共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 78 毫秒
1.
The reduction of horizontal wind speed at hub height in an infinite cluster of wind turbines is computed from a balance between a loss of horizontal momentum due to the drag and replenishment from above by turbulent fluxes. This reduction is derived without assumptions concerning the vertical wind profile above or below hub height, only some basic assumptions on turbulent exchange have been made. Two applications of the result are presented, one considering wind turbines and one pressure drag on orographic obstacles in the atmospheric boundary layer. Both applications are basically governed by the same kind of momentum balance. 相似文献
2.
Richard A. Dobbins 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1977,11(1):39-54
Data from low-level soundings over Cambridge, U.S.A. were selected on the basis of an Ekman-like variation of the wind vector with altitude combined with evidence of a barotropic atmosphere. The method of geostrophic departure was used to determine the shear-stress distribution. The analysis yields the dimensionless properties of the barotropic Ekman layer under neutral and stable stratification. Some important results include: the geostrophic drag coefficient displays no dependence on the degree of static stability; the dimensionless height of the boundary layer decreases with increasing stability in agreement with the prediction of Zilitinkevich; the properties of the urban surface layer, where the roughness elements are multistory buildings, show no dependence on atmospheric stability under the moderate wind conditions which display the Ekman-like wind profile; and the directions of the horizontal shear stress and the vertical derivative of the velocity vector usually tend to be parallel only near the surface layer. Values of the two constants of the Rossby number similarity theory are found for the neutral barotropic Ekman layer at a surface Rossby number equal to 2 × 105. The implications of the work with respect to wind-tunnel simulation of the flow over models of urban areas are discussed. 相似文献
3.
水平风作用下雨滴水平速度的数值仿真 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了研究雨滴在水平风作用下的水平移动情况,在分析水平风作用下雨滴受力情况的基础上,通过对曳力系数与雷诺数对应关系的研究,采用数值仿真的方法分别对海平面大气条件和不同大气条件下雨滴水平运动速度进行仿真.结果表明:当有水平风作用时,雨滴的水平运动速度不等于风的速度,而是随雨滴直径和水平风速的变化而变化;在水平风作用下,雨滴的水平移动速度可以在较短的时间内(一般小于15 s)达到一个稳定的值;在水平风速相同的情况下,气压越高、温度越低,雨滴达到平衡时的水平移动末速度相对越大,反之则越小.这些结论对基于图像采集原理的光学降水自动观测仪器进行雨滴图像拼合有重要的应用价值. 相似文献
4.
The wind finding equations currently used to retrieve horizontal winds from Global Positioning System dropwindsonde wind measurements are derived based on a point object model in which the drag coefficient of the dropwindsonde is assumed to be a constant. The wind tunnel tests performed as part of this study showed, however, that the dropwindsonde aerodynamic coefficients vary appreciably with angles of attack. To investigate the impact of this finding, the dropwindsonde motion in a pseudo-stochastic wind field has been simulated using a motion model more sophisticated than the point object model. The results showed that, although the constant drag coefficient assumption is not supported by the wind tunnel test results, the wind finding equations still correctly calculate both the mean and the turbulence intensity profiles. In addition, a revised method to calculate the vertical wind was proposed based on the derivation of the improved motion model, which enhanced the accuracy of vertical wind estimates by including the real-time dropwindsonde drag coefficient and the dropwindsonde vertical acceleration into calculation. 相似文献
5.
We use a nonhydrostatic shelterbelt boundary-layer turbulence model with Mellor–Yamada second-order closure to evaluate quantitatively the dynamic processes of surface boundary-layer flow perturbed by shelterbelts of different densities and to understand the shelter mechanism. We first analyze the drag exerted on air by shelterbelts of different densities, a root cause of any shelter function, and the resulting wind reduction. The results show that the effectiveness of a shelter is determined not only by its total drag but also by the distribution of the drag-generated momentum deficit in the sheltered area, and that medium-dense shelterbelts have the maximum shelter effect. We also analyze the horizontal momentum budget and find that the shelter mechanism is the product of several processes. The results reveal that strong vertical mean transport and the pressure gradient also play important roles in shelter efficiency. The pressure perturbation caused by the shelter extends far downstream of the shelter, and combines with advective transport to provide the larger shelter efficiency of medium-dense shelterbelts. We finally analyze the changes of perturbed pressure, turbulence, and vertical velocity with shelterbelt density to further clarify the shelter mechanism. 相似文献
6.
The Impact Of Air-Flow Separation On The Drag Of The Sea Surface 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
An approach that allows assessment ofthe impact of air-flow separation (AFS) fromwave breaking fronts on the sea-surface drag is presented. Wave breaking fronts are modelled by the discontinuities of the sea-surface slope. It is assumedthat the dynamics of the AFS from wave breaking crests is similar to thatfrom the backward facing step. The form drag supported by an individualbreaker is described by the action of the pressure drop distributed alongthe forward face of the breaking front. The total stress due to the AFS isobtained as a sum of contributions from breaking fronts of different scales.Outside the breaking fronts the drag of the sea surface is supported by theviscous surface stress and the wave-induced stress. To calculate the stressdue to the AFS and the wave-induced stress a physical model of the wind-wavespectrum is used. Together with the model of the air flow described in termsof surface stresses it forms a self-consistent dynamical system for the seasurface-atmosphere where the air flow and wind waves are strongly coupled.Model calculations of the drag coefficient agree with measurements. It is shownthat the dimensionless Charnock parameter (roughness length normalized onthe square of the friction velocity and the acceleration of gravity)increases with the increase of the wind speed in agreement with fieldmeasurements. The stress due to the AFS normalized on the square of thefriction velocity is proportional to the cube of wind speed. At low windsthe viscous surface stress dominates the drag. The role of the form drag,which is the sum of the stress due to the AFS and the wave-induced stress, isnegligible. At moderate and high winds the form drag dominates. At windspeeds higher than 10 m s-1 the stress supported by the AFS becomescomparable to the wave-induced stress and supports up to 50% of the totalstress. 相似文献
7.
In the first part of this study, results of a computational fluid dynamics simulation over an array of cubes have been validated
against a set of wind-tunnel measurements. In Part II, such numerical results are used to investigate spatially-averaged properties
of the flow and passive tracer dispersion that are of interest for high resolution urban mesoscale modelling (e.g. non resolved
obstacle approaches). The results show that vertical profiles of mean horizontal wind are linear within the canopy and logarithmic
above. The drag coefficient, derived from the numerical results using the classical formula for the drag force, is height
dependent (it decreases with height). However, a modification of the formula is proposed (accounting for subgrid velocity
scales) that makes the drag coefficient constant with height. Results also show that the dispersive fluxes are similar in
magnitude to the turbulent fluxes, and that they play a very important role within the canopy. Vertical profiles of turbulent
length scales (to be used in k–l closure schemes, where k is the turbulent kinetic energy and l a turbulent length scale) are also derived. Finally the distribution of the values around the mean over the reference volumes
are analysed for wind and tracer concentrations. 相似文献
8.
为了研究垂直变量配置对静力适应过程的影响,本文从描写静力适应过程的方程组出发,分别在将所有变量置于整层上的非跳点N网格;将垂直速度和温度放置在整层,水平速度、气压和密度等变量放置在半层的Charney Phillips跳点网格(CP网格);将水平速度、气压和温度放置在整层,将垂直速度和密度放置在半层的Lorenz跳点网格(L网格);将密度变量放置在整层的Charney Phillips跳点网格(CP_N网格);将密度放置在整层的Lorenz跳点网格(L_N网格)上进行离散,垂直格距分1 km、0.5 km、0.2 km和0.01 km,研究了在这5种网格上产生的频率和垂直群速的相对误差。结果表明:(1)L_N网格和CP网格是完全等效的两种网格。(2)不论垂直格距为多少,CP网格和L网格的误差都是最小,N网格次之,CP_N网格的误差最大。(3)随着垂直格距的减少,在这几种网格上产生的误差都在减小。对于CP网格、L网格和N网格,在水平长波和垂直短波处产生的误差较大。而CP_N网格对水平波长变化不敏感,垂直波长越短,误差越大。(4)当垂直格距为0.01 km时,这几种网格都对水平波长的变化不敏感了,仅对垂直波长敏感。(5)CP网格、L_N网格和L网格在描写静力适应过程和斜压地转适应过程都是误差最小的垂直变量配置方案,因此在非静力完全可压缩深层大气数值预报模式中应优先选择这3种方案。 相似文献
9.
Eric D. Skyllingstad 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2003,106(2):217-243
A large-eddy simulation model with rotated coordinates and an open boundary is used to simulate the characteristics of katabatic flows over simple terrain. Experiments examine the effects of cross winds on the development of the slope-flow boundary layer for a steep (20°) slope and the role of drainage winds in preventing turbulence collapse on a gentle slope (1°). For the steep flow cases, comparisons between model average boundary-layer velocity, temperature deficit, and turbulence kinetic energy budget terms and tower observations show reasonable agreement. Results for different cross slope winds show that as the cross slope winds increase, the slope flow deepens faster and behaves more like a weakly stratified, sheared boundary layer. Analysis of the momentum budget shows that near the surface the flow is maintained by a balance between downslope buoyancy forcing and vertical turbulence flux from surface drag. Above the downslope jet, the turbulence vertical momentum flux reverses sign and acceleration of the flow by buoyancy is controlled by horizontal advection of slower moving ambient air. The turbulence budget is dominated by a balance between shear production and eddy dissipation, however, buoyancy and pressure transport both are significant in reducing the strength of turbulence above the jet. Results from the gentle slope case show that even a slight terrain variation can lead to significant drainage winds. Comparison of the gentle slope case with a flat terrain simulation indicates that drainage winds can effectively prevent the formation of very stable boundary layers, at least near the top of sloping terrain. 相似文献
10.
We analyse single-point velocity statistics obtained in a wind tunnel within and above a model of a waving wheat crop, consisting of nylon stalks 47 mm high and 0.25 mm wide in a square array with frontal area index 0.47. The variability of turbulence measurements in the wind tunnel is illustrated by using a set of 71 vertical traverses made in different locations, all in the horizontally-homogeneous (above-canopy) part of the boundary layer. Ensemble-averaged profiles of the statistical moments up to the fourth order and profiles of Eulerian length scales are presented and discussed. They are consistent with other similar experiments and reveal the existence of large-scale turbulent coherent structures in the flow. The drag coefficient in this canopy as well as in other reported experiments is shown to exhibit a characteristic height-dependency, for which we propose an interpretation. The velocity spectra are analysed in detail; within and just above the canopy, a scaling based on fixed length and velocity scales (canopy height and mean horizontal wind speed at canopy top) is proposed. Examination of the turbulent kinetic energy and shear stress budgets confirms the role of turbulent transport in the region around the canopy top, and indicates that pressure transport may be significant in both cases. The results obtained here show that near the top of the canopy, the turbulence properties are more reminiscent of a plane mixing layer than a wall boundary layer. 相似文献
11.
地形追随坐标系下的动力学方程组通常都要引入参考大气的概念来减少气压梯度力的计算误差.参考大气的一般取法是满足静止和静力平衡关系,实际大气被看成在参考大气上的偏差.实际大气与参考大气越接近,它们之间的偏差就越小,计算就越精确.参考大气的取法一般有等温大气、定常温度廓线、初始资料进行水平平均的垂直温度廓线等.本文在一个非静力的中尺度模式中选取经过水平平均的初始温度场的垂直廓线构造模式的参考大气廓线.但是初始资料在三维空间是离散的,这里根据三次样条函数的分段连续光滑的性质,构造了随起报时间不同而不同的,只随高度变化的解析形式的参考大气廓线.构造的参考大气廓线完全满足静力平衡关系,方程中的静力平衡部分可以得到最大限度地扣除.试验表明,与等温大气相比,这种根据初始状态选取的参考大气和实际资料更接近,在大地形附近气压梯度力的计算误差更小,500 hPa高原附近的24 h气压预报更精确. 相似文献
12.
一个双波地形重力波拖曳参数化方案 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
当地形次尺度强迫的作用与显式的经典动力作用效应相当时,地形重力波拖曳力对于环流的维持,以及动量和热量通量输送的动力效应变得十分显著。这种地形次尺度拖曳作用项可通过参数化的方法,在动力方程中加入额外的小项而引入数值模式。目前成熟的地形重力波拖曳参数化方法,如第1代基于线性单波理论的参数化方案;以及侧重考虑了临界层作用等因素对拖曳力的额外贡献的第2代参数化方案,都无法有效表达风速垂直变化引起的波动应力随高度变化的特征。基于上述考虑,本文给出了一个双波参数化方案用于计算地形重力波拖曳中由线性自由传播重力波造成的波动应力的垂直分布。通过二阶WKB近似,它对由风速垂直变化引起的对波动应力的选择性临界层吸收过程和经典的临界层吸收过程做了显式处理;而在不发生临界层吸收现象的地区,则用两个单波同时在垂直方向上进行应力的传播,并利用波饱和标准进行应力耗散。进一步地在真实地形(以大别山地区为个例)条件下的测试结果表明,通过在不同理想风速廓线以及北半球冬季中纬度纬向平均风廓线下对波动应力垂直分布的计算,证明该方案确实能有效地给出应力随高度变化的特征。 相似文献
13.
The removal of noise and velocity ambiguity and retrieval and verification of horizontal wind
field is a prerequisite to make the best and fullest use of Doppler radar measurements. This approach was
applied to the Doppler radar data collected during August 2005 for a landing typhoon Matsa (0509) in
Yantai, Shangdong Province, and the verified result shows that the quality control for this dataset was
successful. The horizontal wind field was retrieved and then verified by studying the characteristics of the
radar radial velocity and large-scale wind field and the vertical cross section of the radial velocity
determined with the typhoon center as the circle center and comparing it with satellite imagery. The results
show that the meso- and small-scale systems in Matsa and its horizontal and vertical structure could be
clearly retrieved using the dataset collected by single Doppler radar, and a shear or a convergence was
corresponding with a band of severe storm around Matsa. At the same time, the retrieved wind field from
single Doppler radar is proved to be a reliable and high-resolution dataset in analyzing the inner
meso-scale structure of Matsa. It is also proved that the method for removing the velocity ambiguity could
be an effective approach for preliminary quality control of the Doppler radar data, and the VAP method
could also be a reasonable solution for the analysis of mesoscale wind field. 相似文献
14.
重力波参数气候特征是确定大气模式中重力波参数化方案的重要条件之一,高垂直分辨率探空资料扰动场是获取重力波参数气候特征的基础数据;目前,获取扰动场的方法较多,但基于不同方法计算的扰动场对重力波参数气候特征影响的研究较少。基于2014—2017年山西太原气象台高垂直分辨率探空资料,利用2—4阶曲线拟合方法获取下平流层（17—24 km高度）温度扰动场、纬向风扰动场和经向风扰动场,经统计发现2阶与3阶曲线拟合方法的扰动场相似程度较高;在此选取相似度较高的2阶、3阶曲线拟合方法的扰动场分别计算大气重力波参数,并对大气重力波参数间的气候差异特征进行研究。结果表明:（1）不同阶曲线拟合方法扰动场的变化振幅及随高度变化趋势存在差异,且扰动场间的相关较弱;（2）2阶、3阶曲线拟合方法扰动场得到的重力波参数大小、年内变化趋势及在不同区间范围内占有率均存在差异,且相关较弱;（3）1—12月,相对3阶曲线拟合方法的扰动场,基于2阶曲线拟合方法的扰动场得到的重力波群速、水平波长、垂直波长、周期、固有相速均较大,而重力波能量上传百分比在某些月份较大。因此,不同阶曲线拟合方法扰动场间存在差异,会导致计算得到的大气重力波参数气候特征存在差异,最终对研制大气模式中的大气重力波参数化方案产生影响。 相似文献
15.
A Simple Model for Spatially-averaged Wind Profiles Within and Above an Urban Canopy 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
This paper deals with the modelling of the flow in the urban canopy layer. It critically reviews a well-known formula for
the spatially-averaged wind profile, originally proposed by Cionco in 1965, and provides a new interpretation for it. This
opens up a number of new applications for modelling mean wind flow over the neighbourhood scale. The model is based on a balance
equation between the obstacle drag force and the local shear stress as proposed by Cionco for a vegetative canopy. The buildings
within the canopy are represented as a canopy element drag formulated in terms of morphological parameters such as λ
f
and λ
p
(the ratios of plan area and frontal area of buildings to the lot area). These parameters can be obtained from the analysis
of urban digital elevation models. The shear stress is parameterised using a mixing length approach. Spatially-averaged velocity
profiles for different values of building packing density corresponding to different flow regimes are obtained and analysed.
The computed solutions are compared with published data from wind-tunnel and water-tunnel experiments over arrays of cubes.
The model is used to estimate the spatially-averaged velocity profile within and above neighbourhood areas of real cities
by using vertical profiles of λ
f
. 相似文献
16.
该文在GRAPES (Global/Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System) 模式面三维变分 (3D_Var) 框架中引入了一种描述不同控制变量之间动力平衡约束的新方案。新方案采用统计得到的流函数和模式气压变量 ( π ) 之间的回归系数代替原方案中的线性平衡方程,来表达旋转风和质量场之间的平衡关系;采用流函数和势函数之间的回归系数,补充表达了原方案中所没有的旋转风和散度风之间的平衡关系。与原方案相比,新方案算法简单,避免了垂直方向的反复插值,减少了插值误差的引入。通过随机扰动试验和单点试验可以发现,在地转关系成立较好的区域,新方案中旋转风和质量场的耦合程度与原方案接近一致;而在地转关系不适用区域,新方案可以有效减小两者的耦合程度。此外,由于新方案中添加了旋转风和散度风之间的动力平衡约束,边界层的风场分析也更加接近大气真实状况。 相似文献
17.
When the magnitude of sub-scale ographic forcing is comparable with explicitly ordinary dynamic forcing, the drag effect reduced by ographic gravity wave is to be significant for maintaining dynamic balance of atmospheric circulation, as well as the momentum and energy transport. Such sub-scale ographic forcing should be introduced into numerically atmospheric model by means of drag being parameterized. Furthermore, the currently mature ographic gravity wave drag （OGWD） parameterization, i.e., the so-called first-generation （based on lineal single-wave theoretical framework） or the second-generation drag parameterization （including an important extra forcing by the contribution of critical level absorption）, cannot correctly and effectly describe the vertical profile of wave stress under the influence of ambient wind shearing. Based on aforementioned consideration, a new two-wave scheme was proposed to parameterize the ographic gravity wave drag by means of freely propagating gravity waves. It starts with a second order WKB approximation, and treats the wave stress attenuations caused by either the selective critical level absorption or the classical critical level absorption explicitly; while in the regions where critical levels are absent, it transports the wave stress vertically by two sinusoidal waves and deposits them and then damps them according to the wave saturation criteria. This scheme is thus used to conduct some sample computations over the Dabie Mountain region of East China, as an example. The results showed that the new two-wave scheme is able to model the vertical distribution of the wave stress more realistically. 相似文献
18.
A. S. Broad 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2000,72(1):1-11
Summary. ?A hydrostatic numerical model is used to simulate the lee wave event IOP3 (0000 GMT to 1200 GMT 15th October 1990) from the PYREX mountain experiment. Results from integrations at different horizontal resolutions are used
to investigate the effect on surface pressure drag and the vertical flux of horizontal momentum due to orographically forced
gravity waves. In particular, results showing the dependence on resolution of the partitioning between resolved and parametrized
wave drag and fluxes are presented. With the model horizontal gridlength changing from 50 km to 10 km the majority of wave
momentum flux changes from being parametrized to becoming resolved. More significantly, there is a change in the profile of
flux with height. At 50 km resolution the largest inferred mean flow decelerations are at lower stratospheric level due to
the parametrization scheme. At 10 km resolution this is shifted, with less deceleration high up and more wave deceleration
lower down in the troposphere. Numerical weather prediction models are now beginning to take account of such low level drag
with beneficial results.
Received March 2, 1999/Revised July 15, 1999 相似文献
19.
Remarks on the Definition and Estimation of Friction Velocity 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
Rudolf O. Weber 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1999,93(2):197-209
One of the mainscaling parameters in similarity theory of the atmospheric boundary layer is friction velocity. Unfortunately, several definitions of friction velocity exist in the literature. Some authors use the component of the horizontal Reynolds stress vector in the direction of the mean wind vector to define friction velocity. Others define the friction velocity by means of the absolute value of the horizontal Reynolds stress vector. The two definitions coincide only if the direction of the mean wind vector is parallel to the horizontal Reynolds stress vector. In general, the second definition gives larger values for the friction velocity. Over complex terrain the situation is further complicated by the fact that the terrain following flow is not necessarily horizontal. Thus, several authors have proposed to use terrain following coordinate systems for the definition of friction velocity. By means of a large dataset of fast-response wind measurements with an ultrasonic anemometer the friction velocities resulting from the different definitions are compared. Furthermore, it is shown that friction velocity can be well estimated from horizontal wind speed, and even better from simple horizontal or vertical turbulence parameters. 相似文献
20.
Large-scale turbulent motions enhancing horizontal gas spread in an atmospheric boundary layer are simulated in a wind-tunnel
experiment. The large-scale turbulent motions can be generated using an active grid installed at the front of the test section
in the wind tunnel, when appropriate parameters for the angular deflection and the rotation speed are chosen. The power spectra
of vertical velocity fluctuations are unchanged with and without the active grid because they are strongly affected by the
surface. The power spectra of both streamwise and lateral velocity fluctuations with the active grid increase in the low frequency
region, and are closer to the empirical relations inferred from field observations. The large-scale turbulent motions do not
affect the Reynolds shear stress, but change the balance of the processes involved. The relative contributions of ejections
to sweeps are suppressed by large-scale turbulent motions, indicating that the motions behave as sweep events. The lateral
gas spread is enhanced by the lateral large-scale turbulent motions generated by the active grid. The large-scale motions,
however, do not affect the vertical velocity fluctuations near the surface, resulting in their having a minimal effect on
the vertical gas spread. The peak concentration normalized using the root-mean-squared value of concentration fluctuation
is remarkably constant over most regions of the plume irrespective of the operation of the active grid. 相似文献