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1.
The analytical solutions of the PBL wind distribution under the equilibrium of four forces including both horizontal and vertical advections are obtained in this paper using small parameter method. Utilizing this simple PBL model, we also compute the wind spirals of a certain circular vortex over level ground and over a west-east ranged mountain, respectively. The results show that when there exsits large-scale orographic forcing, vertical advection may exert considerable influence on the wind distribution of PEL, the angle between geostrophic flow and surface wind, and the height of the top of PBL 相似文献
2.
ＴｈｅＩｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｏｆＷｅａｋｌｙ－ＮｏｎｌｉｎｅａｒＶｅｒｔｉｃａｌＡｄｖｅｃｔｉｏｎｏｎｔｈｅＷｉｎｄＦｉｅｌｄｏｆＰＢＬｗｉｔｈＬａｒｇｅ－ＳｃａｌｅＯｒｏｇｒａｐｈｙ①ＷａｎｇＬｉｎｇ（王岭）ａｎｄＸｕＹｉｎｚｉ（徐银梓）Ｄｅｐａｒｔｍ... 相似文献
3.
We compare the results of a local and a nonlocal scheme for vertical diffusion in the atmospheric boundary layer with observations at the 200 m tower at Cabauw. This is done for a 12 h period during daytime on 31 May 1978, which is characterised by strong insolation, clear skies, moderately strong winds and weak advection. The local diffusion scheme uses an eddy diffusivity determined independently at each point along the vertical based on local vertical gradients of wind and virtual potential temperature, similar to the usual approach in atmospheric models. The nonlocal scheme determines an eddy diffusivity profile based on a diagnosed boundary-layer height and a turbulent velocity scale. It also incorporates nonlocal (vertical) transport effects for heat and moisture. The boundary-layer diffusion schemes are forced with the locally observed fluxes for heat and moisture. The outputs of the scheme are compared with the observed mean structure along the Cabauw tower, and the radiosonde profile at a nearby location (De Bilt). Overall, the nonlocal scheme transports moisture away from the surface more rapidly than the local scheme, and deposits the moisture at higher levels. The local scheme tends to saturate the lowest model levels unrealistically in comparison with the observations. We also compare the outputs of the two diffusion schemes with the results of a transilient model simulation. Subsequently, we study the impact on the model behaviour by varying important parameters in both diffusion schemes and we investigate the sensitivity to uncertainty in the environmental conditions. Finally, we study the interaction of the diffusion schemes with a simple surface flux scheme. 相似文献
4.
利用NCEP/NCAR(0.25°×0.25°)逐6 h再分析资料、常规观测资料、多普勒雷达资料对2018年9月19日晚发生在四川盆地东北部的强降水超级单体风暴进行诊断分析。研究表明：此次强降水超级单体风暴发生在较强的不稳定能量、很低的抬升凝结高度、低层深厚湿层、较弱的对流抑制能量及中等到强的垂直风切变的背景条件下,低层冷空气的侵入最终触发了本次过程。在强降水超级单体风暴发展演变过程中,中低层较强垂直风切变的重要作用是产生水平涡管。水平涡管又在上升气流的作用下抬升为垂直涡管,最后产生垂直涡度。而通过对大气垂直涡度方程的分析发现：垂直涡管在随高度增加的上升气流的拉伸作用下,不断加强,致使上升气流更强烈旋转,水平旋转又反过来加强了上升气流。上升气流与水平涡旋持续不断的正反馈机制是形成中气旋的重要原因。 相似文献
5.
边界层特征参数对边界层顶垂直速度的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
本文从正斜压及有层结时的边界层相似理论及阻力定律出发，由边界层顶垂直速度与地面湍应力的关系求出了层结、粗糙度、它们的水平梯度及地转风的水平梯度、斜压性对w的影响的解析式，可用于模式计算。计算结果表明层结影响可使w差1-２个量级，不稳定时粗糙度影响也使w差几倍。除地转涡度决定w外，地转风、层结稳定度和粗糙度及其水平梯度也起了重要作用，还讨论了斜压性的影响。 相似文献
6.
Summary The importance of horizontal and vertical advection of temperature for the Antarctic major stratospheric warming in September
2002 has been investigated, by applying the thermodynamic energy equation to ECMWF temperature and wind data. The analysis,
which is carried out for the one-week period 19–26 September, shows that the large temperature increase in this period in
the polar stratosphere is mainly due to horizontal advection of temperature. In addition, it has been investigated to what
extent the observed temperature increase, as well as the change in the zonal wind, can be simulated with a simple conceptual
model of a moving polar vortex. The model consists of a horizontal, circular vortex whose centre moves with constant meridional
velocity off from the South Pole. The temperature and zonal wind fields are prescribed, stationary and zonally symmetric (relative
to the vortex centre). Despite its simplicity, the model simulates several important aspects of the observations, such as
the zonal-mean temperature increase and zonal-mean zonal wind reversal poleward of 60° S, and the zonal-mean temperature decrease
at middle latitudes. 相似文献
7.
Lukas Siebicke Martina Hunner Thomas Foken 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2012,109(1-2):109-131
Observations of vegetation–atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2) by the eddy covariance (EC) technique are limited by difficult conditions such as nighttime and heterogeneous terrain. Thus, advective flux components are included into the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) budget. However, advection measurements are experimentally challenging and do not always help to solve the night flux problem of the EC technique. This study investigates alternative methods for the observation of horizontal advection, in particular horizontal concentration gradients, as well as different approaches to coordinate rotation and vertical advection. Continuous high-frequency measurements of the horizontal CO2 concentration field are employed and compared to the often used discontinuous sequential sampling. Significant differences were found in the case of 30-min mean concentration values between the conventional discontinuous sampling approach and the complete observation of the time series by continuous sampling. Estimates of vertical advection rely on accurate estimates of vertical wind velocity ( $\emph{w}$ ). Therefore, different approaches to the planar fit coordinate rotation have been investigated. Sector-wise rotation was able to eliminate directional dependencies of mean $\emph{w}$ . Furthermore, the effect of the data set length used for rotation (window length) was investigated and was found to have significant impact on estimates of vertical advection, with larger window lengths yielding about 50% larger vertical advection. A sequential planar fit with controlled window length is proposed to give reproducible results. The different approaches to the measurement and calculation of horizontal and vertical advection presented are applied to data obtained during the exchange processes in mountainous region experiment at the FLUXNET site Waldstein–Weidenbrunnen (DE-Bay). Estimates of NEE including advection are compared to NEE from turbulent and storage flux alone without advection. NEE including vertical advection with sector-wise planar fit rotation and controlled window length and including horizontal advection from continuous gradient measurements, which were comprehensively bias corrected by a new approach, did compare well with the expected night flux error, with meteorological drivers of the fluxes and with soil chamber measurements. Unrealistically large and noisy values of horizontal advection from the conventional discontinuous sampling approach, which lead to unrealistic values of NEE, could be eliminated by the alternative approaches presented. We therefore suggest the further testing of those approaches at other sites in order to improve the accuracy of advection measurements and, subsequently, estimates of NEE. 相似文献
8.
Summary On the basis of Wu and Blumen's work (1982) on the geostrophic momentum approximation (GMA) in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and Tan and Wu (1992, 1994) on the Ekman momentum approximation (EMA) in the PBL, some improvements about the eddy exchange coefficientK, the advective inertial force and the lower boundary condition of the PBL are developed in this paper: (1) apply theK which is a gradually varying function of height instead of a constant value in the Ekamn layer, and introduce a surface layer; (2) take the effect of the vertical advective inertial force into account; (3) the solution technique is extended from level terrain to orographically formed terrain. Under the condition of the equilibrium among four forces (the pressure — gradient force, Coriolis force, eddy viscous force and inertial force including horizontal and vertical advective inertial forces), we have obtained the analytical solutions of the distributions of the wind and the vertical velocity. The computation of an individual example shows that: (1) both the wind velocity near surface and the angle between which and the non-viscous wind are more consistent with usual observations than that of Wu and Blumen (1982); (2) comparing with the horizontal advective inertial force, the vertical advective inertial force can not be neglected, when the orography is considered, the effect of the latter is even more important than the former.With 3 Figures 相似文献
9.
利用气象观测站小时雨量、不同探测手段得到的高空风资料，对2016年7月19—20日华北特大暴雨过程中河北南部降雨不同阶段水平风的垂直变化特征进行分析。结果表明：（1）在河北南部，太行山沿山一带到山前平原、平原东部分布着两片短时强降雨区，而前者强度更强，体现了地形迎风坡对降雨的增幅作用。（2）本次过程中，三种探测手段计算的深层垂直风切变具有一致的变化规律。西部山区和山前平原降雨显著增强阶段，环境风维持强深层垂直风切变，相应的u风差也显著增强，利于迎风坡降雨增强；降雨结束时，深层垂直风切变为弱垂直风切变。（3）强降雨阶段，水平风垂直切变矢量基本上呈现单一方向顺时针切变，且低层风垂直切变较大；降雨结束阶段，水平风垂直切变矢量方向变化复杂。（4）太行山脉高度以下的东风不断增强，最大东风分量达到8～28 m?s-1，利于山区和山前降雨的增强。 相似文献
10.
By use of the small parameter expansion method, the nonlinear planetary boundary layer (PBL) is studied in this paper. The PBL is divided into the surface layer and the Ekman layer, which is divided into several sublayers. In the surface-layer, the eddy coefficient K is taken as a linear function of height; in the Ekman layer, different constant K values are taken within different sublayers: these values are determined from O'Brien's formula (O'Brien, 1970) approximately. Under the upper and lower boundary conditions and the continuity conditions of the wind velocities and turbulent stresses at each boundary between sublayers, analytical expressions for wind velocity in all sublayers and the vertical velocity at the top of the PBL are obtained. A specific example of steady axisymmetrical circular high and low pressure areas is analysed, and some new conclusions are obtained. The results are in better agreement with reality than previous results. This example also shows that the vertical velocity at the top of the PBL caused by friction approaches zero near the center of a high or low pressure system for this model, but attains its maximum absolute values near the center of the high or low pressure area for Wu's (1984) model. This is due to the fact that in our model, the geostrophic wind speed near the center of this specific vortex approaches zero, which causes the wind shear and the friction effect to be very weak. Therefore the wind distribution in the PBL is very sensitive to the type of eddy coefficient. 相似文献
11.
Gary K. Greenhut 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1981,20(1):75-100
The momentum flux data obtained by the gust probe aboard the NOAA DC-6 aircraft during GATE are analyzed. Vertical profiles are obtained for Phases I and III and correlated with vertical wind velocity profiles using the geostrophic departure method. Reasonable agreement is obtained using the horizontal equations of motion with negligible advective acceleration. The vertical profiles of momentum flux and wind speed variance compare well with the numerical model results of Deardorff (1972) and Wyngaard et al. (1974). Vertical distributions of power spectra for vertical eddy motion and cospectra corresponding to the momentum flux components are obtained along with the height variation of the dominant length scales of vertical eddy motion and the dissipation rate of turbulence kinetic energy. When normalized by mixed-layer similarity, these results agree well with previous determinations in the boundary layer over tropical oceans and over land. 相似文献
12.
The viscous semigeostrophic solutions obtained for the baroclinic Eady wave fronts are analyzed for the generation of the cross-frontal temperature gradient in the boundary layer. In the case of free-slip boundaries, the cross-frontal gradient is maximally generated at the surface by meridional temperature advection. In the case of no-slip boundaries, surface friction reduces the meridional temperature advection in the boundary layer: The maximum generation occurs above the surface layer and the temperature gradient at the surface is maintained by vertical diffusion. The no-slip solution is compared with the Ekman-layer model solution. Errors are quantified for the use of the Ekman-layer model in the mature state of frontogenesis.The surface frontogenesis is found to be affected by diffusivity both directly and indirectly. The direct effect of diffusivity is represented explicitly by the diffusion term in the potential temperature equation. The indirect effect of diffusivity is related implicitly to the temperature advection caused by the viscous part of the ageostrophic motion whose horizontal velocity component is defined by the frictional wind deflection (away from the geostrophy). The direct effect of diffusivity is frontolytical, whilst theindirect effect of diffusivity is frontogenetic in the mesoscale vicinity of the front. The indirect effect of diffusivity contributes dominantly to the mesoscale surface frontogenesis for the free-slip case, but it is offset by the divergence of the dynamic part of the ageostrophic motion at the surface level for the non-slip case. 相似文献
13.
本文利用地转动量近似,并假设气压场为定常的圆形涡旋和初始风场不满足四力平衡(气压梯度力、科里奥利力、湍流粘性力和半地转惯性力)的条件下,求解了正压边界层中风场向气压场调整的初边值问题,得到了一些初步结论。本工作为利用四力平衡下的风速分布来诊断预报边界层风场提供了理论依据。 相似文献
14.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2016,(1)
Statistical analysis of turbulent and gusty characteristics in the atmospheric boundary layer under weak wind period has been carried out.The data used in the analysis were from the multilevel ultrasonic anemometer-thermometers at 47 m,120 m,and 280 m levels on Beijing 325 m meteorological tower.The time series of 3D atmospheric velocity were analyzed by using conventional Fourier spectral analysis and decompose into three parts:basic mean flow(period 10 min),gusty disturbances(1 min period 10 min)and turbulence fluctuations(period 1 min).The results show that under weak mean wind condition:1)the gusty disturbances are the most strong fluctuations,contribute about 60% kinetic energy of eddy kinetic energy and 80% downward flux of momentum,although both the eddy kinetic energy and momentum transport are small in comparison with those in strong mean wind condition;2)the gusty wind disturbances are anisotropic;3)the gusty wind disturbances have obviously coherent structure,and their horizontal and vertical component are negatively correlated and make downward transport of momentum more effectively;4)the friction velocities related to turbulence and gusty wind are approximately constant with height in the surface layer. 相似文献
15.
2019年8月16日渤海北部沿岸出现了一次冷涡背景下的EF1级龙卷。利用营口S波段双偏振多普勒天气雷达探测资料、5 min间隔的地面自动气象站观测资料、盘锦风廓线雷达探测资料及ERA5再分析资料,研究了该龙卷风暴产生的环境条件、龙卷风暴结构特征及龙卷形成的可能物理过程。结果表明:此次龙卷过程发生在500 hPa冷涡主体控制下,低空位于“利奇马”台风残涡西侧水汽输送带内,环境条件表现为弱的风垂直切变和强低层热力不稳定。营口双偏振雷达位于距龙卷发生地15 km处,探测到产生龙卷的微型超级单体钩状回波、下沉反射率核心（DRC）、弱回波洞（WEH）、龙卷残片特征（TDS）等结构。处于消亡阶段雷暴的阵风锋出流向西传播,而营口附近海风锋缓慢东移,两条边界层辐合线相遇加强,在水平切变不稳定的作用下,辐合线上有γ中尺度涡旋形成。辐合线相遇造成的辐合抬升、低层强热力不稳定导致的环境正浮力以及中层中气旋扰动低压共同作用产生强上升气流,γ中尺度涡旋与上升气流叠置,强拉伸作用增强了垂直涡度,可能是低层微尺度气旋形成的关键机制。微尺度气旋直径收缩至最小伴随旋转速度达到最大时刻,对应龙卷生成,中层中气旋与微尺度气旋分离导致龙卷消亡。 相似文献
16.
Yong CHEN Junling AN Yele SUN Xiquan WANG Yu QU Jingwei ZHANG Zifa WANG Jing DUAN 《大气科学进展》2018,35(12):1455-1468
Three-month wind profiles, 260 m PM1 concentrations [i.e., particulate matter (PM) with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 1 μm], and carrier-to-noise ratio data at two Beijing sites 55 km apart (urban and suburban) were collected to analyze the characteristics of low-level nocturnal wind and PM in autumn and winter. Three mountain-plain wind events with wind shear were selected for analysis. The measurements indicated that the maximum wind speeds of the northerly weak low-level jet (LLJ) below 320 m at the suburban site were weaker than those at the urban site, and the LLJ heights and depths at the suburban site were lower than those at the urban site. The nocturnal 140 m mean vertical velocities and the variations in vertical velocity at the urban site were larger than those at the suburban site. A nocturnal breeze with a weak LLJ of ～3 m s-1 noticeably offset nocturnal PM transport due to southerly flow and convergence within the northern urban area of Beijing. Characteristics of the nocturnal LLJ, such as start-up time, structure, intensity, and duration, were important factors in determining the decrease in the nocturnal horizontal range and site-based low-level variations in PM. 相似文献
17.
将2012年5月21日-8月16日广东省湛江市东海岛气象观测站内脉冲激光风廓线仪WINDCUBE V2与气象站内的100 m测风塔进行同步观测试验,在经过观测数据同步性调整、有效性检验和代表性样本筛选基础上,分大小风和有无降雨天气过程,对杯式测风仪、超声风速仪与激光风廓线仪的同步测风数据进行比较,结果显示:脉冲激光风廓线仪与杯式测风仪测量水平风参数的相关性较好,10 min平均风速、风向的线性拟合度均大于0.99,3 s阵风风速的拟合度大于0.96,湍流强度的拟合度大于0.67,风速标准差的拟合度大于0.79;大风情况下,激光风廓线仪对风参数的测量效果更佳。无降雨情况下,激光风廓线仪的测量效果较降雨时略好,10 min降水量小于15 mm的降雨对这款激光风廓线仪的风速、风向、湍流强度、3 s阵风风速的测量没有显著影响,对风速标准差有一定影响。当水平风速增大和有降雨时,激光风廓线仪对垂直速度的测量效果欠佳。该对比分析可为激光风廓线仪观测数据的可靠性提供参考。 相似文献
18.
非线性Ekman层的动力特征 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：8
本文研究了由于非线性平流作用所引起的对于Ekman层内风场及顶部垂直速度的影响。结果表明,非线性作用将减弱Charney与Eliassen所得出的垂直速度的强度,非线性的影响也是随着系统特征的改变而改变的。在本工作中,还将非线性解与地转动量假定下的解加以比较与分析。 相似文献
19.
In this paper, a numerical experiment of the motion in the PBL (planetary boundary layer) is perform-ed with geostrophic momentum approximation, in which a nonlinear eddy transfer coefficient is used. Some results are obtained for the boundary layer winds in cyclone-anticyclone and trough-ridge systems. This treat-ment improves W-B’s work. The effects of geostrophic wind tendency and the advection of the geostrophic wind on the winds in the PBL are also discussed. 相似文献
20.
Summary ?A time-dependent semi-geostrophic Ekman boundary-layer model (SG), including slowly varying eddy diffusivity with height
and inertial term effects, is developed to investigate the diurnal wind variation in the planetary boundary layer (PBL). An
approximate analytical solution of this model is derived by using the WKB method, which extends the Tan and Farahani (1998)’s
solution by including the vertical variable eddy viscosity.
The features of the diurnal wind variation in the PBL mainly depend on three factors: the latitude, horizontal momentum advection
and eddy viscosity. The vertical variable eddy viscosity has little influence on diurnal wind variation in the PBL at the
low latitude, however its effect may be exacerbated in the mid- and high latitudes. In comparing with the constant eddy viscosity
case, the decreasing (increasing) with height eddy viscosity produces a large (small) maximum wind speed (MWS) in the PBL,
however, the eddy viscosity that has a mid-layer peak in the vertical gives rise to a higher height of occurrence of MWS.
For the boundary-layer wind structure, there is a singular point when the modified SG inertial oscillation frequency η equals
the forcing frequency ω. The isotachs of boundary-layer wind speed have almost no tilt to left or right relative to time evolution
and the occurrence time of the MWS is the earliest at the singular point. The feature will be enhanced in the decreasing with
height eddy viscosity case and weakened in the eddy viscosity initially increasing with height case.
Received April 6, 2001; accepted December 27, 2001 相似文献