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1.
通过对西昌市谷王庙泥石流形成原因的分析，针对该地区松散固体物质丰富，沟深固土植被缺乏而降雨量集中且大的特点，提出了相应的防御对策，在该地区得到满意的效果。 相似文献
2.
矿山泥石流沟谷形态的分形分维 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以2个区域的矿山泥石流为背景,利用分形理论分析了矿山泥石流沟谷形态特征,并与4个区域的自然泥石流沟谷形态进行比较研究。沟谷形态的分形维数具有相同的地学意义:维数越小,该要素对沟道及泥石流的发育和形成的影响越大。沟道比降、汇水面积和沟道长度3个沟谷形态要素中,汇水面积影响最为显著;但矿山泥石流沟谷具有汇水面积少、沟谷尺度小,沟谷比降陡的特点;在此基础上提出了自然—矿山型泥石流的概念。 相似文献
3.
A numerical program developed for field application is presented in this paper. We use the generalized Julien and Lan [8] rheological model to simulate debris flows. Due to the derivative discontinuous nature of the constitutive law, flow is
separated into plug region and bottom region (with stress greater than yield stress). The program solves the plug flow layer
solution first, and then corrects the solution with the bottom layer approximation. Numerical scheme with upwind method and
central difference in space and Adam–Bashforth third-order scheme in time is used for both layers. The scheme is tested against
analytical solutions and laboratory experiments with very good results. Application to a field case with more complicated
geometry also achieves good agreement, with error less than 5% compared to field measurements. The final example demonstrates
how this numerical program is used in a preliminary design. 相似文献
4.
物源条件对震后泥石流发展影响的初步分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
强震过后一定时期内,泥石流的活跃性增强,即数量增多、规模增大、频率增加。而随着松散物质储量的减少,泥石流的活跃性会随之衰减。为了具体考察物源条件对震后泥石流活动的影响,使用震后泥石流逐年平均输沙量作为刻画泥石流活跃性的指标,在云南蒋家沟和西藏古乡沟泥石流数据的基础上,定量地分析了震后泥石流活跃性的变化过程。分析表明存在降雨控制型和物源控制型两种泥石流流域。前者的泥石流在震后很长一段时间内都不衰减,其发生主要取决于降雨条件。后者最大规模的泥石流发生于地震过后的短时间内,尔后泥石流活动随时间显著减弱。泥石流规模和频率的关系与暴雨不一致。当物源控制型流域的无量纲化活跃性指标值降为0.12左右时,可以认为泥石流进入了稳定或者衰弱期,不会再有大规模的泥石流事件发生。数据拟合结果表明,整个泥石流活跃性的衰减过程可以用幂函数来描述。其衰减指数与剩余物质储量和总物质储量之比存在密切的关系。这为定量预测震后泥石流发展趋势提供了一个初步的模型。 相似文献
5.
云南小江泥石流与泥石流滩地开发 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
小江泥石流位于云南省东北部 ,属暴雨型泥石流 ,是中国四大泥石流作用区之一。 2 0世纪 5 0年代以来 ,共成灾 40余次 ,直接经济损失 70 0 0余万元 ,已成为阻碍当地经济发展的大患。本流域泥石流是地质环境和气候环境变异以及人类经济活动叠加形成的地质灾害 ,其活动机理包括固体松散物源形成、河流加剧冲刷切坡、强降雨或地震诱发泥石流等 3个过程。泥石流防治的根本在于控制山地荒漠化并恢复植被与生态环境。然而 ,要退耕还林就必须开发泥石流滩地 ,以安置坡地区居民 ,开发工程不仅要先治理泥石流沟谷 ,而且还要治理河床。小江农场是小江泥石流滩地开发的成功典范 ,其成功的基本条件总结 ,为泥石流滩地开发研究提供了宝贵的经验。 相似文献
6.
"5.12"震后,震区泥石流处于高发期。拦砂坝是目前泥石流治理工程中主要的工程措施,新近泥石流堆积体上修建重力式拦砂坝对地基和基础要求较高。以魏家沟泥石流治理工程1#拦砂坝实例,分析桩基承台基础在泥石流治理工程中的应用,并为类似工程的治理提供参考。 相似文献
7.
泥石流危险性分区及其在泥石流减灾中的应用 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
泥石流是一种突发性山地灾害,至今尚缺乏准确有效的预报方法。减灾工程也只能对一定规模的泥石流起到防御作用。泥石流危险性分区在泥石流减灾中具有重要作用。以泥石流运动数值模拟为基础,以数值模拟获得的流速和流深等参量为分区指标的危险性分区是泥石流危险性分区研究的重点和发展方向。其中,泥石流危险性动量和动能分区充分反映了泥石流的破坏能力,可以提供更为精确的定量化的分区结果。该类分区方法在城镇等有重要危害对象的泥石流减灾中具有广泛的应用。不仅可以应用于泥石流危险区和安全区的划定、泥石流灾害预估、泥石流临灾预案制定、泥石流抢险救灾方案制定和泥石流灾情评估等,还可以应用到山区土地利用规划、山区城镇建设规划和财产保险评估等领域,并起到防灾和减灾的作用。 相似文献
8.
叙述了云南省永胜县期纳镇三道河泥石流的发育特征、危害对象,并对该地区泥石流成因进行了分析。阐述了泥石流的形成条件,并对物源区物源条件等局部滑坡崩塌情况进行分析。描述并分析了泥石流诱发因素及形成机制。提出三道河泥石流以"拦固排护结合,以拦排为主"的治理方案,以保护三道河流域居民的生命财产安全。 相似文献
9.
冰川终碛湖溃决泥石流流量计算 总被引：12，自引：3，他引：9
冰川终碛湖溃决泥石流是青藏高原常见的泥石流灾害类型之一, 也是青藏高原地区泥石流防治的重点之一. 在溃决洪水研究的基础上, 结合泥石流本身的特征, 针对瞬间部分溃决的情况, 推导了冰川终碛湖溃决泥石流流量的计算方法. 具体包括冰川终碛湖溃决口泥石流洪峰流量Qdmax=kQmax和距离溃决口一定距离的河道某处泥石流洪峰的最大高度Hdmax=kHHmax. 由于计算方法中涉及泥石流的特征参数, 依据泥石流的特征, 定义了特征参数的含义, 并给出了计算方法k=1 (γd-γw)/(γs-γd), kH=k·kG, kG是与沟道形态有关的参数. 为了检验推导计算方法的合理性和精度, 选定西藏米堆沟冰川终碛湖溃决泥石流作为实例, 进行了验证. 结果表明, 推导计算方法的物理概念清晰, 计算结果与实际调查数据在趋势上吻合. 相似文献
10.
藏东南部泥石流堵河试验研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
通过模型试验对泥石流入汇主河后堵塞坝形成过程以及堵塞坝体溃决后主河河床形态特征进行了研究。实验历时3个月,共13组试验。在支主沟交汇角为90°的情况下,通过改变支沟泥石流容重、支主沟的流量比和动量比,建立了泥石流堵河的判别公式,当r>1 001.16时容易发生堵河现象,并对培龙沟两次泥石流堵河事件进行了判定;定义了主河的束窄率S与主河流速变异系数Fv,并发现了主河的束窄率与支主沟动量比之间存在线性关系;主河稳定后的平均宽度与流速变异系数之间存在幂的关系。该实验能够较好地模拟泥石流堵塞坝形成的过程,结果比较合理,并为泥石流灾害的防治提供了相应的理论基础。 相似文献
11.
公路弃渣泥石流物源集中,弃渣类型是泥石流成灾机制的重要影响因素。砂岩类弃渣中粘粒含量小,膨胀性较弱,弃渣体内水体排泄通畅,不利于孔隙水压的保持,相比灰岩类弃渣自身稳定性高;但在暴雨作用下,弃渣体内水分增加大于排泄,易造成弃渣体的崩滑起动,形成小型的泥石流,多形成稀性泥石流;灰岩类弃渣中粘粒的膨胀性较高,弃渣体孔隙水压易增大,渣土体的稳定性差,在暴雨作用下,弃渣中的土体易膨胀液化、滑移起动,多形成粘性泥石流;灰岩类弃渣泥石流规模大于砂岩类弃土。本文从弃渣物理性质指标、力学特征等研究泥石流成灾机制,并致力于将成果应用到公路弃土场设计和防灾减灾领域。 相似文献
12.
Tjalling de Haas Wilco van den Berg Lisanne Braat Maarten G. Kleinhans 《Sedimentology》2016,63(6):1596-1619
Alluvial fans develop their semi‐conical shape by quasi‐cyclic avulsions of their geomorphologically active sector from a fixed fan apex. On debris‐flow fans, these quasi‐cyclic avulsions are poorly understood, partly because physical scale experiments on the formation of fans have been limited largely to turbidite and fluvial fans and deltas. In this study, debris‐flow fans were experimentally created under constant extrinsic forcing, and autogenic sequences of backfilling, avulsion and channelization were observed. Backfilling, avulsion and channelization were gradual processes that required multiple successive debris‐flow events. Debris flows avulsed along preferential flow paths given by the balance between steepest descent and flow inertia. In the channelization phase, debris flows became progressively longer and narrower because momentum increasingly focused on the flow front as flow narrowed, resulting in longer run‐out and deeper channels. Backfilling commenced when debris flows reached their maximum possible length and channel depth, as defined by channel slope and debris‐flow volume and composition, after which they progressively shortened and widened until the entire channel was filled and avulsion was initiated. The terminus of deposition moved upstream because the frontal lobe deposits of previous debris flows created a low‐gradient zone forcing deposition. Consequently, the next debris flow was shorter which led to more in‐channel sedimentation, causing more overbank flow in the next debris flow and resulting in reduced momentum to the flow front and shorter runout. This topographic feedback is similar to the interaction between flow and mouth bars forcing backfilling and transitions from channelized to sheet flow in turbidite and fluvial fans and deltas. Debris‐flow avulsion cycles are governed by the same large‐scale topographic compensation that drives avulsion cycles on fluvial and turbidite fans, although the detailed processes are unique to debris‐flow fans. This novel result provides a basis for modelling of debris‐flow fans with applications in hazards and stratigraphy. 相似文献
13.
坡面土体的崩塌活动是泥石流形成的初始过程。为了研究降雨条件下该过程中蕴含的随机性,选择典型泥石流源地坡面进行人工降雨实验,观测坡面径流和坡面土体活动特征。结果表明：坡面径流的产生与坡面土体的供给是2个相对独立的过程;坡面产流过程在时间上具有连续性,空间上具有均匀性,规模上具有稳定性;即使是在恒定的降雨强度条件下,泥石流的源地土体活动也表现为一个离散的土体崩塌序列,具有时间上的间歇性、空间上的聚集性、规模上的随机性,且在时间上服从泊松分布,在规模上服从规模-频率的幂率关系;坡面的水土过程是不完全同步的,泥石流的形成依赖于坡面土体补给的时间、空间和规模分布,这也决定了泥石流阵流的多变和流量的涨落。建立基于土体活动特征的随机性补给模型,结合分布式水文模型,是建立科学的泥石流预报模型的有效方法。 相似文献
14.
Properties of debris flow deposits and source materials compared: implications for debris flow characterization 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In the Alps, debris flow deposits generally contain <5% clay‐size particles, and the role of the surface‐charged <2 μm particles is often neglected, although these particles may have a significant impact on the rheological properties of the interstitial fluid. The objective of this study was to compare debris flow deposits and parent materials from two neighbouring catchments of the Swiss Alps, with special emphasis on the colloidal constituents. The catchments are small in area (4 km2), 2·5 km long, similar in morphology, but different in geology. The average slopes are 35–40%. The catchments were monitored for debris flow events and mapped for surface aspect and erosion activity. Debris flow deposits and parent materials were sampled, the clay and silt fractions extracted and the bulk density, <2 mm fraction bulk density, particle size distribution, chemical composition, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and mineralogy analysed. The results show that the deposits are similar to the parent screes in terms of chemical composition, but differ in terms of: (i) particle size distribution; and (ii) mineralogy, reactivity and density of the <2 mm fraction. In this fraction, compared with the parent materials the deposits show dense materials enriched in coarse monocrystalline particles, of which the smallest and more reactive particles were leached. The results suggest that deposit samples should not be considered as representative of source or flow materials, particularly with respect to their physical properties. 相似文献
15.
浙江省地形复杂,山地面积大,暴雨频繁,尤其近年来受台风影响,泥石流等山地灾害频发。本文通过浙江省泥石流的调查成果,综合分析区内泥石流发育特征。通过分析,浙江泥石流主要有如下独特的发育特征:沟床比降大,相对高差小,两侧山坡坡度大,流程短,流域面积小等;地质构造上:泥石流主要发育在全-强风化的火山碎屑岩区域,沿深大断裂成带状分布;泥石流三区特征:三区分界不明显,尤其流通区和堆积区难以区分等。本文初次系统分析总结了浙江省泥石流发育特征,对浙江省泥石流形成机理、泥石流防灾减灾等的进一步分析研究提供了科学的依据。 相似文献
16.
The Wenchuan earthquake induced large amounts of debris flows and catastrophic incidents triggered by subsequent rainstorms occurred frequently in the past 6 rainy seasons, and thus resulted in serious casualties, huge economic loss and long-term impact. In this paper, post-seismic debris flows distributed in 10 Wenchuan earthquake extremely stricken counties were verified and debris flow database consisting of 609 debris flows was established based on detailed investigation organized by Land and Resources Department of Sichuan Province. Combined with database and related studies, the impact of Wenchuan earthquake on debris flows was analyzed. And then variation of formation conditions including rainfall threshold and landform condition was analyzed by contrasting pre-seismic and post-seismic debris flows. Followed are some typical viewpoints on initiation mechanism of post-seismic debris flows. In the end of this paper, characteristics of postseismic debris flows triggered by subsequent rainstorms were comprehensively summarized, such as regional group occurrence, high frequency, high viscosity, chain effect, huge dynamics, large scale and long duration. We hope this paper will be helpful in understanding the formation mechanism, disaster characteristics and prevention countermeasures of post-seismic debris flows in Wenchuan earthquake extremely stricken areas. 相似文献
17.
甘肃舟曲三眼峪沟泥石流的形成条件与发展趋势 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
2010年8月8日,舟曲县城北侧三眼峪沟和罗家峪沟暴发的特大山洪泥石流,给舟曲县城人民生命财产造成了巨大损失。本文基于现场调查,分析了三眼峪沟泥石流的形成条件和未来泥石流的发展趋势。调查发现,独特的地形条件、极其丰富的固体物质储备和极端降雨条件,导致了"8.8"特大泥石流灾害。崩塌堆积体是三眼峪沟泥石流固体物质的最主要来源,受"8.8"泥石流的影响,沟内堆积物的稳定性进一步降低,一旦有强降雨发生,该沟很可能再次发生泥石流,并且泥石流的规模和活动性可能进一步增强。 相似文献
18.
以往研究表明,泥石流流速在沟道横断面上分布不均,但目前尚无理论依据,国内现行相关规范暂时建议在泥石流拦挡坝、排导槽等防治工程设计时,流速、荷载按均布考虑,这与实际的受荷情况有所差别,从而导致防治工程局部稳定性偏小,极易发生工程失效。为此,基于冲淤平衡原理、流体均质假设及沟道横断面形状的合理简化,结合雨洪修正法与形态断面法相关原理,演绎了沟道横断面任意位置流速计算公式的推导过程,并获取了泥石流流速的横向分布的非线性特征。通过四川省地震灾区理县甲司口沟泥石流防治工程的实例分析,发现横向上泥石流的中泓线流速与两侧流速相差达到300%。据此对拦砂坝进行了结构优化设计,在确保功能的前提下,提高了坝体稳定性系数约20%,节约了工程造价约5%。 相似文献
19.
The existence of a small population of ‘relict rock glaciers’ scattered across the main British mountain areas has previously been inferred from published cases of individual sites or local clusters. Discrete debris accumulations (DDAs) of widely differing character have been identified as ice‐debris landforms (whether ‘rock glaciers’ or ‘protalus lobes’) partly from morphological, sedimentological and topo‐locational evidence, but principally by analogy with both active and relict examples in present‐day arctic/alpine environments, with consequent palaeoclimate inferences. However, re‐interpretation of several supposed rock glaciers as rock slope failures has cast doubt on both the palaeoclimatic reconstructions and the origin of the remaining features. Issues of polygenesis and mimicry/equifinality have contributed to some previous misidentifications. We re‐evaluate the 28 candidate cases based on new field and image‐analysis evidence and place them on a continuum from no ice presence through passive ice presence and glacial shaping to emplacement onto glacier ice with consequent melt‐out topography. A null hypothesis approach (that there are no relict rock glaciers in the British mountains) is pursued, and the evidence indicates that none of the 28 cases clearly warrants classification as a relict rock glacier; their characteristics can be explained without recourse to any significant forward debris movement controlled or facilitated by incorporated or underlying ice as it deforms and melts out. However, only one‐third of the candidate DDAs are attributed in whole or part to rock slope failure (sensu stricto), with other debris sources including incremental rockfall, bedrock knolls with coarse debris veneer, protalus rampart and moraine. A few cases deserve more detailed investigation of their structure, morphology and sediments within a broader local glaciological/topographical context, with multitemporal/polygenetic evolution in mind. But it is for future researchers to demonstrate that deforming ice played an incontestable part in shaping these often enigmatic DDAs, given that other causes are simpler and commoner. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
20.
通过地形地貌、构造特征和地理环境分析,提出了甘肃省甘南舟曲8·8特大泥石流的形成原因,为制定灾区重建方案提供依据。 相似文献