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论过去资料在数值天气预报中使用的理论和方法 总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17
对中国气象学家在数值天气预报中使用过去实况演变资料的理论和方法作卫概要性总结,其中不仅讨论了近期实况演变资料的应用,还了积累数十年的历史资料的应用问题。文中强调要改变对数值预报问题的提法,回顾了由初值问题改为演变问题,再改为反问题的历史。 相似文献
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The results are presented ofmodeling the formation and evolution ofmesoscale convective systems (MCS) accompanied by severe weather events over the territory of the Western Urals by the WRF-ARW numerical model of the atmosphere. Twenty-three cases of mesoscale convective complexes and mesoscale squall lines are considered for 2002-2015. The Terra/Aqua MODIS data, the data of weather radars installed in Perm and Izhevsk, and the data from the Roshydromet observation network were used to verify the model forecasts. It is demonstrated that the parameters of MCS intensity are simulated by the model with high reliability; however, the quality of the forecast of the spatial position of MCS is unsatisfactory in most cases. It is revealed that the model grid spacing strongly affects the forecast skill scores. In some cases the model successfully simulates the formation and evolution of MCS accompanied by severe weather events and can be used for their short-range forecast with the time accuracy of ±(1-2) hours. 相似文献
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利用2011年1月—2013年3月在贵州开展导线覆冰自动观测试验获取的观测资料,分析了覆冰过程演变及其气象条件变化特征,提出一次完整的导线覆冰过程包括覆冰开始、增长、维持、减弱、消融5个阶段,并得到覆冰过程的气象条件判别指标;基于导线覆冰理论模型的改进并结合气象条件判别,建立了基于过程判别的雨雾凇导线覆冰气象模式,应用该模式对观测获取的多个导线覆冰过程进行数值模拟检验。结果表明:模式能够模拟自然环境下覆冰的增长,并能够正确模拟出覆冰的减弱、消融,模拟过程覆冰质量变化的最大相对误差小于20%。该模式具有较完整的理论基础和计算方案,主要以常规气象观测要素为输入,能够计算输出覆冰全过程逐小时覆冰质量、覆冰厚度及覆冰密度变化,具有较大的应用前景。 相似文献
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Seasonal Variation of the Meridional Wind in the Temperate Jet Stream and Its Relationship to the Asian Monsoon 
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下载免费PDF全文 The features of the temperate jet stream including its location, intensity, structure, seasonal evolution and the relationship with the Asian monsoon are examined by using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. It is indicated that the temperate jet stream is prominent and active at 300 hPa in winter over the region from 45°-60°N and west of 120°E. The temperate jet stream is represented by a ridge area of high wind speed and dense stream lines in the monthly or seasonal mean wind field, but it .corresponds to an area frequented by a large number of jet cores in the daily wind field and exhibits a distinct boundary that separates itself with the subtropical jet. A comparison of the meridional wind component of the temperate jet stream with that of the subtropical jet shows that the northerly wind in the temperate jet stream is stronger than the southerly component of the subtropical jet, which plays an important role in the temperate jet stream formation and seasonal evolution, and thus the intensity change of the meridional wind component can be used to represent the temperate jet stream＇s seasonal variation. Analysis of the temperature gradient in the upper troposphere indicates that the temperate jet stream is accompanied by a maximum zonal temperature gradient and a large meridional temperature gradient, leading to a unique jet stream structure and particular seasonal evolution features, which are different from the subtropical jet. The zonal temperature gradient related to the land-sea thermal contrast along the East China coastal lines is responsible for the seasonal evolution of the temperate jet. In addition, there exists a coordinated synchronous change between the movement of the temperate jet and that of the subtropical jet. The seasonal evolution of the meridional wind intensity is closely related to the seasonal shift of the atmospheric circulation in East Asia, the onset of the Asian summer monsoon and the start of Meiyu in the Yangtze and Huaihe River Valleys, and it correlates well with summer and wint 相似文献
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Bernd Schönwald 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1978,15(4):453-464
A useful method for remote sensing of vertical temperature profiles in the atmospheric boundary layer is described. From angular measurements of brightness temperature at 58 GHz, profiles have been inferred up to an altitude of 700 m. Calculations were done with an iterative inversion procedure (Smith et al., 1972) using Twomey-type smoothing (Twomey, 1963). It is shown how an initial-guess profile can be directly derived from the radiation measurements using, a nomogram. 相似文献
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1998年夏季中日合作开展了淮河流域能量与水分循环试验（HUBEX），该试验和GAME其他试验的探空加密观测资料作为原始资料的一部分经过同化分析，得到了GAME再分析资料。该文就是以1998年6～8月我国江淮地区的天气过程为背景，对GAME和NCEP两组不同的再分析资料的基本要素场、导数场、降水量场和地面通量场用气候诊断和统计的方法进行了对比分析。结果表明，在对流层低层和中高层GAME再分析资料的基本要素场及地面的降水场和通量场较NCEP再分析资料更为准确；GAME再分析资料能很好地反映出西南涡东移并影响江淮大暴雨的重要天气特征，而NCEP资料则反映不出这一现象。同时还得到，GAME再分析资料优于NCEP再分析资料的主要原因是GAME的资料同化系统中加入了包括HUBEX等气象科学试验的探空加密观测资料。因此，该文证实了GAME的外场加密观测试验—HUBEX等开展的必要性，说明增加观测资料的时空分辨率对于提高我国天气气候的预报准确率具有重要意义。 相似文献
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Air quality model performance evaluation 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Summary This paper reviews methods to evaluate the performance of air quality models, which are tools that predict the fate of gases and aerosols upon their release into the atmosphere. Because of the large economic, public health, and environmental impacts often associated with the use of air quality model results, it is important that these models be properly evaluated.A comprehensive model evaluation methodology makes use of scientific assessments of the model technical algorithms, statistical evaluations using field or laboratory data, and operational assessments by users in real-world applications. The focus of the current paper is on the statistical evaluation component. It is important that a statistical model evaluation exercise should start with clear definitions of the evaluation objectives and specification of hypotheses to be tested. A review is given of a set of model evaluation methodologies, including the BOOT and the ASTM evaluation software, Taylors nomogram, the figure of merit in space, and the CDF approach. Because there is not a single best performance measure or best evaluation methodology, it is recommended that a suite of different performance measures be applied. Suggestions are given concerning the magnitudes of the performance measures expected of good models. For example, a good model should have a relative mean bias less than about 30% and a relative scatter less than about a factor of two.In order to demonstrate some of the air quality model evaluation methodologies, two simple baseline urban dispersion models are evaluated using the Salt Lake City Urban 2000 field data. The importance of assumptions concerning details such as minimum concentration and pairing of data are shown. Typical plots and tables are presented, including determinations of whether the difference in the relative mean bias between the two models is statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. 相似文献
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一次高原涡和西南涡作用下强降水的回波结构和演变分析 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
2009年7月30—31日,青藏高原东侧背风坡发生了一次持续性强降水过程。在高原涡和西南涡相继出现并相互作用的天气环境中,四川盆地内生成了3个中尺度对流系统。使用新一代天气雷达组网的反射率因子,美国环境预报中心(NCEP)再分析资料,以及热带测雨卫星搭载的测雨雷达(TRMM PR)反射率因子,可以得到这次暴雨的发展演变及其三维结构特征。通过与TRMM PR探测资料的对比验证,地基组网雷达的结果与其非常一致,基本能反映出对流系统的演变全貌,而在高原和山区地基雷达缺测的区域,测雨雷达探测资料可以做为补充。分析表明,降水落区的低层正涡度和水汽辐合上升与高层负涡度和水汽辐散相配合,是触发暴雨的有利条件。第1个降水系统位于高原涡东南侧,随着高原涡的移动衰亡移出盆地并最终消散,降水系统和高原涡在时间上有滞后相关,二者移动速度的突变较为一致;第2和第3个降水系统在西南涡出现的时段强烈发展,在局地停留维持并打通成为一条沿山脉走向的贯穿整个盆地的混合降水回波带,在西南涡发展至成熟阶段给四川盆地南部带来最大小时降水,降水系统和西南涡的相关无论在强度还是移速上都非常显著。在复杂的地形条件下,青藏高原和四川盆地相接处,降水云团的0℃层高度并未随地表发生明显变化,但降水云团进入盆地后,低于0℃层高度的降水粒子融化变为液相,使得云团从对流型降水变为分层结构的层云降水。 相似文献
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A. P. Viola I. Petenko G. Mastrantonio S. Argentini V. Bezverhnii 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1999,70(3-4):133-140
Summary The behaviour of the wind field at the confluence zone of Terra Nova Bay during a transition period from winter to summer
is considered. To explain some observed features the influence of diurnal variations are considered to integrate and complete
the analysis based on annual and seasonal variations. Diurnal variations in the buoyancy difference between two main air masses
coming from the Revees and Priestley glaciers are assumed to contribute to diurnal alteration of the wind direction at the
Nansen ice sheet. The data recorded at three automatic weather stations (AWS) available that period are analysed. Using the
wavelet analysis procedure, it is shown that the contribution of one-day variations of some basic meteorological parameters
and their gradients (in particular of temperature and pressure) is important and comparable with synoptic ones. On the base
of the diurnal variations some aspects of the local circulation have been explained. The basis for the further studies related
to the evolution of katabatic winds in this area are also presented.
Received August 3, 1998 Revised March 12, 1999 相似文献
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该文给出了热带气旋暖心垂直倾斜度参数FTC-VGP(TC vertical gradient parameter) 的定义。使用卫星微波遥感的温度垂直分布以及热带气旋最佳路径数据等资料,对2009—2011年典型热带气旋的暖心垂直倾斜度进行计算,并研究其与气旋强度变化的关系。结果表明:暖心垂直倾斜度参数FTC-VGP变化与气旋自身强度变化有较好的对应性,该参数的变化能够明显地指示气旋强度增强、减弱以及强度突变, 能够指示环境场变化 (冷空气侵入) 等;其与气旋强度变化的周期不同,在强度增强或减弱阶段,倾斜度参数是经过快速适应性调整才完成了对热带气旋变化过程的贡献。因此,FTC-VGP参数的计算和研究结果实现了对于热带气旋内部三维结构特征的定量描述,可以准确把握热带气旋强度和变化趋势,并对热带气旋的监测、预报具有一定业务参考价值。 相似文献
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2013年5月14—16日江西暴雨过程成因及非常规资料特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用常规观测资料、NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°再分析资料、风廓线雷达、GPS/MET可降水量等非常规资料,对2013年5月14—16日江西区域性暴雨的成因进行了分析。结果表明:1)此次暴雨过程较强的动力条件和水汽条件是在高空低槽、中低层切变线、西南急流、低涡的共同作用下形成的。2)低层暖湿气流与高层干冷空气的配置有利于热力不稳定能量积聚;稳定度(θse500-850)密集区有利于激发中尺度对流云团发生发展;较强的垂直风切变对不稳定能量的释放和对流性暴雨的产生起到了触发的作用。3)风廓线雷达监测的超低空西南急流脉动与下风方地区的强降水相对应;该雷达监测的中低层风场特征对辅助分析天气尺度系统演变有一定的参考;风廓线雷达特征表现的强信噪比、较大的垂直向下运动与本站的强降水对应。4)强降水落区基本与可降水量(PWV)等值线密集带相对应;最大雨强常在可降水量值达到最高点之后1—3 h出现;在降水出现前站点的PWV值增幅越大,上升至高位值后维持时间越长,同时又有动力触发,对应该站点降水量也越大。 相似文献
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探空、地面及卫星资料反演水汽含量的比较 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用探空、地面等常规探测资料及卫星遥感资料计算了我国中西部地区2007年6月—2008年5月间水汽含量的空间分布和时间演变,结果显示:由探空资料计算的整层大气水汽含量的空间变化,总体形势是,纬度低的地区水汽含量多,纬度高的地区水汽含量少;各探空站上空水汽分布的季节演变规律比较一致,夏季水汽含量最大,冬季最小,春秋季节基本相当。根据探空资料建立地面水汽压与大气总水汽量的经验关系,利用地面站资料确定水汽分布,与同时次探空站资料估算的水汽场相比,两者分布趋势基本一致。利用FY-2C卫星的可见光和红外分裂窗通道资料,建立反演大气水汽含量的回归关系式,与探空资料计算的结果相比,总体上变化趋势较一致。 相似文献
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Cornelia Schwierz Christof Appenzeller Huw C. Davies Mark A. Liniger Wolfgang Müller Thomas F. Stocker Masakazu Yoshimori 《Climatic change》2006,79(1-2):31-63
The tasks of providing multi-decadal climate projections and seasonal plus sub-seasonal climate predictions are of significant societal interest and pose major scientific challenges. An outline is presented of the challenges posed by, and the approaches adopted to, tracing the possible evolution of the climate system on these various time-scales. First an overview is provided of the nature of the climate system’s natural internal variations and the uncertainty arising from the complexity and non-linearity of the system. Thereafter consideration is given sequentially to the range of extant approaches adopted to study and derive multi-decadal climate projections, seasonal predictions, and significant sub-seasonal weather phenomena. For each of these three time-scales novel results are presented that indicate the nature (and limitations) of the models used to forecast the evolution, and illustrate the techniques adopted to reduce or cope with the forecast uncertainty. In particular, the contributions (i) appear to exemplify that in simple climate models uncertainties in radiative forcing outweigh uncertainties associated with ocean models, (ii) examine forecast skills for a state-of-the-art seasonal prediction system, and (iii) suggest that long-lived weather phenomena can help shape intra-seasonal climate variability. Finally, it is argued, that co-consideration of all these scales can enhance our understanding of the challenges associated with uncertainties in climate prediction. 相似文献
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在传统的气象资料质量控制技术中,通常利用统计方法设置控制界限,对于界限以外的资料作为可疑值被标注或作为错误值而被剔除。文中以中国1971~2000年700多基准基本站中,气温极端事件———青海托托河站1985年10月~1986年3月的极端异常月平均气温为例,介绍了极端异常气象资料的综合性质量控制方法。通过综合性质量控制与分析,即参考Metadata、邻近站检验、不同观测项目间的一致性检查,均证明托托河站1985年10月~1986年3月极端异常月平均气温资料是正确的。从而说明,利用界限控制检查出的所谓错误资料,虽然在统计学意义上很难出现,但是它有可能反映了异常极端的天气气候事件,是正确的。因此,对于极端异常的气象资料,应进一步通过综合性质量控制,分析该资料正确与否,从而保留极端天气气候事件的事实。文中最后介绍了中国1971~2000年700多基准基本站极端异常月平均气温资料的综合性质量检查结果。 相似文献
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把斜压气流中的短波槽看成波包，并把波包作为准地转模式的初值进行研究，发现波包的结构对其演变有重要影响，初始阶段急流轴下面向西倾斜的波包能够获得较快的发展，而向东倾斜的波包则是衰减的，这与ＷＫＢＪ方法得出的结论［１］是一致的，但是无论西倾还是东倾的波包，除了其自身随时间的演变外，还会激发出斜压不稳定波动，而且随着扰动的发展，不稳定斜压波会逐步在扰动中占主导地位。由此可以解释某些中纬度气旋的发生发展问题。 相似文献
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