areas underlain by metamorphic rocks such as phyllites or schists. This study analysed the temporal and spatial variability of the effects of soil surface components on hydrological processes in a small dry Mediterranean catchment underlain by metamorphic rocks. A systematic sampling of multiple sites throughout a hydrological year was carried out.We related the hydrological behaviour of soil surface components to 1) their position along the hillslope, 2) the distance of existing vegetation tussocks from the line of run-off, 3) rainfall intensity and 4) the main physical/chemical soil properties affecting infiltration processes. Statistical analysis was used to check the validity of the relationships. The results show that soil surface components have highly variable effects, in both space and time, on soil hydrological behaviour. These effects particularly depend on the location along the line of maximum slope and the intensity of preceding rainfall, whose interaction defines soil hydrological status. These results are similar to those for other Mediterranean settings with different lithology, in that the succession of contributing patches are hydrologically interconnected along a hillslope. The variables used and the grouping of explanatory variables through principal component analyses were found to be suitable for discussing the spatial distribution of soil surface components in the hydrologically dynamic environment of the study area. 相似文献