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1.
Yuk Yee Yan Department of Geography Hong Kong Baptist University Kowloon Tong Hong Kong 《地理学报(英文版)》1997,(4)
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2.
In this paper we present a stochastic model for daily average temperature to calculate the temperature indices upon which temperature-based derivatives are written. We propose a seasonal mean and volatility model that describes the daily average temperature behavior using the mean-reverting Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. We also use higher order continuous-time autoregressive process with lag 3 for modeling the time evolution of the temperatures after removing trend and seasonality. Our model is fitted to 11 years of data recorded, in the period 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2015, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, obtained from Ethiopia National Meteorological Services Agency. The analytical approximation formulas are used to price heating degree days (HDD) and cooling degree days (CDD) futures. The suggested model is analytically tractable for derivation of explicit prices for CDD and HDD futures and option. The price of the CDD future is calculated, using analytical approximation formulas. Numerical examples are presented to indicate the accuracy of the method. The results show that our model performs better to predict CDD indices. 相似文献
3.
塔克拉玛干沙漠周边地区极端弱降水的时空变化特征 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
选用塔克拉玛干沙漠周边40个气象站1961-2009年日降水资料和4个极端弱降水指标,分析该地区极端弱降水的时空变化特征。采用M-K法和F检验对各站点降水指标的变化趋势及变化率进行检验和计算,并利用Monte Carlo模拟进行区域显著性检验。由 Copula函数得到两降水指标的联合分布,计算两降水指标的联合重现期。结果表明：（1）年最长连续无降水日数（CDD）多为80～100 d,呈显著减少趋势;出现频率最高的每年日降水量小于降水日序列25%分位数的日数（D25）为0～10 d,呈显著增加趋势;每年日降水量小于降水日序列25%分位数的总降水量（P25）的值集中在0～1.5 mm,2～3 mm的 P25从2000年才开始出现;出现频率最高的每年日降水量小于降水日序列25%分位数的日平均降水量（I25）为0.1～0.3 mm,I25超过0.4 mm的情况极少出现。（2）CDD与D25和P25各自五年一遇值的空间分布相反。除CDD和D25均大于各自五年一遇值的联合重现期较长外,其余各类型联合重现期较短。沙漠周边地区发生不同类型极端弱降水事件的概率不同。 相似文献
4.
乡村地域系统分类识别和演化过程研究是现代人文地理学的重要主题,对指导乡村振兴与乡村地区可持续发展具有重要意义。本文通过多维度的乡村发展指标矩阵和耦合协调度模型,探究2001—2018年京津冀地区乡村发展类型、空间格局和演变规律,提出不同类型乡村发展的路径对策。研究表明：① 平原-山区分异塑造了京津冀地区乡村类型分异的基本格局——山区分布着生态优先型乡村,发展过程中其乡村类型并未改变;华北平原分布着农业限制型、平均型和综合型乡村,其乡村发展过程遵循“点-轴”系统的演化规律。② 高原山区的乡村综合发展度保持恒定,平原地区乡村综合发展度变化较大。“以城带乡”发展模式是华北平原乡村综合发展度变化的主要原因,城市规模和城乡距离是华北平原乡村分异的重要影响因素。③ 乡村发展路径和战略制定应当分类分区、因地制宜。大城市周边综合型乡村有能力探索更高水平的发展模式,多数生态优先型乡村在生态化发展过程中会经受转型阵痛,邯郸、石家庄等地的乡村有较大的发展空间。京津冀地区乡村振兴进程中应重点关注冀东南、冀东北部分欠发达地区的乡村衰败问题。 相似文献
5.
我国城市居民直接能耗的碳排放类型及影响因素 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
针对我国287个地级以上城市,在测算了近9年居民直接能耗导致的CO2排放量的基础上,进行聚类、对比,并分析城市居民直接能耗的碳排放影响因素,得到以下结论:全国分为6类城市居民直接能耗碳排放类型;高碳排放型城市的地均碳排放强度、人均工资碳排放强度及居民直接能耗CO2排放总量等方面均比低碳排放型城市高,人均地方生产总值碳排放强度低于低碳排放型城市,并多为经济发达城市和资源丰富城市,其碳排放构成上分别以电、交通能耗碳排放和气碳排放为主导,高碳排放型城市居民直接能耗CO2排放量占全国地级以上城市的86.20%。我国大部分地级城市居民直接能耗的碳排放属于相对低碳排放型,其人均CO2排放量低于全国平均水平。城市所在地的降温度日数(CDD)、采暖期、采暖强度、人均能源供给量、居民的人均工资、城市人均地方生产总值是影响城市居民直接能耗CO2排放量的主要因素。 相似文献
6.
《地理学报(英文版)》2020,(8)
Frequent chilling injury has serious impacts on national food security and in northeastern China heavily affects grain yields. Timely and accurate measures are desirable for assessing associated large-scale impacts and are prerequisites to disaster reduction. Therefore, we propose a novel means to efficiently assess the impacts of chilling injury on soybean. Specific chilling injury events were diagnosed in 1989, 1995, 2003, 2009, and 2018 in Oroqen community. In total, 512 combinations scenarios were established using the localized CROPGRO-Soybean model. Furthermore, we determined the maximum wide dynamic vegetation index(WDRVI) and corresponding date of critical windows of the early and late growing seasons using the GEE(Google Earth Engine) platform, then constructed 1600 cold vulnerability models on CDD(Cold Degree Days), the simulated LAI(Leaf Area Index) and yields from the CROPGRO-Soybean model. Finally, we calculated pixel yields losses according to the corresponding vulnerability models. The findings show that simulated historical yield losses in 1989, 1995, 2003 and 2009 were measured at 9.6%, 29.8%, 50.5%, and 15.7%, respectively, closely(all errors are within one standard deviation) reflecting actual losses(6.4%, 39.2%, 47.7%, and 13.2%, respectively). The above proposed method was applied to evaluate the yield loss for 2018 at the pixel scale. Specifically, a sentinel-2 A image was used for 10-m high precision yield mapping, and the estimated losses were found to characterize the actual yield losses from 2018 cold events. The results highlight that the proposed method can efficiently and accurately assess the effects of chilling injury on soybean crops. 相似文献
7.
半干旱典型风沙区植被覆盖度演变与气候变化的关系及其对生态建设的意义 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
中国北方四大沙地（毛乌素沙地、浑善达克沙地、科尔沁沙地、呼伦贝尔沙地）是半干旱地区荒漠化发展的典型地区和荒漠化防治的重点区域。分析四大沙地植被覆盖度的时空演变规律及其对气候要素的响应机制,对保护北方生态脆弱区的生物多样性与生态安全具有重要意义。基于1998—2018年SPOT-VEGETATION的植被覆盖度指数（NDVI）数据,结合相应气候资料数据分析发现：四大沙地NDVI年际波动较大,毛乌素沙地和科尔沁沙地植被覆盖度总体趋于好转态势,分别有75.22%和42.06%的面积植被得到改善,而浑善达克沙地和呼伦贝尔沙地植被覆盖度呈非显著下降趋势,其发生植被退化的面积比例分别为60.04%和51.4%。结合极端气候指数分析表明,呼伦贝尔沙地NDVI与持续湿润指数（CWD）的正相关系数最高（r=0.429）,而浑善达克沙地NDVI与持续干旱指数（CDD）的负相关系数最大（r=-0.264）,表明呼伦贝尔沙地和浑善达克沙地植被分别对持续湿润和持续干旱事件响应最为敏感。基于不同沙地的植被变化驱动分区,建议在毛乌素沙地非气候驱动区域继续实施禁牧封育和飞播造林技术,而在气候驱动区域主要采取封育措施;在浑善达克沙地实施生态移民和“以地养地”模式;对科尔沁沙地的疏林草原应采取严格的封育措施;在呼伦贝尔沙地要坚持生物措施与工程措施相结合,形成“外围封禁、边缘治理、内部发展”的生态发展格局。 相似文献
8.
采用新疆50个气象测站1961-2010年逐日降水资料,选用14个极端降水指数探讨新疆极端降水事件的发生与变化。结果表明：无论平均降水过程还是极端降水过程,均能反映新疆明显的湿润化趋势。伴随降水量的增加,降水强度及降水频率均增大,除CDD变化表现为下降趋势外,其他指数变化均呈上升趋势。分析各极端降水指数序列变化,20世纪60-70年代年际变化幅度小,稳定性好;80-90年代年际差异大,稳定性差;新疆东部各极端降水指数上升与下降趋势小幅交替出现,而北疆、南疆及全疆极端指数序列则呈明显且单一的上升趋势。各极端降水指数最大概率变异年为1986年、2009年;降水变异后,新疆弱降水过程变化不明显,但强降水过程变幅增大,易导致洪旱灾害等极端气象水文事件的发生。 相似文献
9.
基于Google Earth Engine和作物模型快速评估低温冷害对大豆生产的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
作为中国商品粮的主要生产基地,东北地区频发的低温冷害给中国粮食安全带来了严重的影响,及时、准确和大范围评估低温冷害灾损是降低损失、快速恢复生产的重要前提。本文以鄂伦春为例,提出了一种快速评估低温冷害对大豆生产影响的新方法。首先诊断出该地区典型冷害事件发生的年份为1989年、1995年、2003年、2009年和2018年;然后基于本地化后CROPGRO-Soybean模型设置512组低温冷害和田间管理组合模拟情景;其次构建了1600组包括3个变量（有效积温距平值（CDD）、模拟的叶面积植被指数（LAI）和产量）的冷害脆弱性模型;最后依托Google Earth Engine（GEE）平台逐像元提取大豆关键生育期早晚窗口内最大的宽动态植被指数（WDRVI）及对应的日期（DOY）,将WDRVI转化为大豆种植格点的实际LAI,结合构建的冷害脆弱性模型逐像元计算出产量和减产率。主要发现如下：① 校准后的CROPGRO-Soybean模型能较为准确地模拟不同冷害情景下的大豆生长发育过程;② 大豆遭受全生育期的降温情景（1~3 ℃）的减产幅度比局部降温情景（4个生育期随机生成连续5日温度为0 ℃）的减产幅度大;③ 历史冷害年1989年、1995年、2003年、2009年平均减产率约为9.6%、29.8%、50.5%和15.7%,与实际6.4%、39.2%、47.7%和13.2%的减产率相比,冷害灾损评估结果具有较好的精度且误差均在一倍方差以内;④ 运用该方法评估2018年冷害田间尺度的产量损失,并利用Sentinel-2A影像进行10 m高精度制图。结果显示,该方法能够快速、准确地评估不同尺度的低温冷害灾损情况,为作物估产以及农作物灾害损失评估的业务化运行提供了新的思路。 相似文献
10.
黄土高原生态环境脆弱，极端气候频发，越来越多的影响到人类的生产生活。通过基于 138 个气象站点观测资料，利用一元线性方程和 Mann-Kendall 法分析了黄土高原地区 27 个极端气 候指数的时空变化，得到以下主要结论：（1）极端气温指数中霜冻日数、冰冻日数、日最低气温的极 高值和冷持续日数在逐渐减少，生长季长度、夏季日数，热夜日数、日最高气温的极高值、暖持续日 数在逐渐增加。（2）极端气温指数中冷昼日数、冷夜日数、日最低气温极低值、日最高气温极高值、 气温日较差在子区域与全区变化趋势存在不同，主要表现在黄土塬区、黄土峁状丘陵区和石质山 地区。（3）极端降水指数变化趋势平缓，与多年均值接近。在空间分布上，除极强降水量、强降水量 和年均雨日降水强度在各子区域上与全区变化趋势一致外，其余指数在各子区域上与全区变化趋 势存在不同，主要表现在黄土塬和黄土梁状丘陵区。（4）多数极端气温指数的突变主要发生在 1980—1985 年和 2010—2015 年；多数极端降水指数的突变主要发生在 1985—1990 年和 2010—
2015 年。 相似文献
11.
Mahmoud Sakr 《International journal of geographical information science》2018,32(11):2140-2168
A data marketplace is a platform that facilitates online data trading. It gives sellers the capabilities of publishing data, defining the price function, the authorization rules and the data contract. It gives customers the capabilities to search for data services, to query for their price, to invoke them and to pay for the usage. As data are more and more emphasized as a payable asset, the need for data marketplaces rises. There is a lack of marketplace proposals for spatial data. This paper contributes to fill-in this gap. We propose a data model for representing the different types of data involved. The logical representation of data is a quadtree, and the physical representation fits into a key-value store. The model is thus logically simple and extensible, and physically scalable and highly available. We discuss price queries in detail and propose evaluation algorithms. 相似文献
12.
随着空间技术和对地观测技术的飞速发展,海量遥感影像索引成为目前国内外学术界和应用部门面临的一大难题,地球剖分系统的产生为这一难题的解决开辟了新的途径。本文首先研究了遥感分景数据的特征和EMD全球剖分的特征,然后针对现有遥感影像数据索引方法的不足,提出了基于EMD剖分系统的三种索引模型:基于影像—面片映射关系的索引模型、基于EMD数据模型的索引和剖分数据标识索引模型,从三个不同的方面探讨了解决索引问题的方法和思路。并给出了利用遥感分景数据的剖分索引模型对线状对象和面状对象进行索引应用的实例。遥感分景数据的剖分索引模型的建立为遥感影像数据的高效存储和索引提供了一种有益的新思路。 相似文献
13.
T. C. WAUGH R. G. HEALEY 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(2):101-118
Abstract Digital map data are currently available based on a variety of data structures, depending on the uses to which the data are to be put Within the major categories of vector and raster data, as well as other structures, there is a multiplicity of data formats. Further to this, data for digital map coordinates are frequently stored in a different way from attribute data pertaining to points, lines and polygons. Given these problems, this paper investigates the possibility of handling different kinds of data structures, as well as both coordinate and attribute information within a unified conceptual scheme. This scheme is expressed in terms of the design of an integrated geographical information system called GEO VIEW, which can be implemented in a relational data base environment. The structure of the tables in the data base is outlined, together with the methodology for coding different kinds of data structure into a standard form. Examples of queries are provided, using the SQL query language, to indicate how the system might be used and problems in optimizing spatial searching on a data base of this kind are addressed. 相似文献
14.
POI数据在中国城市研究中的应用 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
兴趣点（Point of Interest,POI）数据的兴起带动了城市研究的革新。为梳理中国POI数据在城市研究的应用进展,阶段性总结其应用方向、数据分析方法及尚存不足,并为未来POI数据在中国城市发展中的应用提供思路和借鉴。应用CiteSpace工具对中国知网2010—2019年625篇相关文献进行知识图谱分析,结合分析结果对POI数据应用方向和数据分析方法进行梳理总结。结果表明:时间上,国内应用POI数据进行城市研究的文献在2013年后大量涌现,2017年呈现爆发式增长;应用上,主要用于城市功能区划分、城市中心区和边界识别、查明业态集聚分布以及兴趣点推荐4个方面;方法上,常用的有核密度分析、DBSCAN聚类分析和空间自相关分析3类。研究表明,POI地理大数据是一种研究城市发展的有效数据,有助于研究者深入了解城市的空间结构、分布格局和发展规律,未来可进一步与机器学习等算法结合,为城市外部扩张和内部功能结构调整在更长期的发展上提供一个决策分析手段,但POI数据尚无法代替面数据,研究时也要充分考虑到公众认知度高低对研究的影响。 相似文献
15.
Olle Järv Henrikki Tenkanen Tuuli Toivonen 《International journal of geographical information science》2017,31(8):1630-1651
Novel digital data sources allow us to attain enhanced knowledge about locations and mobilities of people in space and time. Already a fast-growing body of literature demonstrates the applicability and feasibility of mobile phone-based data in social sciences for considering mobile devices as proxies for people. However, the implementation of such data imposes many theoretical and methodological challenges. One major issue is the uneven spatial resolution of mobile phone data due to the spatial configuration of mobile network base stations and its spatial interpolation. To date, different interpolation techniques are applied to transform mobile phone data into other spatial divisions. However, these do not consider the temporality and societal context that shapes the human presence and mobility in space and time. The paper aims, first, to contribute to mobile phone-based research by addressing the need to give more attention to the spatial interpolation of given data, and further by proposing a dasymetric interpolation approach to enhance the spatial accuracy of mobile phone data. Second, it contributes to population modelling research by combining spatial, temporal and volumetric dasymetric mapping and integrating it with mobile phone data. In doing so, the paper presents a generic conceptual framework of a multi-temporal function-based dasymetric (MFD) interpolation method for mobile phone data. Empirical results demonstrate how the proposed interpolation method can improve the spatial accuracy of both night-time and daytime population distributions derived from different mobile phone data sets by taking advantage of ancillary data sources. The proposed interpolation method can be applied for both location- and person-based research, and is a fruitful starting point for improving the spatial interpolation methods for mobile phone data. We share the implementation of our method in GitHub as open access Python code. 相似文献
16.
Z.‐R. Peng 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(4):459-481
Current data sharing in the Internet environment is supported using metadata at the file level. This approach has three fundamental shortcomings. First, sharing data from different sources with different semantics, data models, and acquisition methods usually requires data conversion and/or integration like data conflation. This can be tedious and error‐prone. Second, data updated from one source cannot be automatically propagated to other related data or applications. Finally, data sharing at the file level makes it difficult to provide feature‐level data for searching, accessing, and exchanging in real time over the Internet. This paper addresses these three issues by proposing a standards‐based framework for sharing geospatial data in the transportation application domain. The proposed framework uses a standard data model—geospatial data model proposed by the Geospatial One‐Stop initiative to harmonize the semantics and data models without the use of data integration methods. It uses Geography Markup Language (GML) for geospatial data coding and feature relationship, which provides a basis to propagate the data update from one source to related other sources and applications, and to search and extract data at the feature level. The framework uses the Web Feature Service (WFS) to search, access and extract data at the feature level from distributed sources. Finally, the Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) standard was used for data display on the Web browser. Two transportation network datasets are used in the prototype case study to implement the proposed framework. The prototype allows the user to access and extract data at the feature level on the Web from distributed sources without downloading the full data file. It shows that the proposed standards‐based feature‐level data‐sharing system is capable of sharing data without data conflation, accessing, and exchanging data in real time at the feature level. The prototype also shows that changes in one database can be automatically reflected or propagated in another related database without data downloading. 相似文献
17.
Jingsong Wu Kevin Amaratunga 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(3):273-289
GIS applications have recently begun to emerge on the Internet. The management of three-dimensional geographic datasets in this distributed environment poses a particularly challenging problem, which highlights the need for a good data representation. This paper presents a new multiresolution data representation: the Wavelet Triangulated Irregular Network (WTIN). Compared to the traditional cell-based Digital Elevation Model (DEM) format and the Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) format, it is more compact and suitable for scalable distributed GIS services. This format is based on the second-generation wavelet theory and is specially designed for geographical height field data. The modified Butterfly scheme is used for constructing the wavelet transform. For every point in the geographic surface, only a single wavelet coefficient is used, which makes the final data representation very efficient and easy to compress. Because the transform used in the data representation is a linear filter operation, the computational efficiency is better than other multiresolution data formats for terrain surfaces. Results from numerical experiments on real data are given to demonstrate that the proposed data representation can be efficiently implemented. The results show that the proposed WTIN data format can provide multiresolution data sets, which achieve significant compression while preserving geographical features. The quality is found to be quite acceptable for geographical terrain representation. 相似文献
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Abstract In previous work, a relational data structure aimed at the exchange of spatial data between systems was developed. As this data structure was relational it was of first normal form, but compliance with the higher normal forms was not investigated. Recently, a new procedural method for composing fully normalized data structures from the basic data fields has been developed by H. C. Smith, as an alternative to the process of non-loss decomposition which is difficult to understand. Smith's method has been applied to data fields required to store points, lines and polygons in a chain-node spatial data model. When geographic domain, coverage layer and map are also considered, the procedure naturally leads to a catalogue model, needed for the exchange of spatial data. Although the method produces a fully normalized data structure, it is not as easy to identify which normal forms are responsible for the ultimate arrangement of the data fields into relations, but the benefits of these criteria for data base development also apply to spatial data structures and related ancillary data. 相似文献
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Behnam Atazadeh Mohsen Kalantari Abbas Rajabifard Serene Ho Tom Champion 《International journal of geographical information science》2017,31(3):499-522
Currently, 2D-based analogue building subdivision plans are used to represent the spatial extent of private, public and communal property ownership rights. These plans are recognized as posing a range of challenges in terms of communicating the spatial complexity of ownership spaces within multi-storey buildings. In response to these challenges, three-dimensional (3D) digital data environments are being investigated as a potential approach for managing complex, vertically stratified ownership arrangements. The argument presented in this article is that Building Information Modelling (BIM) can be adopted for 3D digital management of data related to complex ownership spaces. BIM provides a common and 3D digital data sharing space, underpinning a reliable basis for facilitating collaboration and decision-making over the lifecycle of buildings. However, ownership attributes and the spatial structure of ownership arrangements inside buildings are yet to be accommodated within the BIM data environment. In this article, we present a range of required data elements for managing complex ownership spaces, which have been elicited by investigating current practices pertaining to subdivision of ownership spaces within multi-storey buildings in Melbourne, Australia. An open data model in the BIM domain is extended with these data elements and a prototype model for a real multi-storey building is implemented to demonstrate the viability of the extended data model for 3D digital management and visualization of data related to complex ownership arrangements. 相似文献