共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 109 毫秒
1.
Vishal V. Siddique T. Purohit Rohan Phophliya Mohit K. Pradhan S. P. 《Natural Hazards》2017,85(1):487-503
A massive disaster occurred in June 2013 in Kedarnath, India, due to cloudburst and extremely heavy rain along the Chorabari glacier. The resulting flash floods further aggravated the instability of natural and hill cut slopes at different places on the downstream side. The village Rambara that existed in close proximity of Kedarnath was swept away under flow of debris and water. The immediate surrounding area, which housed over a hundred and fifty shops and hotels, was completely washed away leaving no trace of civilization. This calamity in Uttarakhand is considered as India’s worst natural disasters after the tsunami in December 2004. On the downstream of the affected areas lie other pilgrim destinations that witness innumerable footfalls every year. Investigation of the health of the slopes on the routes to these destinations is therefore very important to ensure minimal damage to humans and machinery. The Himalayan terrain is a tectonically active mountain belt, having a large number of unstable natural and road cut slopes. Such slopes with rugged topography lie in the high seismic vulnerability zone. Further, the instability is aggravated by natural and anthropogenic activities increasing at a rapid and uncontrollable rate. In the light of the Kedarnath tragedy, more advanced research is being conducted along the National Highways to monitor and prevent slope/structure failures. This study was conducted to evaluate the hazard potential along National Highway-58, near Saknidhar village of Devprayag district by analysing rockfall using hazard rating systems and numerical simulation. Rockfall hazard rating systems were applied to evaluate the conditions of the slopes and to identify the associated risks. Based on the field and laboratory analyses, the parameters required for numerical models were determined. The bounce height, roll-out distance, kinetic energy and speed of the detached blocks were determined by using a competent rockfall simulator. The results obtained were used to identify rockfall risk in the region. Optimization strategies were applied during investigation by modifying the slope angle, ditch width and ditch angle to assess the possibility of a hazard to occur in different scenarios. The simulation studies revealed that an increasing slope angle could significantly increase the kinetic energy of the rock blocks. However, an increase in the ditch angle and the ditch width reduces the energy of moving blocks. The maximum bounce height above the slope varied from 0.003 m to 0.8 m for 10-kg blocks, whereas the maximum velocity and the maximum kinetic energy under such circumstances were 7.882 m/s and 379.89 J, respectively. The barrier capacity was found to be 233.18 J for 10-kg falling blocks at a height of 10.02 m. From the optimization studies, it was found that the risk can be reduced by up to 13 % if the slope of 70° has a ditch angle of 15° while on a flat ditch, the maximum risk will be at an angle of 65°. If the ditch angle is increased, the vertical component of the falling blocks is more effective than that in case of a flat ditch. These optimization studies lay foundation for advanced research for mitigation of rockfall hazards in similar potential areas.
相似文献2.
对影响滚石的岩性、地形坡高和地质结构等因素进行现场地质调查和分析,初步确定存在潜在滚石的坡体。借助BJSD-2B型激光断面仪,选取上述坡体的4个典型剖面进行坡形测量。结合数值分析结果,确定块石A~F发生滚石的可能性较大。现场测量确定A~F块石的体积。在此基础上,利用Rocfall模拟软件对6块块石滚落的运动特征（运动距离、弹跳高度、动能和运动速度）进行预测和分析。结果表明：块石D的失稳对游客的生命安全威胁相对较小,但会直接导致7号洞洞室发生严重破坏;其余5块块石的失稳均会对游人的生命安全造成重大威胁,但不会严重影响到相应洞室的稳定。建议对上述6块块石所在坡体的关键部位及时采取工程措施进行加固。 相似文献
3.
Roberto Sarro Rosa María Mateos Inmaculada García-Moreno Gerardo Herrera Paola Reichenbach Luís Laín Carlos Paredes 《Landslides》2014,11(3):493-503
The Son Poc rockfall took place on the 6th of March 2013 in the municipality of Bunyola, on the southern side of the Tramuntana Range (Mallorca) and after a rainy and cold period on the region. A volume of rock of 4.000 m3 was detached from the cliff crowning the peak falling down by toppling. The impact of the boulder caused its fragmentation, and numerous boulders bounced and rolled downslope with volumes from 1 to 35 m3, following two trajectories: southwest (SW) and southeast (SE). The SE trajectory, with a larger runout (376 m), reached an urban area, where some of the boulders hit the roofs and walls of nearby houses, stopping others in their gardening areas. Fortunately, no fatalities occurred despite of the presence of some people at that moment, but the event caused great concern in a region which lives from and for tourism. The Son Poc rockfall has been simulated using RocPro3D software which uses GIS technology to produce 3D rockfall trajectories lines, estimated velocity and energy of falling blocks, as well as bounce heights, impacts, and stopping points. The results are in agreement with field observations and with a very good accuracy between real and modeled outcomes. 相似文献
4.
Assessment of rockfall hazard around Afyon Castle,Turkey 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The Afyon Castle is a tourist destination and a historical site in the City of Afyon in Turkey. The Castle is located on a
steep hill, with a height of 226 m. In close proximity to the Castle there are settlements. The hill consists of trachitic
andesite. The rock contains columnar joints and flow layering. Owing to these discontinuities, blocks of varying sizes had
fallen down. The settlement areas near the Castle are now in danger because of the rockfall risk. In this study, rockfall
analysis was carried out along nine profiles of the hill. Fall-out distance, bounce height, kinetic energy and velocity of
the rocks along each profile were investigated. The results of the analyses were evaluated, and the areas delineated as susceptible
to rockfall risk are highlighted. Remedial measures including rock bolts and protective fences were suggested on the basis
of the field observations and the rockfall risk evaluation. 相似文献
5.
The paper illustrates an approach for implementing the Precautionary Principle in risk management, exemplified by a procedure
aimed at choosing the height of a rockfall barrier protecting a railway stretch. Risk is expressed by the frequency f of blocks hitting the railway—i.e. by the ratio between the number of blocks reaching the railway and the number of blocks
falling from the slope—assessed through software simulation of the falling of the blocks. The height from which a block may
fall is considered to be the main uncertainty factor in risk estimation, which translates into uncertainty as to the level
of risk, as every simulation shows that more than one impact frequency is possible. Such uncertainty justifies the precautionary
approach to the design of the barrier, and is represented mathematically by means of possibility and probability distribution
functions. The distributions make it possible to express the degree of precaution related to a barrier as the level of confidence,
in terms of necessity or probability measures—that can be placed on the fact that, because of the barrier, the impact frequency,
although uncertain, will not exceed what is acceptable. It will be shown that the degree of precaution takes quite different
values if possibility theory is used instead of probability theory. Finally some simple cost/benefit analyses, that explicitly
and quantitatively consider the degree of precaution, are exemplified. 相似文献
6.
为获取被动柔性防护网在不同崩塌滚石运动特征下的动态响应规律,以鲁甸803地震震后崩塌滚石造成防护网损坏现场为例,通过无人机倾斜摄影技术实现地质调查,采用Rockyfor3D获取研究区落石的运动特征,并通过被动柔性防护网有限元模型,对不同落石冲击形式下防护网的动态响应规律进行研究.研究显示区内落石弹跳高度普遍在1~2 m,优势路径上的落石会形成稍高速低弹跳的范围冲击.在范围落石冲击下,防护网绳索最大拉力增加可达123.7%;在低弹跳落石冲击下,绳索最大拉力增加可达181.2%.范围落石冲击会导致防护网网面耗能的降低,并导致上拉锚绳拉力的增大.防护网下一级支撑绳对不同落石弹跳高度的响应较为敏感,部分高弹跳落石会对上拉锚绳和上一级支撑绳产生影响. 相似文献
7.
Ali M. A. Abd-Allah E. K. El-Sawy El-Sayed Sedek Abu Seif Abdelhamid El-Fakharani Mohammed Amin M. Sharaf 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2014,7(10):4029-4042
The present contribution is a complete study extending before, during, and after the excavation of the mountain side that lying north of road 7. It includes slope stability analysis, rock cut design, and rockfall modeling for natural slope and rock cut face. Neoproterozoic granodiorite and biotite granite forming the slope body have medium to very high strengths. Mineral compositions and textures of these intact rocks control the strength values. These rocks are intensively dissected by fractures that are filled with montmorillonite and chlorite. The high plasticity and slippery nature of these filling materials represent the main problem that may face a rock cut designer because they damage the mechanical properties of these fractures. The problem begins with the selection of the rock mass classification that deals with the fracture fillings and extends during the stability analysis and the suggestion of mitigation and supporting measures. The rock masses building the natural slope are suffered by plane, wedge, and toppling failures. Therefore, two rock cut designs are suggested to avoid the hazards related to these failures and considering the construction cost as well. Rockfall modeling for the natural slope and rock cut designs was done to assess the hazards related to these falling of the blocks. The kinetic energy of falling blocks is represented on the roadway by the coverage distance and block rebound amplitude. Slope height has a positive effect on the values of these distance and amplitude, whereas the steepness of berm height has a negative effect on them. Coverage distance is a function to the location of rockfall barrier and to the width of road ditch, while the amplitude controls the barrier height. 相似文献
8.
İnan Keskin 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,70(4):1619-1628
Disasters caused by events such as earthquake, flooding, rock falls, landslides are often encountered. However, generally, the reasons for the destructive and devastating effects of these nature events are that settlement locations were chosen without site investigation studies, or that available studies were inadequate. Such inadequacies in the field are related to inappropriate settlement location and the resulting damage caused by rock falls. This study evaluated rockfall risk in a settlement that developed in a similar manner. The study was carried out in Bo?aziçi village of Kemah (Erzincan/Turkey), which is located in a very important tectonic zone. The study site is located on the lower sections of an area with very steep cliffs and 50–75° slopes. This cliff, which is the source of rockfalls, has a slope dip of approximately 90°. The cliff comprises 25–30 m high, fractured and cracked basaltic volcanic mass. To determine block size in the study area, scanline survey measurements and block size measurements were performed on blocks that loosened and fell from the cliff face. It was found that block sizes reached 6 m3. Rockfall analyses were performed along the selected profiles using the Rockfall V.4.0 software. Kinetic energy, bounce height, horizontal location of rock end-points, and velocity of the rocks along each section were evaluated separately for each profile. This data were used to produce distribution maps for each profile and the settlement was evaluated in terms of rockfall risk. The results indicate that the study area was at risk of future rockfalls and that it would be appropriate to relocate one part of the settlement. 相似文献
9.
The Kastamonu Castle located on a sandstone hill with Eocene age is one of the most historical and touristic places in Kastamonu city center. The settlement of the city expanded towards the hill of the Kastamonu Castle and adversely affected by rockfalls in the past. The rockfall problems around the castle could be related to jointing, weathering, freezing-thawing and earthquake effects or a combination. In this study, the rockfall hazard at the castle is evaluated by two-dimensional rockfall analyses along 17 profiles selected in different orientations. Different size of rock blocks and various types of movements are taken into consideration in the analyses. Fall-out distance, bounce height, kinetic energy and velocity of the sandstone blocks are separately evaluated. The obtained data are used to define the possible rockfall hazard zones. Finally, the areas having potential rockfall risks are distinguished. Based on the evaluation of the data, rock bolting after removing of unstable blocks and supporting the area with the protective fences are suggested. 相似文献
10.
Experimental Testing of Rockfall Barriers Designed for the Low Range of Impact Energy 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
O. Buzzi M. Spadari A. Giacomini S. Fityus S. W. Sloan 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2013,46(4):701-712
Most of the recent research on rockfall and the development of protective systems, such as flexible rockfall barriers, have been focused on medium to high levels of impacting energy. However, in many regions of the world, the rockfall hazard involves low levels of energy. This is particularly the case in New South Wales, Australia, because of the nature of the geological environments. The state Road and Traffic Authority (RTA) has designed various types of rockfall barriers, including some of low capacity, i.e. 35 kJ. The latter were tested indoors using a pendulum equipped with an automatic block release mechanism triggered by an optical beam. Another three systems were also tested, including two products designed by rockfall specialised companies and one modification of the initial design of the RTA. The research focused on the influence of the system’s stiffness on the transmission of load to components of the barrier such as posts and cables. Not surprisingly, the more compliant the system, the less loaded the cables and posts. It was also found that removing the intermediate cables and placing the mesh downslope could reduce the stiffness of the system designed by the RTA. The paper concludes with some multi-scale considerations on the capacity of a barrier to absorb the energy based on experimental evidence. 相似文献
11.
西南地区地形复杂,位于地震高发区域。为了进一步研究该区域地震作用下落石的运动特征,以我国九寨沟景区内荷叶寨后山危岩带2为例。首先研究危岩带2中单一危岩体在自重荷载下的失稳情况,分别采用RocFall和非连续变形分析方法(DDA)进行模拟,结果表明:DDA和RocFall的模拟结果相近。DDA中落石水平位移模拟结果为210.6 m,RocFall中大部分落石水平位移分布在205 m附近。鉴于RocFall的局限性,采用DDA方法继续研究地震作用下危岩体的密度、高度、体积和地震波峰值加速度等因素对落石运动特征如运动轨迹、水平位移和速度的影响规律,并监测落石在坡脚附近的最大弹跳高度。研究结果表明:(1)危岩带2所处边坡自然坡角范围为65°~75°,落石在坡面上加速,在高程约2292 m(与居民区相对高差约为132 m)处发生抛射,运动方式以滚动、碰撞、弹跳为主;(2)岩体软弱结构面的贯通时间随落石密度、体积以及地震波峰值加速度增大而减小;(3)峰值速度随边坡高度、体积及地震波峰值加速度增大而增大;(4)水平位移随落石密度、边坡高度及地震波峰值加速度增大而增大;(5)坡脚处落石最大弹跳高度随各因素变量增大而增大。继续研究内部存在节理裂隙的岩体(3条平行节理将危岩分为K1~K4部分)在地震荷载下的运动特征:(1)在地震荷载作用下,危岩沿节理面发生倾倒破坏,落石水平位移模拟结果为191.5~243.8 m;(2)落石在坡脚附近的最大弹跳高度范围为0~13.8 m。 相似文献
12.
Experimentally gained parameters,decisive for rock fall analysis 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Summary This paper presents the methodology adopted for assessing experimental parameters relevant to computer rockfall analyses and describes the data gathered from several in situ rockfall tests carried out by ISMES and ENEL CRIS during recent years.Through the calculation of block velocities during their fall from and onto slopes of various geometry, and the measurement of the run-out distances, heights of bounce and the geometric characteristics of blocks, the following experimental parameters were studied: Restitution Coefficient, Rolling Friction Coefficient, dispersion of trajectories, effect of block geometry on its fall, and efficiency of a ditch, at the bottom of a slope, for arresting fallen blocks. 相似文献
13.
Perforation of Flexible Rockfall Barriers by Normal Block Impact 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
J. P. Hambleton O. Buzzi A. Giacomini M. Spadari S. W. Sloan 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2013,46(3):515-526
Flexible rockfall barriers are a common form of protection against falling blocks of rock and rock fragments (rockfall). These barriers consist of a system of cables, posts, and a mesh, and their capacity is typically quantified in terms of the threshold of impact (kinetic) energy at which the barrier fails. This threshold, referred to here as the “critical energy,” is often regarded as a constant. However, several studies have pointed out that there is no single representative value of critical energy for a given barrier. Instead, the critical energy decreases as the block size decreases, a phenomenon referred to as the “bullet effect.” In this paper, we present a simple analytical model for determining the critical energy of a flexible barrier. The model considers a block that impacts normally and centrally on the wire mesh, and rather than incorporate the structural details of the cables and posts explicitly, the supporting elements are replaced by springs of representative stiffness. The analysis reveals the dependence of the critical energy on the block size, as well as other relevant variables, and it provides physical insight into the impact problem. For example, it is shown that bending of the wire mesh during impact reduces the axial force that can be sustained within the wires, thus reducing the energy that can be absorbed. The formulas derived in the paper are straightforward to use, and the analytical predictions compare favorably with data available in the literature. 相似文献
14.
以远安县瓦坡崩塌区为例,通过地质调查、野外测绘、无人机航拍,建立了瓦坡崩塌区三维模型,基于Rockfall Analyst（RA）分析软件,实现了瓦坡崩塌区大量崩塌落石三维空间下运动路径、高度、能量等要素模拟,探究了崩塌区落石的三维运动特征,开展了崩塌区落石危险性评估,为崩塌落石的防治提供科学参考。研究结果表明:崩塌区危岩主要破坏形式为倾倒式,目前处于欠稳定状态;模拟落石三维运动轨迹与已有落石点基本重合,说明此次模拟结果与实际情况较为吻合;落石运动过程中以碰撞弹跳、自由飞落为主,落石主要集中在崩塌区下部冲沟及公路内,部分落石达到居民区,在崩塌落石区下部公路、冲沟及崩塌区右侧危险性较高;崩塌落石防治工程建议采用危石孤石清除+被动防护网,在公路内侧、斜坡下方分别设置5 m高和3 m高抗冲击力2 000 kJ的被动防护网,可有效拦截落石。 相似文献
15.
M. Spadari A. Giacomini O. Buzzi J. P. Hambleton 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2012,45(2):131-144
The so-called “bullet effect” refers to the perforation of a rockfall protection mesh by impact of a small block, which has
a kinetic energy lower than the design value, where the design value is determined through tests with relatively large blocks.
Despite playing a key role in the overall performance of a flexible rockfall barrier, this phenomenon is still poorly understood
at present. An innovative approach for quantitatively characterizing this effect based on dimensional analysis is proposed
in this paper. The analysis rests on a hypothesis that the relevant variables in the impact problem can be combined into three
strongly correlated dimensionless parameters. The relationship between these dimensionless parameters (i.e., the scaling relationship)
is subsequently investigated and validated by means of data generated with a finite element model. The validation process
shows that the dimensionless parameters are apt and that the proposed scaling relationship characterizes the bullet effect
with a reasonable level of accuracy. An example from the literature involving numerical simulation of a full rock barrier
is considered, and satisfactory agreement between the calculated performance of the barrier and that predicted by the established
scaling relationship is observed. 相似文献
16.
M. K. Ansari M. Ahmad Rajesh Singh T. N. Singh 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2018,91(1):47-56
The Saptashrungi gad temple (SGT) situated on basaltic hills belongs to Deccan volcanic of Upper Cretaceous to Lower Eocene, is one among the 51 Shakti Peeths and most holy place for pilgrims. Rockfall is a major problem in the past and causing danger to the lives of the villagers settled at the toe of the SGT hill as well as the pilgrims who perform parikrama along the tracks. On the evening of 16 April 2011, an old woman died due to rockfall at SGT hill when she was performing parikrama, moreover, two persons got injured during the deliverance process of this old woman from the continuous rockfall activity. The problem of rockfall could be linked to rainfall, jointing, weathering, man-made or the compounding of all. In this research, the rockfall hazard analysis at SGT hill is assessed using both 2D and 3D rockfall programs along the two parikrama paths: Parikrama Path 1 (or the Badi Parikrama Path ‘BPP’), and Parikrama Path 2 (or the Chhoti Parikrama Path ‘CPP’). Also, the study area of the SGT hill has been divided into eight zones (Zone#01 to Zone#08), based on field observations, orientations of joint sets and hill slope faces and eighteen topographic profiles (AA' to RR') have been taken from these eight zones for rockfall analysis. A detailed topographic survey along with field investigation has been carried out along the temple for ascertaining the nature of rock, discontinuity orientations, and slope geometry. DEM has been generated using topographic profile in ArcGIS to facilitate the 3D rockfall analysis. Maximum rock block sizes are taken into the analysis and run-out distance, bounce height, kinetic energy and velocity of the basaltic blocks are evaluated separately. Based on the analyzed data, the rockfall hazard zone map has been prepared and site having potential rockfall risks have been identified. Finally, wire/net meshing has been proposed after removal of unstable blocks as a stabilization and protection measures.It is worth mentioning here that for the first time rockfall hazard assessment was made in such detail for a site. Suggestions made are implemented by the State Government for the protection of the temple as well as the life of pilgrims performing the parikrama from the rockfall. 相似文献
17.
18.
贵州关岭大寨崩滑碎屑流灾害初步研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
2010年6月28日,贵州省关岭县岗乌镇大寨村发生特大型崩滑碎屑(石)流灾害,造成99人死亡或失踪。通过现场考察崩滑区的地质环境与斜坡岩体结构,认为斜坡体由似"干砌块石结构"的裂隙化岩体组成是发生崩溃式破坏的主要内在原因。超常暴雨(过程雨量237mm)条件下斜坡岩体后缘裂缝充水形成持续的"水楔作用"是斜坡岩体松动、倾倒垮塌的主要外部引发因素。碎屑(石)流块度的空间分布具有从源头向沟口逐次减小,碎屑(石)流运动冲击高度逐步降低,冲击速度逐步减小,并显示4个能级4个冲程的特点。根据动势能守恒定律,计算了每个冲程的最大速度,得出第1冲程为高速崩滑,其它冲程属于碎屑(石)流动冲击。未发现区域天然地震、光照水库诱发地震与外围历史采矿活动与本次事件相关的直接证据。由于滑坡后缘仍存在不稳定岩体,碎屑(石)流堆积体上多处分布直径3～5m的堰塞塘,说明碎屑(石)空隙的排泄能力不足,在未来暴雨条件下引发新的崩滑或形成沟谷型泥石流的可能性是存在的。 相似文献
19.
Rock fall is a common natural hazard causing significant damage to infrastructure and loss of life and property. This paper describes selection of prevention method, construction processes and the results of a rockfall hazard assessment for the village of Sarica (Gürün region, Turkey) based on an engineering-geological model. The study area is located on the lower parts of an area with very steep cliffs and 40-500 slopes with fractured sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Detailed studies have been conducted in the region to prevent the risk of any rockfalls. Maps and charts are prepared including the rock blocks that are likely to fall and the related housing area under the risk. It was found that block sizes reached 3 m3. Rockfall analyses were performed along the selected profiles using the Rocfall V.5.0 software. Kinetic energy, bounce height, horizontal location of rock end-points and velocity of the rocks along each section were evaluated separately for each profile. This data was used to select design and construction of rockfall preventing system. In this study professional type rock fall barrier (catchment fence) was used. This method was chosen because it was cheaper, more practical and reliable than others. 相似文献
20.
Full-scale Modelling of Falling Rock Protection Barriers 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Full-scale impact tests, carried out to evaluate the behaviour of flexible falling rock protection barriers, are described
and relevant results presented and discussed. Falling rock protection barriers, which may be numbered among passive measures
against rockfall, are designed to intercept and stop falling rocks by dissipation of impact energies through the elasto-plastic
deformation of a system made up of metallic nets and supporting and connecting components. The testing programme involved
models of barriers subjected to the impact of free-falling blocks of kinetic energy ranging from 500 to 5,000 kJ. The experimental
test site, set-up in Fonzaso (Italy), and the experimental procedure were developed according to the new European testing
standards (ETAG 027) on falling rock protection kits. The paper is aimed at presenting an extensive and high quality database,
which can be extremely useful for a better understanding of the actual response of such structures and for any subsequent
analytical and numerical modelling. 相似文献