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1.
Hua‐You Chai Tian‐Bin Li Kok‐Kwang Phoon Elton J. Chen Dian‐Ji Zhang 《Geophysical Prospecting》2017,65(4):992-1003
In the free state, Rayleigh waves are assumed to travel in the form of planar wavefronts. Under such an assumption, the propagation behaviour of the modes of Rayleigh waves in layered half‐spaces is only frequency dependent. The frequency behaviour, which is often termed as dispersion, is determined by the shear wave velocity profile of layered soils within the depth related to wavelength (or frequency). According to this characteristic, the shear wave velocity profile can be back‐analysed from the dispersion. The technique is widely used in the surface wave testing. However, the wavefronts of Rayleigh waves activated by the surface sources are non‐planar. The geometric discrepancy could result in Rayleigh waves manifesting distance‐dependent behaviour, which is referred to as spatial behaviour in this paper. Conventional analysis ignoring this spatial behaviour could introduce unexpected errors. In order to take the effects of sources on the propagation behaviour into account, a new mathematical model is established for Rayleigh waves in layered elastic media under vertical disc‐like surface sources using the thin‐layer method. The spatial behaviour of the activated modes and the apparent phase velocity, which is the propagation velocity of Rayleigh waves superposed by the multiple modes, are then analysed. Aspects of the spatial behaviour investigated in this paper include the equilibrium path, the particle orbit, and the geometric attenuation of the activated Rayleigh waves. The results presented in this paper can provide some guidelines for developing new inverse mathematical models and algorithms. 相似文献
2.
High-frequency surface-wave analysis methods have been effectively and widely used to determine near-surface shear (S) wave velocity. To image the dispersion energy and identify different dispersive modes of surface waves accurately is one of key steps of using surface-wave methods. We analyzed the dispersion energy characteristics of Rayleigh and Love waves in near-surface layered models based on numerical simulations. It has been found that if there is a low-velocity layer (LVL) in the half-space, the dispersion energy of Rayleigh or Love waves is discontinuous and ‘‘jumping’’ appears from the fundamental mode to higher modes on dispersive images. We introduce the guided waves generated in an LVL (LVL-guided waves, a trapped wave mode) to clarify the complexity of the dispersion energy. We confirm the LVL-guided waves by analyzing the snapshots of SH and P–SV wavefield and comparing the dispersive energy with theoretical values of phase velocities. Results demonstrate that LVL-guided waves possess energy on dispersive images, which can interfere with the normal dispersion energy of Rayleigh or Love waves. Each mode of LVL-guided waves having lack of energy at the free surface in some high frequency range causes the discontinuity of dispersive energy on dispersive images, which is because shorter wavelengths (generally with lower phase velocities and higher frequencies) of LVL-guided waves cannot penetrate to the free surface. If the S wave velocity of the LVL is higher than that of the surface layer, the energy of LVL-guided waves only contaminates higher mode energy of surface waves and there is no interlacement with the fundamental mode of surface waves, while if the S wave velocity of the LVL is lower than that of the surface layer, the energy of LVL-guided waves may interlace with the fundamental mode of surface waves. Both of the interlacements with the fundamental mode or higher mode energy may cause misidentification for the dispersion curves of surface waves. 相似文献
3.
Summary Two different viewpoints of the phase velocities of the elastic surface waves in isotropic, laterally inhomogeneous media have led to inconsistent results. Arguments in terms of surface wave modes give the conclusion that the phase velocity is independent of the propagation direction, while the outcome of calculations based on a constructive interference of body waves in a surface layer is that the phase velocity is dependent on the propagation direction. Both arguments are summarized and an error in the calculations giving dependence is pointed out. The calculations and observations of surface wave amplitude changes in laterally inhomogeneous media are also summarized. 相似文献
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5.
基于单相介质中地震波理论的高频面波法已广泛应用于求取浅地表S波的速度.然而水文地质条件表明,普遍的浅地表地球介质富含孔隙.孔隙中充填的流体会显著地影响面波在浅地表的传播,进而造成频散和衰减的变化.本文研究了地震勘探频段内针对含流体孔隙介质边界条件的面波的传播特性.孔隙流体在自由表面存在完全疏通、完全闭合以及部分疏通的情况.孔隙单一流体饱和时,任何流体边界条件下存在R1模式波,与弹性介质中的Rayleigh波类似,相速度稍小于S波并在地震记录中显示强振幅.由于介质的内在衰减,R1在均匀半空间中也存在频散,相速度和衰减在不同流体边界下存在差异.Biot固流耦合系数(孔隙流体黏滞度与骨架渗透率之比)控制频散的特征频率,高耦合系数会在地震勘探频带内明显消除这种差异.介质的迂曲度等其他物性参数对不同流体边界下的R1波的影响也有不同的敏感度.完全闭合和部分疏通流体边界下存在R2模式波,相速度略低于慢P波.在多数条件下,如慢P波在时频响应中难以观察到.但是在耦合系数较低时会显现,一定条件下甚至会以非物理波形式接收R1波的辐射,显示强振幅.浅表风化层低速带存在,震源激发时的运动会显著影响面波的传播.对于接收点径向运动会造成面波的Doppler频移,横向运动会造成面波的时频畸变.孔隙存在多相流体时,中观尺度下不均匀斑块饱和能很好地解释体波在地震频带内的衰减.快P波受到斑块饱和显著影响,R1波与快P波有更明显关联,与完全饱和模型中不同,也更易于等效模型建立.频散特征频率受孔隙空间不同流体成分比例变化的控制,为面波方法探测浅地表流体分布与迁移提供可能性.通常情况孔隙介质频散特征频率较高,标准线性黏弹性固体可以在相对低频的地震勘探频带内等效表征孔隙介质中R1波的传播特征,特别在时域,可在面波成像反演建模中应用. 相似文献
6.
利用有限单元法及解析法建立和求解了土中Love波特征方程以及位移计算公式．计算结果表明,这一计算方法比纯解析法优越,可以用来分析均质和非均质上中Love波弥散性．本文利用这一方法详细讨论了Love波在上软下硬地基及软夹层地基中的传播特性和弥散特性．上软下硬地基Love波具有弥散性,土层的剪切波及厚度对Love波弥散曲线影响较大,而质量密度的相对变化对Love彼弥散曲线影响较小．软夹层地基中低频时Love波以第一模态波为主,现场所测为第一模态波波速;高频时存在多个高模态波,土中传播的波为这几个高模态波的叠加波,现场所测波速随两传感器的位置不同而有波动． 相似文献
7.
Sri Atmaja P. Rosyidi Mohd Raihan Taha Zamri Chik Amiruddin Ismail 《Acta Geophysica》2009,57(3):616-635
Surface wave method consists of measurement and processing of the dispersive Rayleigh waves recorded from two or more vertical
transducers. The dispersive phase data are inverted and the shear wave velocity versus depth is obtained. However, in case of residual soil, the reliable phase spectrum curve is difficult to be produced. Noises
from nature and other human-made sources disturb the generated surface wave data. In this paper, a continuous wavelet transform
based on mother wavelet of Gaussian Derivative was used to analyze seismic waves in different frequency and time. Time-frequency
wavelet spectrum was employed to localize the interested seismic response spectrum of generated surface waves. It can also
distinguish the fundamental mode of the surface wave from the higher modes of reflected body waves. The results presented
in this paper showed that the wavelet analysis is able to determine reliable surface wave spectrum of sandy clayey residual
soil. 相似文献
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Wave-induced flow is observed as the dominated factor for P wave propagation at seismic frequencies. This mechanism has a mesoscopic scale nature. The inhomogeneous unsaturated patches are regarded larger than the pore size, but smaller than the wavelength. Surface wave, e.g., Rayleigh wave, which propagates along the free surface, generated by the interfering of body waves is also affected by the mesoscopic loss mechanisms. Recent studies have reported that the effect of the wave-induced flow in wave propagation shows a relaxation behavior. Viscoelastic equivalent relaxation function associated with the wave mode can describe the kinetic nature of the attenuation. In this paper, the equivalent viscoelastic relaxation functions are extended to take into account the free surface for the Rayleigh surface wave propagation in patchy saturated poroelastic media. Numerical results for the frequency-dependent velocity and attenuation and the time-dependent dynamical responses for the equivalent Rayleigh surface wave propagation along an interface between vacuum and patchy saturated porous media are reported in the low-frequency range (0.1–1,000 Hz). The results show that the dispersion and attenuation and kinetic characteristics of the mesoscopic loss effect for the surface wave can be effectively represented in the equivalent viscoelastic media. The simulation of surface wave propagation within mesoscopic patches requires solving Biot’s differential equations in very small grid spaces, involving the conversion of the fast P wave energy diffusion into the Biot slow wave. This procedure requires a very large amount of computer consumption. An efficient equivalent approach for this patchy saturated poroelastic media shows a more convenient way to solve the single phase viscoelastic differential equations. 相似文献
10.
目前完全弹性介质中面波频散特征的研究已较为完善,多道面波分析技术(MASW)在近地表勘探领域也取得了较好的效果,但黏弹介质中面波的频散特征研究依然较少.本文基于解析函数零点求解技术,给出了完全弹性、常Q黏弹和Kelvin-Voigt黏弹层状介质中勒夫波频散特征方程的统一求解方法.对于每个待计算频率,首先根据传递矩阵理论得到勒夫波复频散函数及其偏导的解析递推式,然后在复相速度平面上利用矩形围道积分和牛顿恒等式将勒夫波频散特征复数方程的求根问题转化为等价的连带多项式求解问题,最后通过求解该连带多项式的零点得到多模式勒夫波频散曲线与衰减系数曲线.总结了地层速度随深度递增和夹低速层条件下勒夫波频散特征根在复相速度平面上的运动规律和差异.证明了频散曲线交叉现象在复相速度平面上表现为:随频率增加,某个模式特征根的移动轨迹跨越了另一个模式特征根所在的圆,并给出了这个圆的解析表达式.研究还表明,常Q黏弹地层中的基阶模式勒夫波衰减程度随频率近似线性增加,而Kelvin-Voigt黏弹地层中的基阶模式勒夫波衰减程度随频率近似指数增加,且所有模式总体衰减程度强于常Q黏弹地层中的情况. 相似文献
11.
Terumi Touhei 《地震工程与结构动力学》1995,24(7):937-949
Generally, waves in layered media include several surface wave modes showing dispersive properties. These properties often complicate the understanding of the propagation characteristics of elastic waves. In this paper, not only a method for decomposing transient elastic waves into normal modes is presented but also investigations are applied to decomposed normal modes. This method is developed by means of DWFE and the modal superposition method. In the formulation process, transfer functions describing the relationship between the amplitude of normal modes and that of force density are defined. It was found that the propagation properties of the normal modes were well explained by the dispersion curves and transfer functions. From investigations of the normal mode propagation, properties of each normal mode can be discussed. 相似文献
12.
Mohan D. Sharma 《Journal of Seismology》2007,11(2):187-197
A new technique relates the wave velocity of the surface waves in anisotropic elastic medium to its elastic constants. Anisotropic
propagation of surface waves is studied in a half-space occupied by a general anisotropic elastic solid. The phase velocity
expressions of quasi-waves, in three-dimensional space, are used to derive the secular equation of surface waves. The complex
secular equation is resolved, analytically, into real and imaginary parts and is then solved, numerically, for phase velocity
along a given phase direction on the surface. The complete procedure is thus analogous to the one used for conventional Rayleigh
waves in isotropic medium. A non-linear equation relates the ray direction of the surface waves to its phase direction on
the (plane) surface of the medium. The analytical differentiation of secular equation yields the directional derivative of
phase velocity. This derivative is used to calculate the wave velocity of surface waves. Spatial variations of phase velocity,
wave velocity and ray direction over the free plane surface are plotted for the numerical models of crustal rocks with orthorhombic,
monoclinic and triclinic anisotropies. 相似文献
13.
To study the characteristic features of the in-plane free-field response, two actual sites of nuclear power plants, a soft and a rock site, are analysed, by varying the location of the control point and the nature of the wave pattern. Harmonic and transient seismic excitations are examined. The conclusions reached in the vast parametric study of Reference 6 are confirmed for the actual sites. These apply to the range of possible apparent velocities and the associated motions, the spatial variations with depth and in the horizontal direction. If only one component of the control motion, e.g. the horizontal, is matched, then it can be associated either with a body wave or with a surface wave. In the latter case, a specific mode is used up to the frequency at which the next higher mode starts, since for a given frequency, the higher modes attenuate less. The other component of the motion follows. If both components are prescribed, the motion can be interpreted as arising from a combination of a P- and an SV-wave (with a common apparent velocity). Surface waves alone cannot be used to match both components. A body wave has to be included, at least up to the frequency at which the second mode starts. For the soft site, the surface waves decay significantly, especially in the range of higher frequencies, where the apparent velocity is considerably smaller than the shear-wave velocity of the rock. For this site, it seems sufficient to examine only (extremely shallow) body waves. For a rock site, however, Rayleigh-waves exist which attenuate little, leading to smaller apparent velocities than extremely shallow body waves. 相似文献
14.
JOS M. CARCIONE 《Geophysical Prospecting》1992,40(7):761-783
When a seismic signal propagates through a finely layered medium, there is anisotropy if the wavelengths are long enough compared to the layer thicknesses. It is well known that in this situation, the medium is equivalent to a transversely isotropic material. In addition to anisotropy, the layers may show intrinsic anelastic behaviour. Under these circumstances, the layered medium exhibits Q anisotropy and anisotropic velocity dispersion. The present work investigates the anelastic effect in the long-wavelength approximation. Backus's theory and the standard linear solid rheology are used as models to obtain the directional properties of anelasticity corresponding to the quasi-compressional mode qP, the quasi-shear mode qSV, and the pure shear mode SH, respectively. The medium is described by a complex and frequency-dependent stiffness matrix. The complex and phase velocities for homogeneous viscoelastic waves are calculated from the Christoffel equation, while the wave-fronts (energy velocities) and quality factor surfaces are obtained from energy considerations by invoking Poynting's theorem. We consider two-constituent stationary layered media, and study the wave characteristics for different material compositions and proportions. Analyses on sequences of sandstone-limestone and shale-limestone with different degrees of anisotropy indicate that the quality factors of the shear modes are more anisotropic than the corresponding phase velocities, cusps of the qSV mode are more pronounced for low frequencies and midrange proportions, and in general, attenuation is higher in the direction perpendicular to layering or close to it, provided that the material with lower velocity is the more dissipative. A numerical simulation experiment verifies the attenuation properties of finely layered media through comparison of elastic and anelastic snapshots. 相似文献
15.
从流变力学角度建立的离散介质本构关系同时考虑了介质的弹性、粘性与弱化性,与损伤力学建立的本构关系比较表明弱化因子具有损伤因子的力学意义。本文采用交错网格伪谱法正演模拟了离散介质中波的传播,并以平面波解分析了体波的频散和介质的吸收系数。高频和低频情况下波场数值模拟的结果是:饱和多孔介质中体波速度随弱化因子的增加而降低,介质吸收系数随弱化因子的增加而增加,弱化性对不同体波频散的影响程度不同。 相似文献
16.
面波多道分析方法(MASW)通过分析高频瑞雷波确定浅地表剪切波速度.在过去的20年中,由于该方法具有非侵入性、无损、高效及价格低的特点,越来越受到浅地表地球物理和地质工程学界的重视,视为未来最有希望的技术之一.这篇综述论文将介绍中国地质大学(武汉)浅地表地球物理团队近年来在研究高频面波的传播理论和应用中取得的部分成果.非几何波是一种仅存在于浅地表介质,尤其是未固结的沉积物中的独特的地震波.它的存在对快速而准确地获得表层S波速度有一定价值.我们的研究表明非几何波是一种具有频散特性的泄漏波.泄漏波的存在可能导致将其误认为瑞雷波的基阶或高阶能量,从而造成模式误判.这种模式误判会导致错误的反演结果.我们通过求取高基阶分离后的瑞雷波格林函数证明虚震源法瑞雷波勘探的可行性.这个结果将极大地降低野外瑞雷波勘探成本.勒夫波多道分析方法(MALW)中未知参数比瑞雷波的少,这使得勒夫波的频散曲线比瑞雷波的简单.因此,勒夫波反演更稳定,非唯一性更低.勒夫波数据生成的能量图像通常比瑞雷波的清晰,并具有更高的分辨率,从而可以更容易地拾取精确的勒夫波的相速度.利用雅克比矩阵分析波长与探测深度的关系表明对相同波长的基阶模式而言,瑞雷波的探测深度是勒夫波的1.3~1.4倍;而两种波的相同波长的高阶模式波的探测深度相同.我们也尝试了时间域勒夫波反演.按照勒夫波分辨率将地球模型剖分成了不同尺寸的块体,利用反卷积消除了地震子波对勒夫波波形的影响,通过更新每个块体的S波速度来拟合勒夫波波形,从而获得地下S波速度模型.该方法不基于水平层状模型假设,适用于任意二维介质模型. 相似文献
17.
In homogeneous half spaces excited by small buried, spherically symmetric P-wave sources, Rayleigh waves (R-waves) could be generated. The effects of the source depth on the induced wave pattern and propagation behavior of R-waves are analyzed using the thin layer method. When a cavity is present in a homogeneous half space, R-waves could be formed in the scattered wave field. It is found that the energy of R-waves in the incident (direct) surface wave-field is related to the ratio of the source depth to the wavelength of R-waves; R-waves have relatively strong energy when the ratio is less than 1; the buried source induced R-waves approximately travel at the velocity of the planar R-waves in the range of the offset beyond about one wavelength; the energy of R-waves in the back-scattered surface wave-field depends on the ratio of the depth of cavity to the wavelength of R-waves; and for the case of the cavity presented at depths less than one wavelength, R-waves can be clearly observed in the back-scattered wave field. The results are helpful for selecting the source depth and the frequency component in seismic surveys and interpreting both the incident wave and the scattered wave patterns. 相似文献
18.
通过超声实验研究了沿分层介质,特别是含有低速层的分层介质传播的瑞利波频散特征. 分别对有机玻璃/钢构成的两层速度递增的半空间和铝/有机玻璃/钢构成的含有低速层的三层半空间进行了超声探测实验,采用频率波数分析方法分析了多模式的瑞利波频散曲线,对于速度递增的两层半空间,得到了第一和第二个模式的频散曲线; 对于含有低速层的三层介质,实验得到的频散曲线在不同频段对应不同的模式,从而在模式之间产生跳跃, 分析表明模式跳跃是由各个模式在表面位移幅度的不同分布引起的. 文中明确指出了低速层存在时,反演研究不仅要考虑各模式的频散特性,同时还要考虑不同模式在表面的位移分布情况,给出了低速层存在时的反演方法,避免了模式的误判. 利用遗传算法对两种实验模型的介质参数进行了反演,得到了和实际参数吻合的反演结果. 相似文献
19.
Forward modeling is of critical importance for inversion analysis of surface wave methods to obtain shear-wave velocity (VS) profiles of soil sites. The dynamic stiffness matrix (DSM) method can provide forward modeling of Rayleigh surface waves to simulate complex wave propagation in layered soil sites. However, contamination from body waves and interference of multiple Rayleigh wave modes can reduce the accuracy of theoretical dispersion curves, especially at irregular soil sites with embedded low-velocity or high-velocity layers. An analytical method is developed herein to combine the techniques of the multichannel analysis of surface waves method with the DSM method to improve the accuracy of the theoretical dispersion analysis for soil sites. The proposed method implements multichannel analysis of the analytical displacement responses to capture dominant dispersion trends. Comparison of the results obtained with the new method against those from the transfer matrix method and the literature indicates that the new method can (1) effectively minimize the effects of contamination caused by body waves and interference from several Rayleigh wave modes, and (2) generate accurate dominant dispersion trends for soil sites with various stiffness profiles, especially for the high-frequency dispersion characteristics of the profiles with embedded low-velocity layers. 相似文献
20.
C. M. Purushothama 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1965,61(1):52-59
Summary The influence of an external magnetic field on the propagation of purely transverse waves polarized parallel to the plane faces in a homogeneous, initially unstressed, infinitely conducting, elastic flat plate extending to infinity has been investigated. We have found that such waves can be propagated only if the field is normal to the direction of polarization.The effects are of three fold depending on the inclination of the field to the direction of propagation. When the field is normal, it is to decrease the range of modes in which a disturbance of given frequency can be propagated; when parallel, it is to increase the velocity of each mode without decreasing the range of modes of propagation. In both these cases, the different modes can be classified into symmetric and anti-symmetric modes. In the general case, not only the phase velocity and the range of modes are affected over those of purely elastic case but the symmetric and anti-symmetric types of motion are coupled in every mode. 相似文献