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1.
地方震参数的测定方法很多。如果已知四个台以上的P及S到时,通常用和达、高桥迭代等经典方法。这些方法都未考虑台站的海拔高度以及地球扁率影响,而且一般都借助作图法求解。本文给出的测定虚波速度和震源参数的方法,消除了由于台站的海拔高程及地球扁率给求解震源参数带来的误差,而且无需作图求解。 相似文献
2.
本文采用质点运动判别与偏振分析相结合的方法对2019年四川长宁MS6.0地震震源区10个台站于2013年4月25日至2019年7月31日记录到的波形数据进行S波分裂参数测定,其中9个台站获取4条以上有效S波分裂参数。结果表明,震源区各台站的S波分裂参数不仅在空间上存在分区特征,还会随时间发生改变。快波偏振方向在空间上的分区特征大体为:位于震源区东南段的三个台站的快波偏振优势方向主要为NE向,与震源区东南段的主压应力方向基本一致;位于研究区西北段的台站,其快波偏振优势方向为近EW向,与震源区西北段的主压应力方向基本一致。但由于受到震源区地壳应力和复杂构造的共同影响,CJW,GXA和LQS三个台站都有两个快波偏振优势方向。快波偏振方向随时间的变化为:主震后各台站的快波偏振方向都出现离散度增大而后又逐渐趋于一致的现象;CJW台的快波偏振方向在主震前三个月发生了改变,体现了孕震过程中随着应力的不断积累,其各向异性特征由主要受构造控制转变为受应力控制。各台站的归一化慢波时间延迟随台站距主震和余震密集区距离的增加而减小,反映了长宁地震孕震过程中余震密集区的应力积累和释放明显强于周边区域。此外,主震发生前6个月左右CNI台的慢波时间延迟出现明显下降,地震发生后又迅速上升,反映出长宁地震震前的应力积累以及震后应力突然释放使上地壳中微裂隙的几何形态发生了改变。 相似文献
3.
《地震》2016,(2)
从小湾水库台网2005—2008年记录的众多地震中,挑选出最少被4个台站接收到的高质量地震数780个,一共5 230条P波和4 883条S波到时资料。利用Kissling方法得到了小湾水库库区最小一维P波和S波速度模型以及台站校正值。反演后的最小一维P波速度模型走时均方根残差从0.81s减少到0.12s,数据方差从1.64s2减少到0.04s2;地震震源深度比原来增加大约1公里,震源分布更加集中;不同台站的校正值差异表征了小湾库区速度结构存在横向不均匀性。最后利用得到的最小一维速度模型和台站校正值进行重定位,结果地震的走时均方根残差明显减少,表明得到的最小一维速度模型可信度较高。 相似文献
4.
从小湾水库台网2005—2008年记录的众多地震中,挑选出最少被4个台站接收到的高质量地震数780个,一共5230条P波和4883条S波到时资料。利用Kissling方法得到了小湾水库库区最小一维P波和S波速度模型以及台站校正值。反演后的最小一维P波速度模型走时均方根残差从0.81s减少到0.12s,数据方差从1.64s2减少到0.04s2;地震震源深度比原来增加大约1公里,震源分布更加集中;不同台站的校正值差异表征了小湾库区速度结构存在横向不均匀性。最后利用得到的最小一维速度模型和台站校正值进行重定位,结果地震的走时均方根残差明显减少,表明得到的最小一维速度模型可信度较高。 相似文献
5.
与波形反演方法相比,相对幅值法在利用短周期地震波反演震源机制时不需要高分辨率的地球模型,因此更适合于低震级地震事件的震源机制反演．本文以Pearce的传统相对幅值法为基础,引入一种新目标函数以量化特定震源机制解模型的直达P波与地表反射pP和sP波的理论相对幅值与实际观测之间的不吻合程度,由此提高了相对幅值法的容错能力．利用改进的相对幅值法,反演了吉尔吉斯斯坦伊赛克湖地区震级分别为mb4.9和mb3.8的两次天然地震震源断层面解．对于较大的地震,利用5个远震台阵上观测的pP/P和sP/P相对幅值得到的震源断层面解,与哈佛大学的CMT断层面解非常接近;对于哈佛大学没有给出CMT解的较小地震,利用同样方法得到的震源断层面解的走向与震中位置处主要断层的走向一致,而且利用该断层面解可以拟合和解释区域台站上的长周期波形和P波初动方向．最后,为了说明相对幅值法在地下核爆炸地震事件识别中的应用,利用改进的相对幅值法分析了朝鲜2006年10月9日核试验的远震P波波形,发现没有断层面解与远震台站上的P波波形特征相吻合． 相似文献
6.
针对2008年1月至2011年12月发生在新疆北天山西段的地震事件,分析新源、温泉和巴仑台3个台站记录到的波形资料,采取尾波归一化方法,计算出P、S波在多个频率点f的衰减系数Q-1P、Q-1S,利用最小二乘法拟合得到Q-1=Q0fη,得到该区域P波衰减系数和S波衰减系数。结果表明,新源研究区关于P波、S波的衰减指数为-0.982 1、-0.978 1;温泉研究区关于P波、S波的衰减指数为-1.049 7、-0.773 8;巴仑台研究区关于P波、S波的衰减指数为-0.870 0、-0.956 8。与中国云南地区关于P波、S波衰减结果相比,新源研究区域与云南的禄劝研究区地下介质衰减特性比较一致。 相似文献
7.
目前,国内在数字化地震资料研究中,主要应用S波来研究震源参数.本文充分利用上海数字化地震台阵(网)资料,挑选了2001～2004年华东地区发生的9个震级较大的中等地震,反演了单台记录垂直向纵波(P波)及横波(S波)震源谱,根据布龙模型,计算每个地震单台拐角频率、地震矩、零频谱值、震源破裂半径、应力降等参数,求出每个地震的震源参数(P波和S波)的平均值及其均方差,对这9个地震的P波、S波震源参数计算结果进行了对比.结果表明,用P波段数据进行震源参数的研究是可行的. 相似文献
8.
根据尾波观测的经验公式，选用北京遥测台网东部9个台站所记1989-1990年唐山地区10个地震的数字化记录，采用多台多震综合求解法，得到各地震的震源因子，并和单台多震法求得震源因子的平均值进行了比较．多台法所得震源因子精度明显优于单台法；且两者均比直达S波所求波谱比的精度提高1倍以上。提出了以一定的震源模型为基础，由震源因子求震源谱的方法．结果表明，ω一次方模型（即震源港高频部分与角频率ω的一次方成反比）较二次方模型更适合于本文所用的数据（震级范围为ML，3．0－5．2）．由于尾波能有效地消除震源辐射因子和单一路径的影响，故易于得到较多的资料和较高的精度，为研究震源的性质提供了一个有效的方法． 相似文献
9.
采用扩展震源模型测定出更多的震源参数 .我们把震源用高阶地震矩张量表示 .为了减少在高阶地震矩张量表达式中出现的大量项 ,采用了 Haskell断层模型 .利用 GSN台网 32个台站的宽频带体波资料 ,反演了西藏玛尼地震的震源参数 .通过实际计算表明 ,该震源是一个走滑断层 ,破裂方向 75°,断层面为=77°、δ=88°,λ=0°,辅助面为=347°、δ=90°、λ=1 78°,破裂持续时间为 1 9s,断层尺度为 47km× 2 8km.这些结果将为地球动力学研究提供新的定量资料 ,对于震源层析成像研究等有实际意义 . 相似文献
10.
地震定位是地震监测与减灾研究重要基础.基于均匀或横向均匀介质模型,利用震源轨迹确定震源位置的交切法具有稳健和效率高的优点,但定位精度较低,特别是震源深度.为提高震源定位精度,我们提出适用于三维复杂速度模型的地震定位交切法.将地壳速度模型由均匀或横向均匀介质模型扩展为三维复杂速度模型;均匀或横向均匀介质模型对应的原假设为球面或双曲面的震源轨迹通过最小走时树射线追踪技术予以确定.确定震源位置的震源轨迹以到时差作为约束条件;将震源定位于震源轨迹交汇最密集的点处,即总的到时差残差(RDT)最小的点处.定位结果的不确定性可通过RDT值较小节点的空间分布予以定性表示.考察了准确速度模型、扰动速度模型、扰动观测到时及地震在台网外等4种情况下改进方法的地震定位效果,结果表明改进的交切法可用于三维复杂速度模型的地震定位;综合利用P波与S波的到时差信息,可明显改善震源位置约束;使用多条震源轨迹进行定位,有助于减少由随机因素导致的定位误差. 相似文献
11.
(Fe4Cr4Ni)9C4 is a metal carbide mineral formed by combination of Fe, Cr and Ni with C. It occurs in a chromite deposit in
the Luobusha ophiolite, Tibet. Based on the determination of its crystal structure, the empirical formula is (Fe4.12Cr3.84Ni0.96)8.92C3.70
and the simplified formula is (Fe4Cr4Ni)4C9. The mineral is hexagonal with a = 1.38392(2) nm, c = 0.44690(9) nm, pace group P63 m c, Z=6 and the calculated specific gravity Dx = 7.089 g/cm3. Fe, Cr and Ni occupy different crystallographic sites and their coordination numbers are approximately 12,
forming an alternate stacking sequence of flat and puckered layers along the c axis. Some metallic atoms have a defect structure. The interatomic distances of Fe, Cr and Ni are 0.2525-0.2666 nm, and the
distances between Fe, Cr, Ni and C are 0.1893-0.2169 nm. The coordination number of carbon is 6. It occurs in interstices
of the metallic atoms Fe, Cr and Ni to form trigonalprismatically coordinated polyhedra. These coordination polyhedra are
linked with each other via shared corners or shared edges into a new type of metal carbide structure. 相似文献
12.
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14.
Marvin Lanphere Duane Champion Leone Melluso Vincenzo Morra Annamaria Perrotta Claudio Scarpati Dario Tedesco Andrew Calvert 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2007,69(3):259-263
The Italian volcano, Vesuvius, erupted explosively in AD 79. Sanidine from pumice collected at Casti Amanti in Pompeii and Villa Poppea in Oplontis yielded a weighted-mean 40Ar/39Ar age of 1925±66 years in 2004 (1σ uncertainty) from incremental-heating experiments of eight aliquants of sanidine. This is the calendar age of the eruption. Our results together with the work of Renne et al. (1997) and Renne and Min (1998) demonstrate the validity of the 40Ar/39Ar method to reconstruct the recent eruptive history of young, active volcanoes. 相似文献
15.
Martin B. C. Brandt 《Journal of Seismology》2016,20(2):439-447
Quality factor Q, which describes the attenuation of seismic waves with distance, was determined for South Africa using data recorded by the South African National Seismograph Network. Because of an objective paucity of seismicity in South Africa and modernisation of the seismograph network only in 2007, I carried out a coda wave decay analysis on only 13 tectonic earthquakes and 7 mine-related events for the magnitude range 3.6?≤?M L ?≤?4.4. Up to five seismograph stations were utilised to determine Q c for frequencies at 2, 4, 8 and 16 Hz resulting in 84 individual measurements. The constants Q 0 and α were determined for the attenuation relation Q c(f)?=?Q 0 f α . The result was Q 0?=?396?±?29 and α?=?0.72?±?0.04 for a lapse time of 1.9*(t s???t 0) (time from origin time t 0 to the start of coda analysis window is 1.9 times the S-travel time, t s) and a coda window length of 80 s. This lapse time and coda window length were found to fit the most individual frequencies for a signal-to-noise ratio of at least 3 and a minimum absolute correlation coefficient for the envelope of 0.5. For a positive correlation coefficient, the envelope amplitude increases with time and Q c was not calculated. The derived Q c was verified using the spectral ratio method on a smaller data set consisting of nine earthquakes and one mine-related event recorded by up to four seismograph stations. Since the spectral ratio method requires absolute amplitudes in its calculations, site response tests were performed to select four appropriate stations without soil amplification and/or signal distortion. The result obtained for Q S was Q 0?=?391?±?130 and α?=?0.60?±?0.16, which agrees well with the coda Q c result. 相似文献
16.
Giovanni Chiodini Stefano Caliro Alessandro Aiuppa Rosario Avino Domenico Granieri Roberto Moretti Francesco Parello 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2011,73(5):531-542
We describe analytical details and uncertainty evaluation of a simple technique for the measurement of the carbon isotopic
composition of CO2 in volcanic plumes. Data collected at Solfatara and Vulcano, where plumes are fed by fumaroles which are accessible for direct
sampling, were first used to validate the technique. For both volcanoes, the plume-derived carbon isotopic compositions are
in good agreement with the fumarolic compositions, thus providing confidence on the method, and allowing its application at
volcanoes where the volcanic component is inaccessible to direct sampling. As a notable example, we applied the same method
to Mount Etna where we derived a δ13C of volcanic CO2 between −0.9 ± 0.27‰ and −1.41 ± 0.27‰ (Bocca Nuova and Voragine craters). The comparison of our measurements to data reported
in previous work highlights a temporal trend of systematic increase of δ13C values of Etna CO2 from ~ −4‰, in the 1970’s and the 1980’s, to ~ −1‰ at the present time (2009). This shift toward more positive δ13C values matches a concurrent change in magma composition and an increase in the eruption frequency and energy. We discuss
such variations in terms of two possible processes: magma carbonate assimilation and carbon isotopic fractionation due to
magma degassing along the Etna plumbing system. Finally, our results highlight potential of systematic measurements of the
carbon isotopic composition of the CO2 emitted by volcanic plumes for a better understanding of volcanic processes and for improved surveillance of volcanic activity. 相似文献
17.
C. R. COLLIN A. SALVI D. LEMERCIER P. LEMERCIER F. ROBACH 《Geophysical Prospecting》1973,21(4):704-715
The aim of this article is to describe the double resonance magnetometer system designed and built by the Division de Magnétométrie of the C.E.N. Grenoble, and used by the Département des Recherches Minières du CE.A. For the measurement of magnetic anomalies of geological origin it is necessary to make differential measurements between a mobile instrument which scans the region of interest and a fixed compensatory instrument. The apparatus described here features the following main characteristics: — it gives a direct numerical measurement of the differential magnetic field between the two instruments with an accuracy of 0.01 gamma (10-7 Oe). — it is designed to be easily operated in geological field work (light weight, low power, possibility to make continuous measurements along a given profile, the measuring signals being radio-linked there are no wires connecting the instruments). Firstly we describe the components of the magnetometer itself namely: double resonance magnetometer heads and differential numerical magnetometer. Secondly we describe the measuring technique. 相似文献
18.
本文利用保角映射方法对两种二维地形作了推导:一种是半圆弧形的边界,另一种是拋物线形的边界。并作了一些数值计算。 相似文献
19.
Starting from the classical empirical magnitude-energy relationships, in this article, the derivation of the modern scales
for moment magnitude M
w and energy magnitude M
e is outlined and critically discussed. The formulas for M
w and M
e calculation are presented in a way that reveals, besides the contributions of the physically defined measurement parameters
seismic moment M
0 and radiated seismic energy E
S, the role of the constants in the classical Gutenberg–Richter magnitude–energy relationship. Further, it is shown that M
w and M
e are linked via the parameter Θ = log(E
S/M
0), and the formula for M
e can be written as M
e = M
w + (Θ + 4.7)/1.5. This relationship directly links M
e with M
w via their common scaling to classical magnitudes and, at the same time, highlights the reason why M
w and M
e can significantly differ. In fact, Θ is assumed to be constant when calculating M
w. However, variations over three to four orders of magnitude in stress drop Δσ (as well as related variations in rupture velocity V
R and seismic wave radiation efficiency η
R) are responsible for the large variability of actual Θ values of earthquakes. As a result, for the same earthquake, M
e may sometimes differ by more than one magnitude unit from M
w. Such a difference is highly relevant when assessing the actual damage potential associated with a given earthquake, because
it expresses rather different static and dynamic source properties. While M
w is most appropriate for estimating the earthquake size (i.e., the product of rupture area times average displacement) and
thus the potential tsunami hazard posed by strong and great earthquakes in marine environs, M
e is more suitable than M
w for assessing the potential hazard of damage due to strong ground shaking, i.e., the earthquake strength. Therefore, whenever
possible, these two magnitudes should be both independently determined and jointly considered. Usually, only M
w is taken as a unified magnitude in many seismological applications (ShakeMap, seismic hazard studies, etc.) since procedures
to calculate it are well developed and accepted to be stable with small uncertainty. For many reasons, procedures for E
S and M
e calculation are affected by a larger uncertainty and are currently not yet available for all global earthquakes. Thus, despite
the physical importance of E
S in characterizing the seismic source, the use of M
e has been limited so far to the detriment of quicker and more complete rough estimates of both earthquake size and strength
and their causal relationships. Further studies are needed to improve E
S estimations in order to allow M
e to be extensively used as an important complement to M
w in common seismological practice and its applications. 相似文献
20.