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1.
T. Yellappa N. V. Chalapathi Rao T. R. K. Chetty 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2010,75(4):632-643
Occurrence of two lamproitic dykes intruding the basement granite near Khadka village at the northern margin of the Indravati
Basin, Bastar craton is reported. Combined field, microscopy, XRD, EPMA and whole-rock geochemical investigations reveal that
these lamproites were subjected to high degree of hydrothermal alteration as well as possible metamorphism. However, relicts
of their original textures are well-preserved thereby providing important clues as to the nature of the protolith. Quartz,
carbonate, chlorite and phlogopite constitute the bulk mineralogy whereas spinel, apatite and iron oxides are the accessory
phases. Chemical composition of the groundmass spinels are strikingly similar to those from the lamproites. The Khadka lamproite
dykes display high abundances of compatible elements such as Ni (238–396 ppm), Cr (484–892 ppm), and V (160–200 ppm) as well
as high-field strength elements such as Zr (719–2057 ppm) and Nb (92–126 ppm) that resemble those in lamproites. Khadka lamproites
also have high whole-rock REE abundances (ΣREE up to 1260 ppm) and display fractionated chondrite-normalized REE patterns
(La/Yb= 113–237) which together with their average compatible and incompatible trace elemental ratios (e.g. Nb/Zr, Nb/La,
Ba/Rb) are strikingly similar to those of the Mesoproterozoic Krishna lamproites of the Eastern Dharwar craton. Available
field evidences suggest the Khadka lamproites to be of at least Palaeoproterzoic age (1.88 Ga) which makes them some of the
oldest such rocks as yet documented from the Indian shield. 相似文献
2.
Mineralogical and geochemical alteration of low-grade metamorphic black slates due to oxidative weathering 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Cornelius Fischer Christian Schmidt Reinhard Gaupp 《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2009,69(2):127-183
Low-grade metamorphic black slates of Silurian and Lower Devonian ages (from the Thüringisches Schiefergebirge in Germany) were investigated to identify mineralogical and geochemical alterations that occur during the oxidative weathering black slates.The slates exhibit an intense total organic carbon decrease (>90 wt%) due to oxidative weathering. The organic matter in black slate consists mainly of non-pyrolysable material with only minor portions of pyrolysable material. In contrast to the non-pyrolysable organic matter, the concentration of pyrolysable organic matter is not decreased during weathering. Heating experiments have yielded information about a potential protection of pyrolysable organic matter against weathering, which is probably caused by a structural configuration or the intergrowth of organic matter and illite.The slates consist mainly of illite. Iron oxide (goethite) and phosphate encrustations were formed on slate surfaces as a result of oxidative and acid weathering of both iron sulfide and monazite. Kaolinite often occurs as an older encrustation beneath the iron oxide encrustations. Encrustations of iron oxide and phosphate are major sinks for trace elements, released during oxidative weathering. 相似文献
3.
The Ordovician-Lower Carboniferous sequence of slightly metamorphosed gray carbonate-terrigenous rocks contains the Silurian
black cherty shales enriched in carbon (6–9%), pyrite (6–7%), and uranium (∼30 ppm). The uranium ore is localized at the pinch-out
of areal and linear zones of the Early Permian supergene (exogenic) oxidation of rocks expressed in reddening (hematitization).
U, As, Sb, Cu, Ni, Mo, and Ag have been removed from the oxidized black shales and concentrated in the cementation zone in
form of pitchblende and sulfides in wall-rock disseminations and veinlets largely hosted in carbonate-bearing rocks. In the
Late Permian, during deposition of the upper Rotliegende and Zechstein, the fractures in the basement were filled with carbonates
and sulfates; uranium was partly redeposited along with enrichment in Pb and Zn. Mesozoic and Cenozoic supergene processes
altered uranium ore insignificantly. 相似文献
4.
M. A. Yudovskaya V. V. Distler N. V. Rodionov A. V. Mokhov A. V. Antonov S. A. Sergeev 《Geology of Ore Deposits》2011,53(1):27-57
The formation conditions and age of the Sukhoi Log gold deposit are considered on the basis of new isotopic-geochemical data.
The U-Pb isotopic study of zircon and monazite from high-grade ore and host black slates at the Sukhoi Log deposit was carried
out with SIMS technique using a SHRIMP II instrument. Two generations of monazite are distinguished on the basis of optical
and scanning electron microscopy, cathodoluminescence, and micro X-ray spectroscopy. Monazite I is characterized by black
opaque porphyroblasts with microinclusions of minerals pertaining to metamorphic slates and structural attributes of pre-
and synkinematic formation. Monazite II occurs only within the ore zone as transparent crystals practically free of inclusions
and as rims around monazite I. The REE contents are widely variable in both generations. Porphyroblastic monazite I differs
in low U and Th (0.01–0.7 wt % ThO2) contents, whereas transparent monazite II contains up to 4 wt % ThO2. The average weighted U-Pb isotopic age of monazite
I is 650 ± 8.1 Ma (MSWD = 1.6; n = 9) and marks the time of metamorphism or catagenesis. The U-Pb age estimates of synore monazite II cover the interval of
486 ± 18 to 439 ± 17 Ma. Zircons of several populations from 0.5 to 2.6 Ga in age are contained in the ore. Most detrital
zircon grains have porous outer rims composed of zircon and less frequent xenotime with numerous inclusions of minerals derived
from slates. The peaks of 206Pb/238U ages in the most abundant zircon populations fall on 570 and 630 Ma and correspond to the age of newly formed metamorphic
mineral phases. The discordant isotopic ages indicate that the U-ThPb isotopic system of ancient detrital zircons was disturbed
470–440 Ma ago in agreement with isotopic age of monazite II and the Rb-Sr whole -rock isochron age of black slates (447 ±
6 Ma). The new data confirm the superimposed character of the gold-quartz-sulfide mineralization at the deposit. Black shales
of the Khomolkho Formation of the Bodaibo Synclinorium were affected by metamorphism over a long period; the peaks of metamorphism
and catagenesis are dated at 570 and 650–630 Ma. The high-temperature ore formation was probably related to a hidden granitic
pluton emplaced 450–440 Ma ago, that is, 200 Ma later than the events of greenschist metamorphism. Hercynian granitoid magmatism
(320–270 Ma) did not exert a substantial effect on the U-Th-Pb isotopic system in accessory minerals from the ore and could
not have been a major source of ore-forming fluids. 相似文献
5.
F. H. Mohamed A. M. Moghazi M. A. Hassanen 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2000,88(4):764-777
The Neoproterozoic Dokhan volcanics of the Fatira area in eastern Egypt comprise two main rock suites: (a) an intermediate
volcanic suite, consisting of basaltic andesite, andesite, dacite, and their associated pyroclastic rocks; and (b) a felsic
volcanic suite composed of rhyolite and rhyolitic tuffs. The two suites display well-defined major and trace element trends
and a continuum in composition with wide ranges in SiO2 (54–76%), CaO (8.19–0.14%), MgO (6.96–0.04%), Sr (983–7 ppm), Zr (328–95 ppm), Cr (297–1 ppm), and Ni (72–1 ppm). They are
enriched in LILEs (Rb, Ba, K, Th, Ce) relative to high field strength elements (Nb, Zr, P, Ti) and show strong affinity to
calc-alkaline subduction-related rocks. However, their undeformed character, their emplacement temporally and spatially with
post-orogenic A-type granite, and their high Zr/Y values suggest that their emplacement follow the cessation of subduction
in eastern Egypt in an extensional-related within-plate setting. Major and trace element variations in the intermediate volcanics
are consistent with their formation via partial melting of an enriched subcontinental lithospheric mantle source followed
by a limited low-pressure fractional crystallization of olivine and pyroxene before emplacement. The LILE enrichment relative
to HFSE is attributed to the inheritance of a subduction component from mantle material which constituted the mantle wedge
during previous subduction events in eastern Egypt. The evolution of the whole volcanic spectrum was governed mainly by crystal/melt
fractionation of amphibole, plagioclase, titanomagnetite, and apatite in the intermediate varieties and plagioclase, amphibole,
biotite, Fe–Ti oxides, apatite, and zircon in the felsic varieties. At each stage of evolution, crystal fractionation was
accompanied by variable degrees of crustal contamination.
Received: 28 June 1998 / Accepted: 25 August 1999 相似文献
6.
T. A. Ikonnikova E. O. Dubinina M. R. Saroyan A. V. Chugaev 《Geology of Ore Deposits》2009,51(6):505-512
The relationships between the δ18O of quartz veins and veinlets pertaining to the main stage of gold mineralization at the Sukhoi Log deposit and metasomatically
altered host slates are estimated. The oxygen isotopic composition of veined quartz and host slates is not uniform. The δ18O of quartz veins from the Western, Central, and Sukhoi Log areas of the deposit vary from +16 to + 18 ‰. The δ18O range of metasomatically altered slates in the Western and Sukhoi Log areas attains 6 ‰. The δ18O of quartz veins are always higher than those of host slates by 3–7‰. The regular difference in the δ18O between quartz veins and host slates indicates that the oxygen isotopic composition of the ore-bearing fluid forming the
system of quartz veins and veinlets at the Sukhoi Log deposit could have formed as a result of interaction with silicate rocks,
for instance, terrigenous slates enriched in δ18O. Such interaction, however, took place at deeper levels of the Sukhoi Log deposit. It is suggested that the fluid phase
participating in the formation of the vein and veinlet system had initially high δ18O(>+10‰) due to interaction with the rocks enriched in δ18O at a low fluid/rock ratio. The oxygen isotope data indicate that the fluid participating in the formation of gold mineralization
at the Sukhoi Log deposit was not in equilibrium with igneous rocks at high temperatures. 相似文献
7.
R. V. Fodor 《Mineralogy and Petrology》2000,69(3-4):213-225
Summary ?To enhance the ability to distinguish tholeiitic from alkalic magma parentages by mineral compositions, I determined trace-element
abundances in plagioclase separated from xenolithic gabbros of Mauna Kea volcano. These gabbros have origins in tholeiitic
and alkalic magmas of the Hamakua postshield stage of Mauna Kea volcanism. Chondrite-normalized rare-earth element (REE) patterns
for plagioclase show that highly calcic plagioclase, ≥ An78, from alkalic magma has greater light-REE/heavy-REE (LREE/HREE) ratios than less calcic plagioclase, An64–75, from tholeiitic magma (ratios, 22–33 vs < 20), suggesting that higher LREE/HREE ratios are inherent to plagioclase of alkalic
magmas. However, with compositional evolution (i.e., to lower An), plagioclase REE patterns are of limited use for distinguishing
tholeiitic from alkalic parentage because LREE/HREE ratios within each group increase and overlap in the range of ∼ 20–90.
Sr, Ba, Hf, and Ta can also discern parentages as their abundances in plagioclase largely reflect abundances inherent to their
parental magmas. The best expressions for identifying parentage use Sr abundances (Sr vs An; vs Ce/Yb; vs Sr/Ce), although
Hf, Ba, and Ta abundances vs An and vs Ce/Yb are also useful – the distinctions due to tholeiitic plagioclase having relatively
low Sr (∼ 500–1000 ppm), Ba (< 100 ppm), Hf (< 0.10 ppm), and Ta (< 0.05 ppm). These relationships help to distinguish between
the effects of differentiation on trace-element abundances in plagioclase and their abundances owed to intrinsic concentrations
in their magmas. They create compositional fields for tholeiitic and alkalic parentages that remain graphically separated
even though differentiation may have enriched the plagioclase in incompatible elements.
Received July 22, 1999;revised version accepted December 7, 1999 相似文献
Zusammenfassung ?Plagioklas aus tholeitischen und alkalischen Magmen von Hawaii: Unterscheidung aufgrund von REE, Sr, Ba, Hf und Ta Um die M?glichkeit der Unterscheidung tholeitischer von alkalischer Magmaherkunft durch Mineralzusammensetzungen zu verbessern, habe ich die Spurenelementverteilung in Plagioklasen, die von xenolithischen Gabbros des Mauna Kea Vulkans abgetrennt wurden, untersucht, Diese Gabbros entstammen tholeitischen und alkalischen Magmen des Hamakua “Post-Schild” Stadiums des Mauna Kea Vulkanismus. Chondritisch normalisierte Seltene Erd (SEE) Verteilungs-Muster für Plagioklase zeigen, dass stark kalzische Plagioklase, > An78, aus alkalischen Magmen h?here leichte SEE/schwere SEE (LSEE/HSEE) Verh?ltnisse zeigen, als weniger kalzische Plagioklase, An64–75 aus tholeitischem Magma (Verh?ltniszahlen 22–33 gegenüber < 20). Dies weist darauf hin, dass h?here LSEE/HSEE-Verh?ltnisse typisch für Plagioklase aus alkalischen Magmen sind. Im Zuge der Evolution der Zusammensetzungen (d.h. zu niedrigeren An-Werten hin), sind die SEE Verteilungsmuster von Plagioklasen weniger hilfreich um tholeitische von alkalischer Herkunft zu unterscheiden. Dies ist deshalb so, weil die Verh?ltniszahlen innerhalb jeder Gruppe zunehmen und im Bereich von 20–90 überlappen. Sr, Ba, Hf und Ta k?nnen auch dazu dienen, um die Herkunft der Plagioklase zu definieren, da ihre H?ufigkeit gro?teils auf H?ufigkeiten, die für die Ursprungsmagmen typisch sind, zurückgehen. Die besten Herkunft-Parameter sind die Sr H?ufigkeiten (Sr vs An; vs Ce/Yb; vs Sr/Ce), obwohl die H?ufigkeit von Hf, Ba und Ta gegen An und gegen Ce/Yb auch nützlich sind. Diese Unterscheidungen gehen darauf zurück, dass tholeitische Plagioklase relativ niedrige Sr (∼ 500–1000 ppm), Ba (< 500 ppm) Hf (< 0.10 ppm) und Ta (< 0.5 ppm) führen. Diese Beziehungen erleichtern die Unterscheidung zwischen den Auswirkungen der Differenzierung auf die Spurenelement-Verteilungsmuster in Plagioklasen und auf ihre H?ufigkeiten, die auf die intrisischen Konzentrationen in den Ursprungsmagmen zurückgehen. Sie definieren charakteristische Felder für tholeitische und für alkalische Herkunft, die graphisch separiert bleiben, auch wenn die Gehalte der Plagioklase an inkompatiblen Elementen durch Differenzierung zugenommen haben mag.
Received July 22, 1999;revised version accepted December 7, 1999 相似文献
8.
Luciano Cortesogno Laura Gaggero Alberto Zanetti 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2000,139(4):373-393
SIMS analyses have been carried out on clinopyroxenes, plagioclases and amphiboles of six gabbroic samples from Holes 921–924
of the Ocean Drilling Program Leg 153 sited in the MARK area of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at the ridge–transform intersection,
to investigate the rare earth, trace and volatile element distribution in the lower ocean crust during igneous crystallization
and higher grade metamorphic conditions. The metagabbros underwent granulite to subgreenschist facies conditions through three
main tectono-metamorphic phases: (1) ductile regime (750 < T < 1000 °C and P ≈ 0.3 GPa); (2) transitional regime (600 < T < 700 °C
and P ≈ 0.2 GPa); (3) brittle regime (350 ≤ T < 600 °C and P < 0.2 GPa). Igneous clinopyroxenes show C1-chondrite normalized
patterns depleted in LREE, and nearly flat for HREE. The rare earth and trace element distributions in igneous clinopyroxenes
and plagioclases indicate that these minerals act as REE reservoirs, and comprise the main contribution to the overall rock
content. The abundances in igneous minerals reflect the degree of fractionation of the parent liquids. In metamorphic clinopyroxenes
recrystallized in anhydrous assemblages, the REE and trace elements patterns mimic those of the primary ones. Conversely,
clinopyroxene re-equilibrated in amphibole-bearing assemblages shows a significant increase in REE, Ti, Zr, Y and V, a negative
Eu anomaly, and slight decreases in Sr and Ba. An overall increase of REE and some trace elements is evident in hydrous assemblages,
with preferential partitioning in the amphibole. It shows high Ti (18196–22844 ppm), LREE depleted patterns and LaN/SmN=0.10–0.33, LaN/YbN=0.10–0.30. Amphiboles from granoblastic assemblages show homogeneous patterns with no or a positive anomaly for TiN and negative anomalies for SrN and ZrN. Volatiles in amphibole are low, with Cl/F < 1; H2O% is significantly lower than the stoichiometric ratio (1.33–1.53%). The composition of the clinopyroxene and amphibole recrystallized
in low-strain domains records evidence of incomplete re-equilibration, and element diffusion and partitioning is in part controlled
by the textural site. The possible origins of the fluids involved in the metamorphic recrystallization are discussed: (1)
remobilization from igneous amphibole; (2) exsolution from evolved melts; (3) introduction of seawater-derived fluids modified
in rock-dominated systems; (4) injection of highly evolved hydrous melts during the metamorphic process.
Received: 6 September 1999 / Accepted: 6 March 2000 相似文献
9.
Shao-Yong Jiang Yong-Quan Chen Hong-Fei Ling Jing-Hong Yang Hong-Zhen Feng Pei Ni 《Mineralium Deposita》2006,41(5):453-467
The Lower Cambrian black shale sequence of the Niutitang Formation in the Yangtze Platform, South China, hosts an extreme metal-enriched sulfide ore bed that shows >10,000 times enrichment in Mo, Ni, Se, Re, Os, As, Hg, and Sb and >1,000 times enrichment in Ag, Au, Pt, and Pd, when compared to average upper continental crust. We report in this paper trace- and rare-earth-element concentrations and Pb–Pb isotope dating for the Ni–Mo–PGE–Au sulfide ores and their host black shales. Both the sulfide ores and their host black shales show similar trace-element distribution patterns with pronounced depletion in Th, Nb, Hf, Zr, and Ti, and extreme enrichment in U, Ni, Mo, and V compared to average upper crust. The high-field-strength elements, such as Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, Sc, Th, rare-earth elements, Rb, and Ga, show significant inter-element correlations and may have been derived mainly from terrigenous sources. The redox sensitive elements, such as V, Ni, Mo, U, and Mn; base metals, such as Cu, Zn, and Pb; and Sr and Ba may have been derived from mixing of seawater and venting hydrothermal sources. The chondrite-normalized REE patterns, positive Eu and Y anomalies, and high Y/Ho ratios for the Ni–Mo–PGE–Au sulfide ores are also suggestive for their submarine hydrothermal-exhalative origin. A stepwise acid-leaching Pb–Pb isotope analytical technique has been employed for the Niutitang black shales and the Ni–Mo–PGE–Au sulfide ores, and two Pb–Pb isochron ages have been obtained for the black shales (531±24 Ma) and for the Ni–Mo–PGE–Au sulfide ores (521±54 Ma), respectively, which are identical and overlap within uncertainty, and are in good agreement with previously obtained ages for presumed age-equivalent strata.Editorial handling: R. Coveney Jr. 相似文献
10.
The Losevka pluton of rare-metal albite granite, which was explored as a possible source of columbite-zircon-malacon ore, is composed of quartz, sodic plagioclase, potassium feldspar, annite, protolithionite, lepidomelane, and Li-muscovite. The average chemical composition of this rock is as follows, wt %: 74.14 SiO2, 0.04 TiO2, 14.07 Al2O3, 1.05 Fe2O3, 0.78 FeO, 0.15 MnO, 0.09 MgO, 0.47 CaO, 4.65 Na2O, 4.11 K2O, and 0.03 P2O5. The accessory minerals are zircon, malacon, and cyrtolite (874 ppm); apatite (18 ppm); ilmenite (114 ppm); xenotime and monazite (119 ppm); and Nb-columbite (463 ppm). The black inclusions up to 15 cm in size, which are observed in this granite and called “birthmarks” by local geologists, consist of the same rock-forming minerals as the surrounding granite, but are enriched in MnO, MgO, CaO, TiO2, and F and depleted in SiO2 relative to the light granite. The black granite is also distinguished by much higher Sr and Ba contents and lower La, Rb, Y, Nb, REE, Cs, Ta, Th, and U contents. The black color is caused by enrichment in manganese oxides, manganoilmenite, and Mn-annite. All rock-forming minerals are pervaded by thin veinlets of Mn-oxides. In addition, bastnaesite, Y-and Th-fluorides, zircon, and malacon have been identified. Aggregates of black-colored minerals are not the products of the fractionation of the initial magma or immiscibility effects, because the structure of the albite-potassium feldspar-quartz-mica matrix is the same both in black and light granites. The percolation of a deep-sourced fluid enriched in Mn and F into a granitic melt might be a more probable origin. 相似文献
11.
Trace-element data are presented for the first time for any coal seam in India, across a full working section, based on systematically collected channel samples of coal, together with their maceral composition. The trace-element variation curves along the seam profile are presented together with group maceral compositions of Kargali Bottom, Kargali Top, Kargali, Kathara, Uchitdih, Jarangdih Bottom, Jarangdih, and Jarangdih Top seams, East Bokaro coalfield. The Kathara and Uchitdih seams have also been sampled at two other localities and lateral variation in data in their trace-element and maceral compositions is also evaluated.The East Bokaro coals have: Ba and Sr > 1000 ppm; Mn < 450 ppm; Zr < 400 ppm; Ni and V < 250 ppm; Cr < 185 ppm; La < 165 ppm; Cu, Nb, and B < 125 ppm; Pb, Co and Y < 75 ppm; Ga, Sn, Mo, In and Yb < 15 ppm; Ag 2 ppm; and Ge 7 ppm. Petrographically, the coals are dominant in vitrinite (33–97%), rare in exinite (<15%), and semifusinite (0.8–49%) is the dominant inertinite maceral, with variable mineral and shaly matter (11–30%), graphic representation of trace elements versus vitrinite, inertinite, and coal ash indicates the affinity of (a) vitrinite with Cu, Ni, Co, V, Ga and B; (b) inertinite with Nb and B; and (c) coal ash (mineral matter) with Pb, Cu, Ni, La, Mn and Y; Ba, Cr, Sr, Zr, Cu and Ni are of organic as well as inorganic origins.The trend of the variation patterns and average compositions of the different seams are shown to be distinct and different. The variation along the same profile is inferred to be different for different seams of the coalfield.Trace-element data for certain coals of seams from different coalfields in the Gondwana basins of India are presented. There is a wide difference for each of these basins with respect to certain elements. This is suggestive of the proportions of Cu, Ni, V, Y, Ba, Sr, Cr, B, Zr and Ag, characterizing the different Gondwana Basins. 相似文献
12.
Graphite morphologies from the Borrowdale deposit (NW England,UK): Raman and SIMS data 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
J. F. Barrenechea F. J. Luque D. Millward L. Ortega O. Beyssac M. Rodas 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2009,158(1):37-51
Graphite in the Borrowdale (Cumbria, UK) deposit occurs as large masses within mineralized pipe-like bodies, in late graphite–chlorite
veins, and disseminated through the volcanic host rocks. This occurrence shows the greatest variety of crystalline graphite
morphologies recognized to date from a single deposit. These morphologies described herein include flakes, cryptocrystalline
and spherulitic aggregates, and dish-like forms. Colloform textures, displayed by many of the cryptocrystalline aggregates,
are reported here for the first time from any graphite deposit worldwide. Textural relationships indicate that spherulitic
aggregates and colloform graphite formed earlier than flaky crystals. This sequence of crystallization is in agreement with
the precipitation of graphite from fluids with progressively decreasing supersaturation. The structural characterization carried
out by means of Raman spectroscopy shows that, with the exception of colloform graphite around silicate grains and pyrite
within the host rocks, all graphite morphologies display very high crystallinity. The microscale SIMS study reveals light
stable carbon isotope ratios for graphite (δ
13C = −34.5 to −30.2‰), which are compatible with the assimilation of carbon-bearing metapelites in the Borrowdale Volcanic
Group magmas. Within the main mineralized breccia pipe-like bodies, the isotopic signatures (with cryptocrystalline graphite
being lighter than flaky graphite) are consistent with the composition and evolution of the mineralizing fluids inferred from
fluid inclusion data which indicate a progressive loss of CO2. Late graphite–chlorite veins contain isotopically heavier spherulitic graphite than flaky graphite. This agrees with CH4-enriched fluids at this stage of the mineralizing event, resulting in the successive precipitation of isotopically heavier
graphite morphologies. The isotopic variations of the different graphite morphologies can be attributed therefore, to changes
in the speciation of carbon in the fluids coupled with concomitant changes in the XH2O during precipitation of graphite and associated hydrous minerals (mainly epidote and chlorite). 相似文献
13.
通过野外调研发现,秦岭造山带山阳地区水沟口组黑色岩系主要由黑灰色微晶灰岩、炭质泥板岩、灰白色粘土岩、黑灰色含炭-钙质硅板岩、灰黑色含炭泥质硅板岩及浅红色硅质板岩组成;岩系中磷结核及重晶石纹层常见。采用等离子质谱仪(ICP-MS)方法对岩系的稀土元素及微量元素测定,结果显示岩系中成矿物质含量丰富(如V、Mo、Ni、Ba、Pb、Zn、U、Ag、Cu、Cd、Tl、Bi和Cr等元素的平均含量是地壳丰度的几倍到几十倍),稀土元素和微量元素的含量与磷质、炭质以及钡关系密切;稀土模式曲线基本平行显示其成因相同;泥质和硅质岩类是主要的含矿岩性;不同程度的δEu正异常、中到弱的δCe负异常及相应的稀土、微量元素比值如Ce/La、V/(V+Ni)等指示岩石形成于干燥缺氧环境并有热水物质加入,La/Yb-Ce/La图解及La/Yb-REE图解表明岩系与海相沉积及基性岩成因关系密切。结合岩系的地质特征认为:山阳地区水沟口组黑色岩系形成于被动陆缘的一种干燥缺氧的深水-半深水滞留断陷局限海盆,期间热液(水)活动频繁、低等浮游生物发育,对岩系中矿物质的富集具有非常重要的意义。 相似文献
14.
X射线衍射分析和化学成分研究表明,磷灰石为氟磷灰石,榍石成分中存在着的主要类质同象替代是(Fe~(3+)、Al)+(F,OH)~-=Ti~(4+)+O~(2-)。磷灰石和榍石是碱性辉长岩的REE、Ba、Zr等微量元素的主要载体;它们是在较高氧逸度的条件下结晶的。磷灰石的Sr同位素特征说明形成双龙桥碱性辉长杂岩的物质来源于上地幔。 相似文献
15.
Jurassic Black Shales Facies from Qiangtang Basin (Northern Tibet):Rare Earth and Trace Elements for Paleoceanographic Implications 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
CHEN Lan YI Haisheng TSAI Louis Loung-Yie XU Guiwen DA Xuejuan LIN Andrew Tien-Shun 《《地质学报》英文版》2013,87(2):540-554
The Biluo Co and Amdo 114 station, northern Tibet, cropping out the Early Toarcian and Middle-Late Tithonian (Jurassic) organic-rich black shales, have been a focus to petroleum geologists in discussing their oil-producing potential. This paper first reports the trace elements and rare earth elements to discuss the paleoenvironments, redox conditions and sedimentary mechanisms of those black shales. Both sections exhibit variation in trace element abundances with concentrations <0.1 ppm to 760 ppm, mostly enriched in V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Ba and U. Element ratios of Ni/Co, V/Cr, U/Th and V/(V+Ni) plus U were used to identify redox conditions. The shale-normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns are characterized by the flat-shale type with instable Ce anomalies and very weekly positive Eu anomalies. Positive Ceanom values are significant with values varying between –0.064 and 0.029 in Biluo Co, which may be interpreted as release of REE and input of riverine terrestrial matter with rich Ce (resulting in pH change) during the anoxic conditions. In the middle parts of Amdo 114 station, distinct negative Ceanom values are observed (?0.238 to ?0.111) and associated surface water warming were interpreted as being related to a major sea level rise. In contrast, the formation of the black shales in the lower and upper part of the studied succession took place during a cooler (Ceanom values >–0.10), lower surface water productivity, and lower sea-level stage. Thus, we emphasize the role of different factors that control the formation of local and regional black shales. The most important factors are sea-level fluctuations and increasing productivity. 相似文献
16.
Summary ?Rocks containing braunite from the Ossa-Morena central belt (Iberian Massif, SW Spain) have been studied; these include nodules
and layers of braunite (association I), Mn-slates (association II) and Mn-metatuffs (associations III and IV). Geochemical
features of braunite nodules such as Mn/Fe ratios around 2, positive Ce-anomalies and good correlations among Mn, Fe, Co,
Cu and REE contents indicate that the protolith of the braunite-nodules was precipitated from oxidising sea water. Greenschist
facies Hercynian metamorphism reduced initial Mn4+ to Mn3+ and Mn2+. High initial fO2 of oxide beds (association I) limited reduction to the formation of braunite. Reduction continued until the formation of
garnet + piemontite (associations II and III), and pyroxmangite + pyrophanite (association IV). Ti-rich braunites (up to 6.8%
of TiO2) occur in slates and metatuffs in which the (Mn + Fe)/Ti ratio of the whole rock is lower than 30, while braunites have lower
Ti contents in slates and metatuffs with (Mn + Fe)/Ti ratios around 90. Fe-rich braunite crystallized in rocks with Mn2+ oxide and silicate where low Mn3+/Mn2+ in the whole rock facilitated substitution of Fe3+ for Mn3+.
Received January 30, 2002; revised version accepted May 7, 2002
Published online November 22, 2002 相似文献
17.
In the Ranmal migmatite complex, non-anatectic foliated graniteprotoliths can be traced to polyphase migmatites. Structural–microtexturalrelations and thermobarometry indicate that syn-deformationalsegregation–crystallization of in situ stromatic and diatexiteleucosomes occurred at 800°C and 8 kbar. The protolith,the neosome, and the mesosome comprise quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase,hornblende, biotite, sphene, apatite, zircon, and ilmenite,but the modal mineralogy differs widely. The protolith compositionis straddled by element abundances in the leucosome and themesosome. The leucosomes are characterized by lower CaO, FeO+MgO,mg-number, TiO2 , P2O5 , Rb, Zr and total rare earth elements(REE), and higher SiO2 , K2O, Ba and Sr than the protolith andthe mesosome, whereas Na2O and Al2O3 abundances are similar.The protolith and the mesosome have negative Eu anomalies, butprotolith-normalized abundances of REE-depleted leucosomes showpositive Eu anomalies. The congruent melting reaction for leucosomeproduction is inferred to be 0·325 quartz+0·288K-feldspar+0·32 plagioclase+0·05 biotite+0·014hornblende+0·001 apatite+0·001 zircon+0·002sphene=melt. Based on the reaction, large ion lithophile element,REE and Zr abundances in model melts computed using dynamicmelting approached the measured element abundances in leucosomesfor >0·5 mass fraction of unsegregated melts withinthe mesosome. Disequilibrium-accommodated dynamic melting andequilibrium crystallization of melts led to uniform plagioclasecomposition in migmatites and REE depletion in leucosome. KEY WORDS: migmatite; REE; trace element; partial melting; P–T conditions 相似文献
18.
P. Halbach H.-J. Gursky M. M. Gursky R. Schmidt-Effing W. V. Maresch 《Mineralium Deposita》1992,27(2):153-160
Horizons of several types of Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous manganese nodules occur locally in sequences of radiolarian cherts within the Nicoya Ophiolite Complex (NW Costa Rica). Field studies, X-ray diffraction analysis, petrographic, chemical and experimental studies give evidence of a sedimentary, early diagenetic origin of the nodules, in contrast to earlier suggestions. Smooth, discoidal, compact and very dense nodules with diameters of some mm to 9 cm dominate. They are characterized by braunite, hollandite, pyrolusite and quartz as well as 39–61% Mn, 0.9–1.6% Fe, 5–26% SiO2, 1.3–1.9% A12O3, 1.5–3.0% Ba, 460–5400 ppm Cu, 85–340 ppm Ni and 40–130 ppm Co, among others. It is suggested that the original mineralogy (todorokite?) was altered during thermometamorphic (braunite) and hydrothermal (hollandite, pyrolusite) events. Petrographic similarities between the fossil nodules and modern deep-sea nodules are striking. Using standard hydrothermal techniques in an experimental study it is shown that under special conditions, braunite can be produced from modern nodule material. 相似文献
19.
Volcanic red-bed copper mineralisation related to submarine basalt alteration,Mont Alexandre,Quebec Appalachians,Canada 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Two types of native copper occur in Upper Silurian basaltic rocks in the Mont Alexandre area, Quebec Appalachians: (1) type
1 forms micrometric inclusions in plagioclase and is possibly magmatic in origin, whereas (2) type 2 occurs as coarse-grained
patches rimmed by cuprite in altered porphyritic basalt. Type 1 has higher contents of sulphur (2,000–20,263 ppm) and arsenic
(146–6,017 ppm), and a broader range of silver abundances (<65–2,186 ppm Ag) than type 2 (149–1,288 ppm S, <90–146 As, <65–928 ppm
Ag). No mineral inclusions of sulphide or arsenide in native copper were observed at the electron-microprobe scale. Primary
igneous fabrics are preserved, but the basaltic flows are pervasively oxidised and plagioclase is albitised. Chlorite replaces
plagioclase and forms interstitial aggregates in the groundmass and has Fe/(Fe+Mg) ratios ranging from 0.29 to 0.36 with calculated
temperatures between 155°C and 182°C. Copper sulphides in vacuoles and veinlets are associated with malachite, fibro-radiating
albite and yarrowite (Cu9S8 with up to 0.3 wt% Ag). Bulk-rock concentrations of thallium and lithium range from 70 to 310 ppb and 10 to 22 ppm, respectively,
and thallium is positively correlated with Fe2O3. Such concentrations of thallium and lithium are typical of spilitisation during heated seawater–basalt interaction. Spilitisation
is consistent with the regional geological setting of deepwater-facies sedimentation, but is different from current models
for volcanic red-bed copper, which indicate subaerial oxidation of volcanic flows. The volcanic red-bed copper model should
be re-examined to account for native copper mineralisation in basalts altered by warm seawater. 相似文献
20.
Experiments in which two species of freshwater green algae, Ankistrodesmus sp. and Selenastrum, were cultured in dilute solutions of metals chelated with EDTA reveal massive uptake of U and Ba, but relatively minor uptake of Ni, Co and V. For 2-ppm metal-spiked TBIM culture media at pH 8.1–8.2 and growth durations of 3–21 days at 13–16°C, both species accumulate U and Ba at levels of 1000 to 10,000 ppm by dry weight, representing a concentration factor of up to 5000 times the aqueous metal solute concentration. Uptake was comparable for passage of 100-ml spiked culture media through algal mats over 100 min. For aqueous solute concentrations of 20 ppb Ba, Co, Ni and U the algae adsorbed 3000–4000 ppm U and Ba giving concentration factors up to 200,000. With 40 ppb U, the algae adsorbed 6000 ppm, representing a concentration factor of 150,000. Co and Ni in the algae were present at levels below analytical sensitivity. The Ba aqueous concentration was about equivalent to, and the U concentration 100 times natural marine water abundances. For 2-ppm Co-, Ni- and V-spiked culture media, algal uptake was 40–600 ppm Ni, 17 ppm Co and 12 ppm V, respectively.Given the abundance of algae in both fresh and marine waters, coupled with the known association of plankton with U-rich Black Sea muds, the experimental results may indicate that algae also play a significant role in mediating U and Ba uptake from the hydrosphere. The recorded levels of algal uptake for metals are ～1000 × (U), ～100 × (Ba), ～100 × (Ni), ～20 × (Co), and ～6 × (V), previously reported abundances for “typical” marine plants. 相似文献