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1.
兰州市取暖期可吸入颗粒物中单颗粒矿物组成特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
为研究兰州市2005年冬季大气可吸入颗粒物(PM10)中单颗粒的矿物组成,用能谱扫描电镜识别和统计了兰州市区(东方红广场)和郊区(榆中县)两个采样点的单矿物颗粒。结果在市区样品中识别出方解石、伊/蒙混层、石英、斜长石、伊利石、石膏、绿泥石、高岭石、浊沸石和钾长石等21种矿物,前7种占统计总量的75%以上;郊区样品中识别出20种矿物,以方解石、石英、伊利石、绿泥石、斜长石和伊/蒙混层为主(占70%以上),与市区相比缺少钾石膏、金红石和水铝酸钙而增加了硫酸镁和磷灰石。总体来看,大气PM10中的矿物颗粒可分为粘土类、长石类、碳酸盐类、硫酸盐类、氧化物类和其他六类,以粘土类和碳酸盐类矿物为主(约占60%);冬季市区颗粒物表面的“硫化”现象较郊区严重;这些矿物颗粒主要来自地表土,人为排放和大气中二次化学反应生成的矿物的贡献较小。 相似文献
2.
Salih Muhammad Awadh 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,66(8):2247-2256
Five dust storms that occurred in 2008 (15 March, 11 April, 28 April, 25, May and 26 June) in addition to the many sand dunes disseminated in the Western Desert of Iraq are sampled. The worse dust storm that occurred in Iraq in 11 April, 2008 covered 75% of the Iraq area and deposited 6.9?million tons approximately as a total weight of fallout during just 8?h, declining temperature 6°C. During the episodes of dust storms, visibility decreased enormously, no more than 30?m. Many people were taken to hospitals after sustaining breathing problems. Some of them died. Clay fraction is the dominant part in the dust storms forming 70% besides a little silt (20.6%) and sand (9.4%), then classified as mature arkose of clay to sandy clay, whereas sand dunes are formed from 72.7% sand, 25.1% silt and 2.19% clay, then classified as mature arkose of silty sand. Sand dunes have much maturity. Mineralogical composition of dust storms and sand dunes are Quartz (49.2%, 67.1%), feldspar (4.9%, 20.9%), calcite (38%, 5%), gypsum (4.8%, 0.4%), dolomite (0.8%, 1%) and heavy minerals (3.2%, 6.6%), respectively. Heavy mineral suites in the dust storms are represented by zircon, pyroxene, hornblende, chlorite and magnetite; whereas the sand dunes are represented by zircon, tourmaline, garnet and pyroxene, concentrated within sand fraction. Heavy minerals according to satellite images revealed the dry land of Sahara Desert in North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula as well as Syria and Jordan were a major source of the dust storms that have occurred in Asia, including Iraq. 相似文献
3.
使用SEM／EDX对北京不同月份采集的可吸人颗粒物(PM10)中的1454个矿物颗粒进行了识别和统计。结果显示，矿物颗粒的种类十分复杂，可以鉴定出的矿物有38种，其中以粘土矿物的含量最高，年平均值为30．1％；粘土矿物中以伊利石／蒙皂石混层为主，占粘土矿物总数的35％；石英、方解石、复合颗粒、碳颗粒的年均值分别为13．5％、10．9％、11．95％、10．31％；年平均含量小于10％的矿物有石膏、长石、白云石等；首次检测出萤石、磷灰石、岩盐、重晶石、氯化锌等矿物。研究还发现，硫化现象可以发生在不同矿物颗粒表面，且这种现象主要发生在夏季，反映夏季大气化学反应较为活跃。 相似文献
4.
Dust storms loads analyses—Iraq 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Moutaz A. Al-Dabbas Mohammed Ayad Abbas Raad M. Al-Khafaji 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2012,5(1):121-131
The dust storms that blow over Iraq were studied from December 2008 to March 2009. The total number of studied dust storms
was eight; during each dust storm, samples were collected from the cities of Baghdad, Ramadi, Kut, Basra, Najaf, Karbala,
Hilla and Tikrit. The climatic elements with the dust storms types were studied. The results of dust storms analyses reflect
their increase in average toward the southwestern direction (average suspended, rising, regional dust storms were 8, 10, 15 days/year,
respectively). The average means annual rainfall (in mm), evaporation (in mm), temperature (in °C), and relative humidity
percentage indicate that there were remarkable variations in values, with increase of the number of days/years of the dust
storms reflecting the effect of the regional climatic change. The results of particle size analyses indicate the texture of
most samples range from sandy clayey silt (75%) and clayey sandy silt (25%), and the average dominant grain size have a direct
relationship with trajectories of dust storms. Quartz grains were 15% rounded and 85% sub-rounded. Moreover, the dust samples
were analyzed and identified by using XRD analyses and Polaroid microscope. The results reflect the following minerals according
to their average relative dominant, quartz 58.6%, feldspars 17.3%, and calcite 15.4%, with small amount of gypsum 5.5%. The
clay minerals (chlorite, illite, montmorillonite, palygorskite, and kaolinite) were recognized. The analyses of heavy minerals
percentages by using the microscope were performed. The results of pollen distribution, in descending order, were Chenopodiaceous,
Graminea, Pine, Artemisia, Palmae, Olea, and Typha (reaching 79%, 69%, 63%, 53%, 17%, 9%, and 7% of the counted pollen grains,
respectively). The results of microorganisms (i.e., isolated bacteria and fungi), in descending order, were the gram-positive
Bacillus species (42.9%), Aspergillus species plus Candida albicans (13.8%), and (8.4%), the gram-negative rods, Escherichia coli (9.5%), the gram-positive Cocci streptococcus pneumonia (6.7%), then the gram-negative rod Enterobacter cloacae (4.3%), Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus (3.9%) and (1.9%). The remaining Gram-negative microorganisms were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2.7%). Regarding the viral etiology, there is no viral isolate among the work results. The allergens commonly associated
with dust storms include fungal spores, plant and grass pollens, and organic detritus represent agricultural area pollen grains. 相似文献
5.
6.
A. Zarasvandi E.J.M. Carranza F. Moore F. Rastmanesh 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2011,111(3):138-151
Dust storms in Khuzestan province (Iran) are causing problems in industries and human health. To mitigate the impact of those phenomena, it is vital to know the physical and chemical characteristics of airborne dusts. In this paper, we give an overview of the spatio-temporal occurrences and geochemical characteristics of airborne dusts in Khuzestan. Meteorological data from 10 stations in Khuzestan during 1996–2009 indicate (a) an average of 47 dust storm days per year, (b) a lowest annual average of 13 dust storm days in 1998, (c) a highest annual average of 104 dust storm days in 2008, and (d) an average increase of two dust storm days per year. Above-average number of dust storm days usually occurred in the cities of Dezful, Ahvaz, Masjed-e-Soleiman, Abadan and Bostan, whereas below-average number of dust storm days usually occurred in the cities of Mahshahr, Ramhormoz, Behbahan, Shoushtar and Izeh. XRD analyses of airborne dust samples collected in 2008 and 2009 show that the mineralogy of airborne dusts is dominated by calcite, followed by quartz and then kaolinite, with minor gypsum. SEM analyses of the samples indicate that airborne dusts have rounded irregular, prismatic and rhombic shapes. The sizes of airborne dusts vary from 2 to 52 μm, but 10 to 22 μm are the dominant sizes. The smallest and largest dust particles are clays, sulfates or carbonates. XRF and ICP analyses of the samples show that the most important oxide compositions of airborne dusts are SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO and MgO. Estimates of enrichment factors (EF) for all studied elements show that Mn, Hf, U, Sc, K, V and Sr, with EF < 10, are of natural origin, whereas Na, Ni, Co, Ba and Cr, with EF > 10, are of anthropogenic origin. Flat REE patterns with depletion in Th, V, Nb, Zr and enrichment in Al, Rb, Sr and Mn indicate that airborne dusts in Khuzestan come from the same source, which is likely an eroded sedimentary environment outside Iran. In general, airborne dusts in Khuzestan are geochemically similar to airborne dusts elsewhere in the world. 相似文献
7.
8.
韶关市大气降尘矿物成分和形貌特征研究 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
利用X射线衍射（XRD）仪、扫描电镜X射线能谱（SEM/EDX）仪研究大气降尘矿物成分和颗粒物形貌特征。结果表明，韶关市大气降尘主要矿物成分为伊利石、斜长石、绿泥石、石英、方解石、白云石和无定型非晶质物等，大气颗粒物形貌可分为4种类型：粒状、片状单矿物，链状集合体，圆球状飘珠和不规则粒状集合体。伊利石、绿泥石来源于地面扬尘，方解石、白云石来源于建筑扬尘，无定型非晶质物来源于工业烟尘。粒状、片状单矿物是地面扬尘的标志，链状集合体和圆球形飘珠是工业烟尘的标志，不规则粒状集合体是建筑扬尘的标志。大气降尘矿物成分和形貌特征是判别污染物来源的重要标志。 相似文献
9.
黄骅坳陷三马地区中-深部储层成岩作用及主控因素分析 总被引：12，自引：2，他引：12
黄骅坳陷三马地区储集岩样品的显微特征及成岩矿物的组合关系分析结果表明，三马地区下第三系中深层储层主要处于晚成岩A期，成岩现象包括石英、长石的次生加大、碳酸盐矿物胶结作用、矿物交代作用、溶解作用和粘土矿物转化作用等。其中石英次生加大于2700m左右开始出现，随埋深增大，石英增生加强；长石次生加大现象不十分普遍；碳酸盐胶结作用包括早期自生泥晶方解石胶结作用、连晶方解石和晚期白云石(或铁方解石)的胶结作用。在扫描电镜下可见到方解石与含铁方解石集合体充填在粒间孔隙中或与石英、钠长石及粘土矿物共生，白云岩多呈菱形粒状分布于粒间；常见的交代现象主要有方解石交代长石、石英及粘土矿物，粘土矿物交代长石、石英等；溶解作用主要有长石的溶解、碳酸盐颗粒的溶解和方解石胶结物的溶解等，粘土矿物的转化主要为蒙脱石、高岭石向伊利石(或绿泥石)转化。还讨论了储层岩相、岩性特征、孔隙水中有机酸含量、早期方解石的充填、烃类早期注入等因素对储层成岩演化的控制作用。 相似文献
10.
The study area is highly industrialized, with businesses involved in the non-metal mineral products sector and ceramic industries
(colors, frits and enamel manufacturing) standing out. Air quality evaluation was performed regarding atmospheric particles
(PM10 fraction) and Pb in a Spanish coastal area during 2001 and 2002 in order to compare these values with other areas in
the Mediterranean basin. Once the samples were collected, their PM10 fraction concentration levels were determined gravimetrically.
A Pb analysis in air pollution filters was carried out by ICP-MS. The seasonal and weekly variabilities of these contaminants
were also studied, with the objective of being able to explain their origin and thus minimize their possible damaging effects.
A similar evolution of PM10 and Pb was observed in both years of the study. Higher PM10 concentrations have been detected
during the months of June and July, lower values between March–May, August and October–December, and intermediate values in
January and February. A similar tendency has been observed by other authors in European industrialized cities. Regarding Pb,
the monthly mean remains constant during the entire year. In the study area, Pb represents 0.6% as a mean of the total PM10
mass, with a variation range between 0.1 and 5.1%. The major crystalline phases in PM10 were quartz, calcite, dolomite, illite,
kaolinite and feldspars. 相似文献
11.
In arid and semiarid regions from the southwestern USA and vast areas of northwestern Mexico, Santa Ana wind events modify the environment with high temperatures, very low humidity, and dust storms representing a recurrent phenomenon that triggers asthma and other respiratory diseases. While research has emphasized Santa Ana wind effects on the USA side, northwestern Mexico has been less investigated. Numerical modeling of a severe dust storm in November 2018, applying the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with a chemistry module (WRF-Chem), revealed that erosion, transport, and dust storms extend along the peninsula and the Gulf of California. Santa Ana winds eroded large areas, transported desert conditions to urban zones, causing high dust concentrations and reducing the relative humidity below 10%, deteriorating climatic conditions favorable to wellness. In Tijuana, Mexicali, Ensenada, San Diego, and Los Angeles, PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations (particle matter with diameter below 10 µm and 2.5 µm) reached values over 2000 µg/m3 for PM10, with daily mean concentrations well above national standards, leading to poor air quality and representing a health threat even in short-term exposure. This Santa Ana event transported dust particles several hundreds of kilometers over urban areas, the Gulf of California, and the Pacific Ocean. Severe soil deterioration was simulated within the study area, reaching dust emissions above 700,000 t, including croplands from the northern part of Baja California and Sonora's coastal area.
相似文献12.
大气降尘矿物学特征研究具有重要的环境学意义。文章以华北理工大学校区采集样品为例,应用激光粒度分析仪、扫描电镜、X射线粉末衍射、电感耦合等离子体质谱等对河北省唐山市曹妃甸地区大气降尘矿物学特征进行了初步分析研究。结果表明,曹妃甸地区大气降尘粒径较粗,颗粒物包括块状、柱状、片状、球状及不规则粒状集合体,主要由石英、长石、石膏、云母、绿泥石、角闪石、白云石、方解石和赤铁矿等矿物组成;降尘样品中Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb等重金属元素含量均较高。研究分析表明,降尘样品中硅酸盐矿物主要源自地面扬尘,而石膏、方解石等碳酸盐矿物可能为环境中的次生矿物,样品中重金属污染主要来源于燃煤、工矿企业生产排放和少部分汽车尾气排放。 相似文献
13.
化学组成、微量元素、X-射线粉末衍射、红外吸收光谱、扫描电镜分析等研究，显示合肥市各个取样点大气颗粒物组成基本稳定，矿物组成为：伊利石、石膏、绿泥石、石英、长石、方解石、白云石、无定型非晶质物，具有异常的钙、钴、铜、铅、锌含量，主要为微米粒级颗粒，综合分析结果揭示合肥地区大气颗粒物主要源于水泥工业和交通造成的污染，部分来源于地面扬尘和工业窑炉。大气降尘中较多石膏（大于10%）的存在，说明大气SO2污染比较严重。 相似文献
14.
用化学分析、光谱分析、X射线衍射分析、差热分析和扫描电镜等对产于陕西洛川黄土不同层位中的三种成因类型五种结构类型姜石测试表明,姜石是由方解石(为主)、石英、长石和粘土矿物伊利石、蒙脱石、高岭石等构成的多矿物聚集体。 姜石作为矿物药材用于防治疾病,其药理作用主要在于含有具特殊疗效的微量元素和矿物成分。当方解石和具有强吸附性能及离子交换容量大的粘土矿物含量占一定比例时,疗效最佳。产于晚第三系三趾马红粘土层(N_2)和第四系早更新世午城黄土下部(Q_1~1),且具有碎斑状结构及均质结构的姜石药性最佳 相似文献
15.
Ezz El Din Abdel Hakim Khalaf 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2014,7(7):2603-2624
Wadi Queih basin hosts a ～2,500-m thick Neoproterozoic volcanoclastic successions that unconformably lie over the oldest Precambrian basement. These successions were deposited in alluvial fan, fluviatile, lacustrine, and aeolian depositional environments. Diagenetic minerals from these volcaniclastic successions were studied by X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, and analytical electron microscopy. The diagenetic processes recognized include mechanical compaction, cementation, and dissolution. Based on the framework grain–cement relationships, precipitation of the early calcite cement was either accompanied or followed by the development of part of the pore-lining and pore-filling clay cements. Secondary porosity development occurred due to partial to complete dissolution of early calcite cement and feldspar grains. In addition to calcite, several different clay minerals including kaolinite, illite, and chlorite with minor smectite occur as pore-filling and pore-lining cements. Chlorite coating grains helps to retain primary porosity by retarding the envelopment of quartz overgrowths. Clay minerals and their diagenetic assemblages has been distinguished between primary volcaniclastics directly produced by pyroclastic eruptions and epiclastic volcaniclastics derived from erosion of the pre-existing volcanic rocks. Phyllosilicates of the epiclastic rocks display wider compositional variations owing to wide variations in the mineralogical and chemical compositions of the parent material. Most of the phyllosilicates (kaolinite, illite, chlorite, mica, and smectite) are inherited minerals derived from the erosion of the volcanic basement complex, which had undergone hydrothermal alteration. Smectites of the epiclastic rocks are beidellite–montmorillonite derived from the altered volcanic materials of the sedimentary environment. Conversely, phyllosilicate minerals of the pyroclastic rocks are dominated by kaolinite, illite, and mica, which were formed by pedogenetic processes through the hydrothermal influence. 相似文献
16.
成都市近地表大气尘的矿物学特征及其环境指示意义 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
通过对成都市近地表大气尘X射线衍射、电镜扫描分析等研究显示:其主要由石英、长石、伊利石、绿泥石、方解石、石膏等矿物组成;就其形状看有致密的不规则粒状、片状单矿物、不规则粒状聚合体、浑圆形球状飘珠、聚合体放大观察可见片状的粘土矿物和细小的粒状单矿物,偶见藻类;矿物形貌特征及矿物组成空间分布特征的研究显示:球形状飘珠及伊利石、绿泥石、石膏的空间分布特征与工业布局和表层土壤的pH值密切相关,成都市近地表大气尘主要为地表扬尘和工业烟尘的混合物;与土壤的矿物组成比较可见,近地表大气尘重金属污染除土壤贡献外,还有其他污染贡献;石膏在本次研究中平均含量高达8.2%,推测可能成为成都市往年燃煤量大而无明显酸雨现象的原因之一。 相似文献
17.
The Alxa Plateau has one of the highest frequencies of dust events in China and one of the greatest contributions to East
Asian dust. We compiled climate and dust storm data for the Alxa Plateau based on observational data from ten meteorological
stations from 1960 to 2005. Our analysis showed that Guaizihu and Minqin dust centers had >26 days per year with dust storms
versus 7–13 days for other desert and Gobi regions on the plateau. Variations in dust storm frequency during the study period
showed that dust storms increased during the 1960s (until 1972), decreased until the late 1990s, and then increased slightly
until 2002. About 75.6% of dust storms occurred in March, April, May, June, and July. Between 78.2 and 88.1% of the dust storms
occurred during the daytime and 28.9% of the dust storms occurred between 13:00 and 16:00. The mean durations of dust storms
in the Alxa Plateau ranged from 715 to 3,462 min. The annual number of minutes of dust storms averaged >1,800 min in the western
Alxa Plateau. Dust storm frequency was inversely related to duration: the longer the average duration, the lower the frequency
of such storms. 相似文献
18.
In this research, the frequency of dust storms was prepared at 87 synoptic stations for the period of 1987–2013. These data were classified by means of Fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm. Satellite images of MODIS and brightness temperature index were also used for detection and tracking dust storm of 30 Jun 4 July 2008. The results indicated that Iran is classified in five clusters by the dust-storm-frequencies from which, cluster 5 is reclassified in three clusters because of its wide range. The maximum number of days with dust storms was observed in cluster 1 that includes only Zabol station with the frequency of 790 days with the duration 1987–2013. The minimum number of days with dust storms was observed in cluster 5-3 that includes the stations located in portions of North, Northwest, Northeast Iran and the higher elevations of the Zagros in western Iran. A case study about a severe dust storm in Iran using satellite images indicate that brightness temperature index (BTI) is a desired index for detection and monitoring of dust storms. The source of the investigated dust storms is Iraq and South of the Arabian Peninsula that had influenced the western half of Iran in several days. The frequency of dust storms increased markedly in the west, southwest of Iran and Persian Gulf around as main receptors from emerging dusty areas but it increased slightly in the eastern half of Iran. 相似文献
19.
Heavy aeolian deposition is one of the most threatening natural hazards to oases in arid areas. How an oasis affects aeolian deposition is tightly related to the local ecological environments. To examine the effects of oasis on aeolian deposition under different weather conditions, monthly aeolian deposition from April 2008 to March 2009 and additional samples during dust storms in April and May 2008 were collected at four sites along the Qira oasis. The monthly ADRs (aeolian deposition rates) varied greatly with seasons and sites, ranging from 19.4 to 421.2 g/m2/month and averaging 198.8 g/m2/month. Aeolian deposition in the oasis was composed dominantly of sand and silt. Based on the variations of ADRs from the four sites, it can be found that the oasis exhibits two different effects on aeolian deposition under different weather conditions. During dust storms, the oasis demonstrates a significantly shielding effect due to the obstruction of the oasis-protection systems, resulting in most aeolian particles being deposited at the windward side of the oasis. While during non-dust storm periods with weak winds, the oasis exhibits an “attracting” effect on aeolian deposition, leading to a higher ADR inside the oasis. Owing to the annual ADR is dominated by the non-dust storm ADR in Qira, the oasis seems to become an important aeolian deposition area caused by the “attracting” effect of the oasis. 相似文献
20.
北京市大气可吸入颗粒物的化学成分和来源 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
2007年3月至2008年5月,在北京市成府路东口设立采样点,共采集监测周期为一周的PM2.5(直径小于2.5μm的大气可吸入颗粒物)样品56个,用HR-ICP-MS方法测量了15种元素的含量,并在此基础上应用主因子分析法对PM2.5中这些元素的来源进行探讨。同时,在2008年奥运会和残奥会期间开展了24h时间间隔的密集采样,特别分析了机动车限行期间细颗粒污染物的浓度特征。结果表明,2007年春季至2008年春季期间北京市大气PM2.5平均浓度为72.9μg/m3,超过美国环保局（USEPA）制定的PM2.5年平均浓度限值15μg/m3的近5倍。机动车限行期间北京成府路东口采样点大气PM2.5的平均浓度为40.7μg/m3。通过因子分析方法确定北京PM2.5的3种可能来源：①交通排放、工业排放和燃煤,特征元素为Cu、Zn、As、Sn、Sb、Cd、Pb;②本地扬尘和远源沙尘细颗粒;③可能与成土母岩风化有关的土壤颗粒的再悬浮和/或迁移,其方差贡献率分别为41.2%、31.4%和12.2%。 相似文献