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1.
The ‘dissolved’ iron (that passed through a 0·4-μm filter) varied nonconservatively with salinity in the Connecticut River estuary. However, the total iron appeared to be conservative. Measurements of Fe(II) and Fe(III) showed that oxidation of Fe(II) was not a factor in the decrease of ‘dissolved’ iron in the low salinity region. A solubility model and analyses based on different pore-size filters indicated that a substantial amount of the ‘dissolved’ iron in the low salinity region was colloidal iron. The coagulation of fine colloidal particles led to the non-conservative behavior of ‘dissolved’ iron during estuarine mixing, but it did not necessarily lead to removal of total iron from the waters. Particulate iron was 80–90% of the total iron and it covaried with the total suspended matter during mixing and sediment resuspension. The residence time of water in the Connecticut River estuary was too short to allow removal of iron from the water column within the estuary. 相似文献
2.
The behavior of dissolved and particulate iron and manganese and dissolved silicon has been studied as a function of chlorinity in the Peconic River estuary, New York. This study sought to identify important geochemical processes in a relatively pristine estuary facing increasing anthropogenic impact.Dissolved iron behaved in the classical non-conservative manner exhibiting removal of nearly 80% at very low chlorinities, while particulate iron increased by a corresponding amount over the same chlorinity range. Dissolved manganese was enriched by up to 200% over its predicted concentration at low and intermediate chlorinities by desorption from suspended particulates and by a probable benthic flux. Dissolved silicon was enriched by up to 100% at low and intermediate chlorinities also from a probable benthic flux. These fluxes were estimated to be 5 μg cm?2 day?1 for dissolved manganese and 70 μg cm?2 day?1 for dissolved silicon.The quantity of both particulate iron and manganese increased at high chlorinities due to an influx of suspended inorganic particulates. In the intermediate to high chlorinity region, oxidation of sediment-derived manganese is believed to contribute to the observed increase in particulate manganese.Total iron was essentially conservative throughout most of the estuary, while total manganese was non-conservative presumably due to extensive remobilization of dissolved manganese from the sediments. 相似文献
3.
The observed distribution of 137Cs resulting from known sources in the Severn Estuary permits the testing of simple predictive models for the one-dimensional distribution of non-conservative substances in an estuary. These models either use a known distribution of salinity to infer corresponding ones for other substances, or else directly solve mass balance equations utilizing previously determined dispersion coefficients. Both methods are shown to previously determined dispersion coefficients. Both methods are shown to provide results comparing favorably with observations.Stokes drift plays an important role in the circulation of the Severn. A modified densimetric Froude number, including this drift, is therefore used to estimate the circulation and stratification of the estuary.A new equation is used for calculating the 137Cs distribution from the observed salinity distribution. It generalizes previous formulations to permit variation of the net runoff with position along the estuary. 相似文献
4.
长江口盐度梯度下不同形态碳的分布、来源与混合行为 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
河口碳的生物地球化学过程是全球碳循环的重要组成。通过测定溶解无机碳（DIC）及其稳定同位素丰度（δ13CDIC）,溶解有机碳（DOC）,有色溶解有机物（CDOM）,颗粒有机碳（POC）及其稳定同位素丰度（δ13CPOC）与元素比值（N/C）及相关指标,研究了2014年7月长江口盐度梯度下不同形态碳的分布、来源和混合行为。结果表明,DIC浓度、DOC浓度、POC含量分别为1 583.2~1 739.6 μmol/L,128.4~369.4 μmol/L和51.2~530.8 μmol/L,这些不同形态碳及CDOM的荧光组分的分布模式相似,均是从口内到口外,整体呈现先增大后减小的趋势,并与盐度呈现非保守混合行为。添加作用主要发生在在口门处最大浑浊带附近。与含量相反,从口内到口外,δ13CDIC和δ13CPOC均呈现逐渐减小再增大的趋势,在口门附近达到最低值,分别为-9.7‰和-26.7‰。在口门附近不同形态碳含量上升及δ13CDIC、δ13CPOC的降低可能主要与沉积物再悬浮及微生物作用有关。基于蒙特卡洛模拟的三端元混合模型的结果显示,河口内外POC来源变化明显,口内POC以陆源有机碳贡献为主,平均为62.3%,口外海源贡献逐渐增加。CDOM相关参数结果表明长江口CDOM主要来自陆源输入,海源及人类活动等也对其产生影响。 相似文献
5.
长江口盐度梯度下有色溶解有机物的分布、来源与季节变化 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
通过测定有色溶解有机物（CDOM）的吸收光谱和荧光光谱研究了2015年3月和7月长江口盐度梯度下CDOM的分布、组成、来源及河口混合行为等。利用激发发射矩阵荧光光谱（EEMs）并结合平行因子分析（PARAFAC）,研究了CDOM的荧光组分特征,共识别出两类4个荧光组分组成,即类腐殖质荧光组分C1（260,375/490 nm）、C2（365/440 nm）、C3（330/400 nm）及类蛋白质荧光组分C4（295/345 nm）。结果表明,3月和7月,4种荧光组分的分布模式与总荧光强度都基本一致:从口内到口外,先升高后降低,且4种组分都在河口呈现不保守混合行为,在最大浑浊带处存在添加过程,达到峰值,在口外有去除过程。3月腐殖化指数HIX范围在1.12~7.19,而7月HIX的范围在0.87~6.71;生物指数BIX在3月范围在0.76~1.11,7月为0.62~1.15,表明3月CDOM的腐殖化程度较7月高,而自生贡献比例较7月略低。3月吸收系数α（355）的平均值为0.55 m-1 ,7月的略高,为0.61 m-1,表明7月长江口CDOM的含量略高。光谱斜率比值SR的季节性变化不大,都是近岸低,远岸高,表明CDOM的平均分子质量从口内到口外在逐渐增加。 相似文献
6.
黄河口总碱度保守与非保守行为探讨 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
为了阐明黄河口TAlk（总碱度）的行为特征及主要影响因素,根据2004年4月黄河口TAlk实测数据,结合其它化学要素的同步观测资料对其进行了初步探讨.研究结果表明： 黄河口水体在S〈24的区域范围内TAlk呈现出非保守行为,其中 S〈5时TAlk非保守表现为净TAlk的“亏损”, 即水体TAlk低于理论混合TAlk,是由于水体中DIC的沉淀作用引起;在盐度为8～24之间,TAlk非保守表现为净TAlk的“增加”,即水体TAlk高于理论混合TAlk,主要是由于水体中颗粒碳酸盐溶解引起;水体中的CO2参与了颗粒碳酸盐的溶解,并且很可能是影响水体中碳酸盐溶解的主要因素. 相似文献
7.
Dissolved trace element (copper, nickel, cadmium, zinc, cobalt, and iron) concentrations were measured in surface water samples collected from 27 stations in the San Francisco Bay and Sacramento—San Joaquin Delta during April, August and December of 1989. The trace element distributions were relatively similar for all three sampling periods, and evidenced two distinct biogeochemical regimes within the estuarine system. The two regimes were comprised of relatively typical trace element gradients in the northern reach and anthropogenically perturbed gradients in the southern reach of the estuary. These dichotomous trace element distributions were consistent with previous reports on the distributions of nutrients and some other constituents within the estuary.In the northern reach, trace element and dissolved phosphate concentrations were non-conservative. Simple estuarine mixing models indicated substantial internal sources of dissolved copper (46–150%), nickel (250–500%) and cadmium (630–780%) relative to riverine inputs in April and August, and sizable internal sinks for dissolved cobalt (> 99%) and iron (> 70%) during the same periods. Dissolved zinc fluxes varied temporally, with a relatively large (135%) internal source in April and a relatively small (29%) internal sink in August.Concentrations of many trace elements (copper, nickel, cadmium, zinc, and cobalt) in the southern reach were anomalously high relative to concentrations at comparable salinities in the northern reach. Mass balance calculations indicated that those excesses were primarily due to anthropogenic inputs (waste-water discharges and urban runoff) and diagenetic remobilization from benthic sediments. The magnitude of these excesses was amplified by the long hydraulic residence time of dissolved constituents within the South Bay.The influence of other factors was evident throughout the system. Notably, upwelling appeared to elevate substantially dissolved cadmium concentrations at the mouth of the estuary and authigenic flocculation appeared to dominate the cycling of dissolved iron in both the northern and southern reaches of the system. Biological scavenging, geochemical scavenging and diagenic remobilization were also found to be important in different parts of the estuary. Additional complementary information is required to quantify accurately these processes. 相似文献
8.
Fluxes and sources of suspended organic matter in an estuarine turbidity maximum region during low discharge conditions 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6
Miguel A. Goni Mary W. Cathey Yong H. Kim George Voulgaris 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2005,63(4):683-700
Water column concentrations of total suspended solids (TSS), particulate organic carbon (POC) and particulate nitrogen (PN) were measured at three different depths in four different locations bracketing the estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) along the main channel of a temperate riverine estuary (Winyah Bay, South Carolina, USA). Measurements were carried out over full tidal cycle (over 24 h). Salinity, temperature, current magnitude and direction were also monitored at the same time throughout the water column. Tidally averaged net fluxes of salt, TSS, POC and PN were calculated by combining the current measurements with the concentration data. Under the extreme low river discharge conditions that characterized the study period, net landward fluxes of salt were measured in the lower part of the study area, suggesting that the landward transport through the main channel of the estuary was probably balanced by export out through the sides. In contrast, the net fluxes of salt in the upper reaches of the study area were near zero, indicating a closed salt balance in this part of the estuary. In contrast to salt, the net fluxes of TSS, POC and PN in the deeper parts of the water column were consistently landward at all four sites in Winyah Bay indicating the non-conservative behavior of particulate components and their active transport up the estuary in the region around the ETM.The carbon contents (%POC), carbon:nitrogen ratios (org[C:N]a) and stable carbon isotopic compositions (δ13CPOC) of the suspended particles varied significantly with depth, location and tidal stage. Tidally averaged compositions showed a significant increase up the estuary in the %POC and org[C:N]a values of suspended particles consistent with the preferential landward transport of carbon-rich particles with higher vascular plant debris content. The combination of tidal resuspension and flood-dominated flow appeared to be responsible for the hydrodynamic sorting of particles along the estuary that resulted in denser, organic-poor particles being transported landward less efficiently. The elemental and isotopic compositions indicated that vascular C3 plants and estuarine algae were the major sources of the particulate organic matter of all the samples, without any significant contributions from salt marsh C4 vegetation (Spartina alterniflora) and/or marine phytoplankton. 相似文献
9.
Jennifer Vandenhecke Matthieu Waeles Jean-Yves Cabon Cédric Garnier Ricardo D. Riso 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2010
Over this one-year study, the variations of inorganic As species were examined monthly along the salinity gradient of the Penzé estuary (NW France) in relation with different biogeochemical parameters. In most cases, dissolved As exhibited a non-conservative behaviour which resulted from the competition between two major processes. In the upstream section of the estuary, a strong input of both total inorganic As and As(III) occurred. Then, the removal of the same species, under precipitation of iron oxides/oxyhydroxides, was observed in the low-salinity range (S < 10). Using our experimental data, the fluxes of the various As species were estimated for the first time in estuarine waters. Inputs from the river were mainly constituted of particulate As (∼70%). Conversely, dissolved species were predominant in the net fluxes (∼65%) and As(III) accounted for ∼15% of the dissolved net flux. 相似文献
10.
11.
Dissolved and particulate concentrations of silver in Tokyo Bay estuarine waters and Japanese rivers were determined in this
study. The dissolved silver concentrations in the surface water of Tokyo Bay range from 5.9 to 15.1 pmol kg−1, which is comparable to those in the surface water of the Japan Sea, but two or three times higher than those in the surface
water of the open ocean. However, elevated concentrations of dissolved silver are not found in Tokyo Bay compared with those
in other highly urbanized estuaries, such as San Francisco Bay (20∼243 pmol kg−1). In the Tokyo Bay estuary, silver typically exhibits non-conservative mixing behavior, which is a common feature in the
other estuaries reported previously. Dissolved silver concentrations decrease with salinity from the rivers to the mouth of
Tokyo Bay. Silver is efficiently scavenged by suspended particulates, as evidenced by the high conditional distribution coefficients
for silver throughout the estuary (log Kd > 5.0 ± 0.6). The silver fluxes into Tokyo Bay via inflowing rivers and atmospheric deposition were estimated as 83 kg y−1 and 15 kg y−1, respectively. A simple budget calculation shows that the silver supplied from rivers and atmosphere must be rapidly scavenged
within the Tokyo Bay estuary. 相似文献
12.
The concentrations of rare earth elements in the dissolved, acid-soluble and residual phases in surface waters of the Changjiang
Estuary were determined using ICP-MS. The main purposes of the study are to understand the estuarine geochemistry of rare
earth elements and to explore water-particle interactions in the Changjiang estuarine mixing zone. The results show that there
are two distinct processes operating on dissolved rare earth elements in the estuary: large scale removal at low salinities
due to salt-induced coagulation and remarkable release at mid to high salinities. These processes result in modification of
the effective river water flux and the systematical fractionation of the dissolved rare earth elements toward the East China
Sea. The increase in concentration of dissolved rare earth elements in the mid to high salinity waters of the Changjiang Estuary
suggests a sediment source in the mixing zone of the estuary, which is located over a shallow, broad shelf where there is
extensive physical contact between bottom sediment and estuarine waters. Acid-soluble rare earth elements, the concentrations
of which also dropped sharply in the low salinity region, appear to be controlled by salt-induced coagulation process and
intense deposition of suspended particulate matter in the low salinity region. In the mid to high salinities, all acid-soluble
rare earth element concentrations increase slightly with increasing salinity, suggesting that resuspension of sediments occurred.
In contrast, the residual rare earth element concentrations are relatively constant with salinity variation in the Changjiang
estuarine surface waters. 相似文献
13.
洪湖垦殖剖面的地球化学特征 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
于1988-1990年在洪湖设6个剖面站位，对洪湖地区不同时期的垦殖剖面进行地球化学分析，并通过对沉积物层序间的21个元素的聚类分析，探讨垦殖剖面中元素的分布，地下水及垦殖对元素迁移的影响和再沉积作用与垦殖土壤的关系，指出由于湖泊区域性干演和垦殖过程的变化，导致沉积层序发生变化。这是人类垦殖活动对沼泽化湖泊产生影响的典型例证。 相似文献
14.
秋季长江口水体颗粒有机碳年际变化及影响因素分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据2007—2012年长江口及其邻近海域4个航次(11月)调查资料,探讨了长江口秋季颗粒有机碳(POC)时空分布特征;结合长江口环境要素和陆源输入(径流、输沙),分析了秋季POC分布的主要影响因素。结果表明:(1)2007—2012年秋季长江口POC浓度范围为0.03—16.95mg/L,均值2.30mg/L,底层POC浓度高于表层。长江口表层POC浓度存在显著的年际变化特征。(2)长江口区POC分布呈现沿长江径流入海方向降低的趋势,高值区出现在口门附近偏南部水域。口门内和近岸水域POC显著高于近海水域。口门水域POC年际间相对稳定,近岸和近海水域年际变化显著。(3)长江口POC分布与盐度呈非保守性变化,悬浮物是POC分布的主要控制因素,多数年份POC与叶绿素a相关程度较弱。(4)河口来水来沙量对POC浓度具有较强的制约性,径流的主要影响区域在口门内和近岸区,输沙的主要影响区域在最大浑浊带和长江口北部水域。(5)入海输沙量与长江口水域POC相关性最强。咸淡水交汇引起的悬浮物沉积和沉积物的再悬浮强度决定口门内水域POC浓度,浑浊度较高的近岸水体POC对陆源输入泥沙的依赖性较强,长江口外侧海域初级生产力水平成为POC浓度的重要影响因素。 相似文献
15.
去除有机质前后海底沉积物对稀土元素吸附能力的变化研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为更好地了解有机质对沉积物吸附稀土元素能力的影响,对珠江口和南海沉积物在去除有机质之前和之后进行了稀土元素吸附实验研究。结果表明,同一种沉积物在去除有机质前后对稀土元素的吸附呈现基本相同的规律,只是吸附量有所不同。沉积物在去除有机质之后对稀土离子的吸附能力比去除有机质之前大大降低;沉积物对各种稀土元素吸附量降低的百分比为:珠江口沉积物对Yb的吸附量减少了47.24%,对La的吸附量减少了75.50%,对其它元素的吸附量减少介于47.24%—75.50%之间;南海沉积物对Sm的吸附量减少了35.93%,对Ho的吸附量减少了45.41%,对其它元素的吸附量减少介于35.93%—45.41%之间。 相似文献
16.
河水径流是海洋营养盐最重要的来源之一。河流排放的营养盐为河口海区自养生物的繁殖提供了重要保证，但是过量的营养盐反会引起海水污染和水域富营养化，从而危及海洋生物的生命活动。研究河口及其附近海域营养盐的分布变化，不仅对了解它们在河水－海水界面的转移规律，而且对河口生态学的研究均具有重要意义，因此日益受到重视(顾宏堪等，1981；王正芳等，1983；林植青等，1984；吕小乔等，1985；沈志良等，1987)。
本文主要对黄河口及其附近海区水中硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、氨氮和磷酸盐的分布特征、在河口的转移过程以及它们与浮游植物的关系等进行一些探讨。 相似文献
17.
Thomas M. Church 《Marine Chemistry》1986,18(2-4)
Generally the large tidal estuaries of the eastern United States, such as Delaware Bay, are characterized by rather high suspended particle concentrations at the landward end and high biological activity at the seaward end. As such, these estuaries can be conceptualized as geochemical and biochemical “reactors” for those processes controlling the transmission of trace elements from fresh to the coastal shelf waters. The efficiency of these reaction processes relative to estuarine flushing will control the residence times of microconstituents in such estuaries.Evidence is drawn from the Delaware estuary to illustrate biogeochemical estuarine reaction processes using salinity distribution data and mass balance calculations. The Delaware retains some of its estuarine trace elements as sedimented estuarine particles, while others are more conservative and largely exported. Those retained by sedimenting processes include trace elements in primarily geochemical (particle reactive) chemistries, while those exported appear recycled by biochemical (nutrient reactive) chemistries. Often, the behavior of trace elements (e.g., Fe, Cd) and nutrients (e.g., PO4) appear biogeochemically linked. Other examples are drawn from mixing studies to illustrate particle interaction, and benthic flux measurements to illustrate limited diagenetic reflux.The residence time of estuarine microconstituents should depend seasonally on the relative turbidity, flushing rate, and primary production of tidally dominated estuaries such as the Delaware. Thus, residence times of the more biogeochemically reactive microconstituents must be substantially shorter (days to weeks) than the average flushing times of these larger estuaries, while the residence times of the less reactive ones should approach such flushing times (weeks to months). True estuarine residence times of microconstituents can only be modeled after using large data sets averaged over time (season, tides) and space (salinity). 相似文献
18.
Antonio Tovar-Snchez Sergio A. Saudo-Wilhelmy A. Russell Flegal 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2004,60(4):717-728
Despite the fact that Co is an essential trace element for the growth of marine phytoplankton, there is very limited information on the cycling of this trace metal in the marine environment. We report here the distribution of dissolved (<0.4 μm) and particulate (>0.4 μm) Co in surface waters of the Hudson River Estuary (HRE) and San Francisco Bay (SFB). Samples were collected during several cruises (from 1990 to 1995 in SFB and from 1995 to 1997 in the HRE) along the whole salinity gradient. Dissolved Co concentrations (mean±1 standard deviation) were nearly identical in magnitude in both estuaries despite differences in climate, hydrography, riverine-flow conditions and land-usage (HRE=0.91±0.61 nM; SFB=1.12±0.69 nM). Dissolved Co levels in each system showed non-conservative distributions when plotted as a function of salinity, with increasing concentrations downstream from the riverine end-members. Desorption from suspended particulates and sewage inputs, therefore, seems to be the major processes responsible for the non-conservative behavior of Co observed. Mass balance estimates also indicated that most of the estuarine Co is exported out of both estuaries, indicating that they and other estuarine systems are principal sources of this essential trace element to the open ocean. 相似文献
19.
The chemical forms and distribution of dissolved arsenic species in the estuary of the River Beaulieu (Hampshire, U.K.) are reported. ‘Inorganic arsenic (V)’ in both the marine and riverine estuary inputs are in true solution, passing through ultrafiltration membranes having a nominal molecular weight cut-off of 500 daltons. Extensive removal of dissolved ‘inorganic arsenic (V)’ is apparent from the distribution of arsenic in the estuary, with laboratory mixing experiments indicating that removal is favoured in the low salinity region. ‘Inorganic arsenic (III)’ and methylated arsenic species account for up to 41% and 70% of the dissolved arsenic, respectively, but are only found during the warmer months when water temperatures exceed ca. 12°C. 相似文献
20.
Nutrient flux and budget in the Ebro estuary 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
S. Falco L.F. Niencheski M. Rodilla I. Romero J. González del Río J.P. Sierra C. Mösso 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2010
The Ebro river flows to the Mediterranean coast of Spain. During its final stretch, the Ebro behaves in a similar way to a highly stratified estuary. This paper describes the transport of nutrients to the Ebro estuary, evaluates the general movement of nutrients in the estuarine region, using a mass balance approach, and estimates the amounts of nutrients discharged to the coastal environment. Given the strong saline stratification, this study only includes the surface layer that contains the continental freshwater. The annual nutrient budget for the Ebro estuary shows a net excess for nitrogen and phosphorus, while silicate almost attains equilibrium between addition and removal. There are several reasons for gains in nitrogen and phosphorous: a contribution of dissolved and particulate compounds in the freshwater (some of which are mineralized); a lower uptake of phytoplankton indicated by chlorophyll reduction in the estuary; an entrainment of the nutrient-rich upper part of the salt wedge; and, to a lesser extent, the impact of wastewater and agricultural water use. The biggest load discharged into the Mediterranean Sea by the Ebro is nitrogen, followed by silicate with over 10 000 tons of each deposited annually. Phosphorus is discharged at relatively low concentrations and with an annual load of about 200 t yr−1. 相似文献