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1.
The result of a theoretical study on the rocking response of rigid blocks subjected to sinusoidal base motion is presented. The study indicates that, for a given excitation amplitude and frequency, a rigid block can respond in several different ways. Based on analysis, the regions of different classes of steady state symmetric response solutions are mapped on the excitation amplitude-frequency parameter space. The steady state response solutions (both harmonic and subharmonic) are classified into two classes, out-of-phase and in-phase with respect to the excitation. Only out-of-phase solutions are found to be stable. A parametric study shows that steady rocking response amplitude is highly sensitive to the size of the block and the excitation frequency in the low frequency range. It is relatively insensitive to the excitation amplitude and the system's coefficient of restitution of impact. For two blocks of the same aspect ratio and coefficient of restitution subjected to the same excitation, the larger block always responds in smaller amplitude than the smaller block. Computer simulation is carried out to study the stability of the symmetric steady state response solutions obtained from analysis. It is found that as the excitation frequency is decreased beyond the boundary of stable symmetric response, the response becomes unsymmetric where the mean amplitude of oscillation is non-zero. Further decrease in excitation frequency beyond the stable unsymmetric response boundary causes instability in the form of overturning. 相似文献
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A STUDY REVIEW ON CHARACTERISTICS OF SEISMIC ACTIVITY OF ACTIVE-TECTONIC BLOCK BOUNDARIES IN MAINLAND CHINA 
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下载免费PDF全文 More than 80 percent of strong earthquakes(M≥7.0)occur in active-tectonic block boundaries in mainland China, and 95 percent of strong earthquake disasters also occur in these boundaries. In recent years, all strong earthquakes(M≥7.0)happened in active-tectonic block boundaries. For instance, 8 strong earthquakes(M≥7.0)occurred on the eastern, western, southern and northern boundaries of the Bayan Har block since 1997. In order to carry out the earthquake prediction research better, especially for the long-term earthquake prediction, the active-tectonic block boundaries have gradually become the key research objects of seismo-geology, geophysics, geodesy and other disciplines. This paper reviews the research results related to seismic activities in mainland China, as well as the main existing recognitions and problems as follows: 1)Most studies on seismic activities in active-tectonic block boundaries still remain at the statistical analysis level at present. However, the analysis of their working foundations or actual working conditions can help investigate deeply the seismic activities in the active-tectonic block boundaries; 2)Seismic strain release rates are determined by tectonic movement rates in active-tectonic block boundaries. Analysis of relations between seismic strain release rates and tectonic movement rates in mainland China shows that the tectonic movement rates in active-tectonic block boundaries of the eastern region are relatively slow, and the seismic strain release rates are with the smaller values too; the tectonic movement rates in active-tectonic block boundaries of the western region reveal higher values, and their seismic strain rates are larger than that of the eastern region. Earthquake recurrence periods of all 26 active-tectonic block boundaries are presented, and the reciprocals of recurrence periods represent high and low frequency of seismic activities. The research results point out that the tectonic movement rates and the reciprocals of recurrence periods for most faults in active-tectonic block boundaries exhibit linear relations. But due to the complexities of fault systems in active tectonic block boundaries, several faults obviously deviate from the linear relationship, and the relations between average earthquake recurrence periods and tectonic movement rates show larger uncertainties. The major reason is attributed to the differences existing in the results of the current earthquake recurrence studies. Furthermore, faults in active-tectonic boundaries exhibit complexities in many aspects, including different movement rates among various segments of the same fault and a certain active-tectonic block boundary contains some parallel faults with the same earthquake magnitude level. Consequently, complexities of these fault systems need to be further explored; 3)seismic activity processes in active-tectonic block boundaries present obvious regional characteristics. Active-tectonic block boundaries of the eastern mainland China except the western edge of Ordos block possess clustering features which indicate that due to the relatively low rate of crustal deformation in these areas, a long-time span is needed for fault stress-strain accumulation to show earthquake cluster activities. In addition, active-tectonic block boundaries in specific areas with low fault stress-strain accumulation rates also show seismic clustering properties, such as the clustering characteristics of strong seismic activities in Longmenshan fault zone, where a series of strong earthquakes have occurred successively, including the 2008 M8.0 Wenchuan, the 2013 M7.0 Lushan and the 2017 M7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquakes. The north central regions of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, regarded as the second-grade active-tectonic block boundaries, are the concentration areas of large-scale strike-slip faults in mainland China, and most of seismicity sequences show quasi-period features. Besides, most regions around the first-grade active-tectonic block boundary of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau display Poisson seismic processes. On one hand, it is still necessary to investigate the physical mechanisms and dynamics of regional structures, on the other hand, most of the active-tectonic block boundaries can be considered as fault systems. However, seismic activities involved in fault systems have the characteristic of in situ recurrence of strong earthquakes in main fault segments, the possibilities of cascading rupturing for adjacent fault segments, and space-time evolution characteristics of strong earthquakes in fault systems. 4)The dynamic environment of strong earthquakes in mainland China is characterized by “layering vertically and blocking horizontally”. With the progresses in the studies of geophysics, geochemistry, geodesy, seismology and geology, the physical models of different time/space scales have guiding significance for the interpretations of preparation and occurrence of continental strong earthquakes under the active-tectonic block frame. However, since the movement and deformation of the active-tectonic blocks contain not only the rigid motion and the horizontal differences of physical properties of crust-mantle medium are universal, there is still need for improving the understanding of the dynamic processes of continental strong earthquakes. So it is necessary to conduct in-depth studies on the physical mechanism of strong earthquake preparation process under the framework of active-tectonic block theory and establish various foundation models which are similar to seismic source physical models in California of the United States, and then provide technological scientific support for earthquake prevention and disaster mitigation. Through all kinds of studies of the physical mechanisms for space-time evolution of continental strong earthquakes, it can not only promote the transition of the study of seismic activities from statistics to physics, but also persistently push the development of active-tectonic block theory. 相似文献
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Progress in the imaging of the mantle and core is partially limited by the sparse distribution of natural sources; the earthquake hypocenters are mainly along the active lithospheric plate boundaries. This problem can be approached with seismic interferometry. In recent years, there has been considerable progress in the development of seismic interferometric techniques. The term seismic interferometry refers to the principle of generating new seismic responses by cross‐correlating seismic observations at different receiver locations. The application of interferometric techniques on a global scale could create sources at locations where no earthquakes occur. In this way, yet unknown responses would become available for the application of travel‐time tomography and surface‐wave dispersion studies. The retrieval of a dense‐enough sampling of source gathers would largely benefit the application of reflection imaging. We derive new elastodynamic representation integrals for global‐scale seismic interferometry. The relations are different from other seismic interferometry relations for transient sources, in the sense that they are suited for a rotating closed system like the Earth. We use a correlation of an observed response with a response to which free‐surface multiple elimination has been applied to account for the closed system. Despite the fact that the rotation of the Earth breaks source‐receiver reciprocity, the seismic interferometry relations are shown to be valid. The Coriolis force is included without the need to evaluate an extra term. We synthesize global‐scale earthquake responses and use them to illustrate the acoustic versions of the new interferometric relations. When the sampling of real source locations is dense enough, then both the responses with and without free‐surface multiples are retrieved. When we do not take into account the responses from the sources in the direct neighborhood of the seismic interferometry‐constructed source location, the response with free‐surface multiples can still be retrieved. Even when only responses from sources at a certain range of epicentral distances are available, some events in the Green's function between two receiver locations can still be retrieved. The retrieved responses are not perfect, but the artefacts can largely be ascribed to numerical errors. The reconstruction of internal events – the response as if there was a source and a receiver on (major) contrasts within the model – could possibly be of use for imaging. With modelling it is possible to discover in which region of the correlation panel stationary phases occur that contribute to the retrieval of events. This knowledge opens up a new way of filtering out undesired events and of discovering whether specific events could be retrieved with a given source‐receiver configuration. 相似文献
4.
PROGRESS IN APPLICATION OF GNSS TO DIVISION OF ACTIVE TECTONIC BLOCKS IN CONTINENTAL CHINA 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Chinese scientists proposed that large earthquakes that occurred in mainland China are controlled by the movement and deformation of active tectonic blocks. This scientific hypothesis explains zoned phenomenon of seismicity in space. The active tectonic blocks are intense active terranes formed in late Cenozoic and late Quaternary, and the tectonic activity of block boundaries is the intensest. Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)has advantages of high spatio-temporal resolution, broad coverage, and high accuracy, and is utilized to monitor contemporary crustal deformation. High accuracy and resolution of GNSS velocity field within mainland China and vicinities provided by previous studies clearly demonstrate that different active tectonic blocks behave as different patterns of movement and deformation, and block interaction boundaries have intense tectonic deformation. The paper firstly introduces the GPS networks operated by the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China(CMONOC)since 1999, and GNSS data processing methods, including GAMIT, BERNESE and GIPSY/OASIS, and discusses the advantages of using South China block as a regional reference frame for GNSS velocity field, then proposes three strategies of block division, F-test, quasi-accurate detection(QUAD), and clustering analysis. Furthermore, we introduce rigid and non-rigid block motions. Rigid block motion can be denoted by translation and rotation, while non-rigid block motion can be described by rigid motion and internal strain deformation. Internal strain deformation can be divided into uniform and linear strains. We also review the usage of F-test to distinguish whether the block acts as rigid deformation or not. In addition, combining with recent GNSS velocity results, we elaborate the characteristics of present movement of rigid block, such as the South China, Tarim, Ordos, Alashan, and Northeast China, and that of non-rigid block, such as the Tibetan plateau, Tian Shan, and North China plain. Especially, the Tibetan plateau and Tian Shan seem to deform continuously with significant internal deformation. In order to enrich and perfect the active tectonic block hypothesis, we should carefully design dense GNSS networks in inner blocks and block boundaries, optimize utilizing other space geodesy technologies such as InSAR, and strengthen combining study of geodesy, seismogeology and geophysics. Through systematic summary, this paper is very useful to employing GNSS to investigate characteristics of block movement and dynamics of large earthquakes happening in block interaction boundaries. 相似文献
5.
Strong shaking of structures during large earthquakes may result in some cases in partial separation of the base of the structure from the foundation. A simplified problem of this type, the dynamic response of a rocking rigid block allowed to uplift, is examined here. Two foundation models are considered: the Winkler foundation and the much simpler ‘two-spring’ foundation. It is shown that an equivalence between these two models can be established, so that one can work with the much simpler two-spring foundation. Simple solutions of the equations of motion are developed and simplified methods of analysis are proposed. In general, uplift leads to a softer vibrating system which behaves non-linearly, although the response is composed of a sequence of linear responses. As a result the apparent rocking period increases with the amount of lift-off. The corresponding apparent ratio of critical damping decreases, in general, with the amplitude of the response. Compared to the case without lift-off, the response of the system may increase or decrease because of the uplift, depending on the excitation and the parameters of the system. 相似文献
6.
基于鄂尔多斯块体的地质构造演变过程及历史强震活动规律,阐述南北地震带和龙门山断裂带强震时空分布规律对鄂尔多斯北缘的可能影响,对比分析鄂尔多斯其他3缘与北缘的地震活动.结果表明,青藏块体强震对鄂尔多斯北缘中强地震具有一定的触发作用;南北地震带中强以上地震的空间迁移特征表明,鄂尔多斯北缘将是未来中强以上地震的有利发震区域.2005年以来中小地震活动特征表明,鄂尔多斯北缘兼有Ms≥4.0地震平静和西北缘ML≥3.0地震活跃两种异常特征.综合地震地质背景和近期地震活动研究结果分析认为,今后一段时间鄂尔多斯北缘有可能发生中强以上地震. 相似文献
7.
《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2012,33(1):152-158
The non-linear dynamic response of the rigid block is linearized by means of a friction model that implicitly considers block response through an experimental parameter obtained from shaking table experiments. In view of the great difficulty in carrying out shaking table experiments, in this technical note some recommendations to estimate friction model parameters are given. The selection of parameters considers the sliding response mode of the block–plane-excitation system: stick–slip or continuous sliding. Once all the friction parameters and block response mode were estimated, a methodology was proposed to compute rigid block dynamic response. The numerical results were then compared to actual experimental data for a rigid block sliding on a geotextile–wood interface, along an inclined plane subjected to base harmonic acceleration. Experiments were carried out for both the stick–slip and the continuous sliding modes. Computed and measured responses for both cases showed good agreement, thus indicating that the methodology developed in this research is adequate to capture the physics (of non-linear nature) of rigid blocks sliding on frictional interfaces subjected to complex harmonic loading. The findings encourage the extension of the linearization technique to the more general seismic loading case. 相似文献
8.
时间域航空电磁作为一种高效地球物理勘探技术特别适合我国地形复杂地区(沙漠、高山、湖泊、沼泽等)资源勘查.然而,这些地区地形起伏较大,对航空电磁响应有严重影响,忽略地形影响会给航空电磁数据解释造成很大误差.到目前为止人们对航空电磁地形效应特征研究十分有限.本文提出了基于非结构化网格的有限元法模拟带地形时间域航空电磁系统响应.该方法与基于结构化网格的有限差分相比能更好地模拟地形.首先通过傅里叶变换将2.5维问题转化成二维问题,利用伽辽金方法对二维问题进行离散.通过使用MUMPS求解器,得到波数域电磁响应.利用反傅里叶变换将波数域电磁响应变换到空间域,并利用正弦变换将其变换到时间域,得到2.5维时间域航空电磁响应.通过将本文的计算结果与半空间模型解析解及其他已发表的结果进行对比,检验了本文算法的精度.最后,我们系统分析了山峰和山谷地形对航空响应的影响特征.本文研究结果对航空电磁地形效应的识别和校正具有指导意义. 相似文献
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本文将大地电磁场分解为一次场和二次场,应用交错网格有限差分法模拟计算大地电磁二次场,并引入各向异性最佳匹配层(PML)吸收边界条件作为二次场边界条件,实现了耦合PML吸收边界条件的三维大地电磁二次场有限差分正演模拟.为了确保正演的稳定性和效率,QMR求解器和磁感应矢量散度校正技术被用于PML吸收边界条件下系数矩阵的快速求解.三维模型正演响应表明,基于二次场的三维大地电磁有限差分算法具有较高的计算精度和可靠性.通过计算分析不同PML吸收因子条件的大地电磁正演结果,显示在适当的吸收因子下,PML吸收边界条件可较大幅度的减小外边界距离,从而有效的压缩模型求解空间,最终提高三维大地电磁正演模拟的效率. 相似文献
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利用三维（3D）全空间积分方程准线性解作为数值模拟手段,对包含电离层、大气层和地球介质层的“地-电离层”典型异常目标体多层介质模型进行了数值模拟,得到了偶极源长度100 km、电流200 A、收发距离远达1600 km的合理的异常电性目标体的电阻率-频率响应结果.通过对不同埋深异常目标体的电阻率-频率特征的讨论,认为当考虑电离层和大气层的“地-电离层”大尺度深层横向不均匀复杂介质模拟时,电磁场对深部目标体仍有很好的异常响应,但当异常体电阻率及同一电阻率的岩石埋深不同时,其电阻率-频率的响应特征有很大不同,这正反映了不同岩石物性参数的电阻率-频率响应特征.文中结果表明从长偶极大功率源（WEM）激励的电磁场观测资料区分岩石的电阻率参数是可能的,这为利用WEM观测资料建立电性参数和岩石/地层参数经验关系奠定了基础. 相似文献
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M. Al-Chalabi 《Geophysical Prospecting》2001,49(6):645-655
Uplift and the accompanying reduction in overburden result in anomalously high velocity in the uplifted rock unit relative to its current depth. The present work utilizes the non‐uniqueness of the parameters of instantaneous velocity versus depth functions as an effective tool for uplift studies. The linear function with its two parameters, V0 and k, is a very simple function and is used as the illustrative vehicle. In the parameter space, i.e. in a plot where one axis represents V0 and the other axis represents k, non‐uniqueness can be represented by contours of equal goodness‐of‐fit values between the observed data and the fitted function. The contour delimiting a region of equivalent solutions in the parameter space is called a ‘solution trough’. Uplift corresponds to a rotation of the solution trough in the parameter space. It is shown that, in terms of relative depth changes, there are five possible configurations (five cases) of uplift in a given area (the mobile location) relative to another area (the reference location). The cases depend on whether the uplifted location had attained a (pre‐uplift) maximum depth of burial that was greater than, similar to, or smaller than the maximum depth of burial at the reference location. Interpretation of the relationships between the solution troughs corresponding to the different locations makes it possible to establish which of the five cases applies to the uplifted location and to estimate the amount of uplift that the unit had undergone at that location. The difficulty in determining the reduction in velocity due to decompaction resulting from uplift is a main source of uncertainty in the estimate of the amount of uplift. This is a common problem with all velocity‐based methods of uplift estimation. To help around this difficulty, the present work proposes a first‐order approximation method for estimating the effect of decompaction on velocity in an uplifted area. 相似文献
14.
半无限空间中稳态P波在衬砌周围的散射 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
本文采用多级坐标和复变函数方法针对半无限空间中P波在一衬砌周围的散射问题提出了一种近似求解分析方法。具体做法是利用一个半径很大的圆来逼近半空间的直边界，将待解问题转化为全空间中P波在一圆孔和一衬砌周围的共同散射问题。我们预先写出问题波函数的一般形式解，利用边界条件并借助复数傅立叶级数展开把问题化为求解波函数中未知系数的无穷线性代数方程组，进而讨论了衬砌内外边界处动应力集中系数针对不同条件组合的分布和变化情况。算例结果表明：本文方法对于研究与P波（SV波）有关的散射问题是可行的。 相似文献
15.
Pattern of latest tectonic motion and its dynamics for active blocks in Sichuan-Yunnan region, China 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
Based on the concept of "active blocks" and spatial distribution of historical earthquakes with surface ruptures as well as major and subordinate active faults. The Sichuan-Yunnan region can be divided into four first-order blocks. They are the Markam block (I), the Sichuan-Yunnan rhombic block (II), Baoshan-Pu'er block (III), and Mizhina-Ximeng block (IV). Cut by sub-ordinate NE-trending active faults, the Sichuan-Yunnan rhombic block (II) can be further divided into two sub-blocks: the northwestern Sichuan sub-block (II1) and the middle Yunnan sub-block (II2), while the Baoshan- Pu'er block (III) can be further divided into three sub-blocks: Baoshan sub-block (III1), Jinggu sub-block (III2), and Mengla sub-block (III3). A quantitative study of offset landforms is carried out and the basic types of active faults and their long-term slip rates along the major boundaries of active blocks of different orders in the Sichuan-Yunnan region are determined, through slip vector analysis, the motion states of the active blocks are clarified and the deformation coordination on the block margins is discussed. It is suggested that the tectonic motion of the blocks in this region is a complex or superimposition of three basic types of motions: southeastward sliding, rotating on vertical axis, and uplifting. The Markam block (I), the northwestern Sichuan sub-block (II1), and middle Yunnan sub-block (II2) have a southeastward horizontal sliding rate of 1-5 mm/a, clockwise rotating angular rate of 1.4-4(/Ma, and uplifting rate of about 1 mm/a. The Baoshan-Pu'er (III) and Mizhina-Ximeng (IV) blocks have also been extensively clockwise rotated. This pattern of motion is a strain response to the collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates and the localized deformation and differential slip on the block margins associated with the northward motion of the Indian Plate. Because a set of transverse thrusts between the blocks absorbs and transforms some components of eastward or southeastward sliding motion, the eastward escape or extrusion of the Tibetan Plateau is limited as "imbricated thrusting transformation-limited extrusion model". 相似文献
16.
COMPUTER REPRESENTATION OF COMPLEX 3-D GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES USING A NEW “SOLID MODELING” TECHNIQUE*
During our recent work with 3-D dynamic ray-tracing and velocity inversion problems, a new 3-D model generation system has been developed using a so-called “solid modeling” technique. The term “solid modeling” refers to the fact that the logical system governing the internal geometrical properties of the model describes the model as a combination of “solids” or “volumes” in 3-D space. In each of these volumes the physical parameters (such as seismic velocity, density) vary continuously. Discontinuous changes occur only across the model interfaces separating the volumes. The model is constructed by firstly forming a number of “simple volumes” from the given interfaces and then combining these simple volumes into more complex volumes which represent the physical volumes of the model. It is easy to make changes to the model, by adding volumes or subtracting volumes and perform more composite operations, all by simple use of Boolean expressions. Every time a model has been specified (or changed), the internal logic automatically carries out a check of physical consistency of the 3-D model space (no overlapping volumes, no holes). By including various types of coordinate transformations, different kinds of complex structures can be handled, such as salt domes and vertical and near vertical faulting. 相似文献
17.
Application of the patient rule induction method to detect hydrologic model behavioural parameters and quantify uncertainty 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Ashkan Shokri Jeffrey P. Walker Albert I. J. M. van Dijk Ashley J. Wright Valentijn R. N. Pauwels 《水文研究》2018,32(8):1005-1025
Finding an operational parameter vector is always challenging in the application of hydrologic models, with over‐parameterization and limited information from observations leading to uncertainty about the best parameter vectors. Thus, it is beneficial to find every possible behavioural parameter vector. This paper presents a new methodology, called the patient rule induction method for parameter estimation (PRIM‐PE), to define where the behavioural parameter vectors are located in the parameter space. The PRIM‐PE was used to discover all regions of the parameter space containing an acceptable model behaviour. This algorithm consists of an initial sampling procedure to generate a parameter sample that sufficiently represents the response surface with a uniform distribution within the “good‐enough” region (i.e., performance better than a predefined threshold) and a rule induction component (PRIM), which is then used to define regions in the parameter space in which the acceptable parameter vectors are located. To investigate its ability in different situations, the methodology is evaluated using four test problems. The PRIM‐PE sampling procedure was also compared against a Markov chain Monte Carlo sampler known as the differential evolution adaptive Metropolis (DREAMZS) algorithm. Finally, a spatially distributed hydrological model calibration problem with two settings (a three‐parameter calibration problem and a 23‐parameter calibration problem) was solved using the PRIM‐PE algorithm. The results show that the PRIM‐PE method captured the good‐enough region in the parameter space successfully using 8 and 107 boxes for the three‐parameter and 23‐parameter problems, respectively. This good‐enough region can be used in a global sensitivity analysis to provide a broad range of parameter vectors that produce acceptable model performance. Moreover, for a specific objective function and model structure, the size of the boxes can be used as a measure of equifinality. 相似文献
18.
Three-dimensional em modeling 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Gerald W. Hohmann 《Surveys in Geophysics》1983,6(1-2):27-53
Three-dimensional (3D) interpretation of electromagnetic (EM) dsta is still in its infancy, due to a lack of practical numerical solutions for the forward problem. However, a number of algorithms for simulating the responses of simple 3D models have been developed over the last ten years, and they have provided important new insight. Integral equation methods have been more successful than differential equation methods, because they require calculating the electric field only in small anomalous regions, rather than throughout the earth. Utilizing a vector-scalar potential approach and incorporating symmetry through group theory improves the general 3D integral equation solution. Thin-sheet integral equation formulations have been particularly useful. Much recent research has focused on hybrid methods, which are finite element differential equation solutions within a mesh of limited extent, with boundary values determined by integrating over the interior fields. An elegant eigencurrent technique has been developed for calculating the transient response of a thin 3D sheet in free space, but general 3D time domain responses have only been calculated by Fourier transforming frequency domain results. Direct time domain calculations have been carried out only for 2D bodies. 相似文献
19.
Basic characteristics of active tectonics of China 总被引：84，自引：8，他引：76
Active tectonics is inferred to all the structures which have been active since the late Pleisto-cene, 100—120 ka B.P., are still active recently, and will be active in a certain time period in the future, such as active faults, active folds, active basi… 相似文献
20.
复杂介质波动方程反演是地球物理研究中的重要问题,通常表述为特定目标函数最优化,难点是多参数、非线性和不适定性.局部和全局优化方法都不能实现快速全局优化.本文概述了地震波勘探反演问题的理论基础和研究进展,阐述了反演中优化问题的解决方法和面临的困难,并提出了一种确定性全局优化的新方法.通过在优化参数空间识别并划分局部优化解及其附近区域,只需有限次参数空间划分过程就能发现所有局部解（集合）;基于复杂目标函数多尺度结构分析,提出多尺度参数空间分区优化方法的研究方向.该方法收敛速度快,优化结果不依赖初始解的选取,是对非线性全局优化问题的一个新探索. 相似文献