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1.
Surfactants enhanced recovery of endosulfan from contaminated soils   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  
Soil pollution due to hydrophobic organic compounds is a wide environmental problem. Extensive use of endosulfan in cotton and paddy to meet the needs of the growing population has led to contamination of soil and other ecosystems. Endosulfan is hydrophobic, highly toxic to aquatic and human population and persists in soil for more than a year. To overcome the problem of hydrophobicity and limited availability, surfactants play a major role in soil remediation. In the present study, the potential of non-ionic synthetic surfactants (Tween 80, Triton X-100) and biosurfactant (Surfactin produced by Bacillus subtilis) for enhancing the release of endosulfan from contaminated agricultural soils was evaluated using the batch method. Incorporation of the surfactant concentrations at above Criticle Miceller Concentration (0.5, 1 and 2 g/L) into soil enhances the release of endosulfan. Surfactin produced from Bacillus subtilis recorded maximum (91.5%) recovery. The observed order of recovery being surfactin > Tween 80 > Triton X-100. The result suggest that surfactants could help in the remediation of soils polluted by pesticides.  相似文献   

2.
In this research, effect of temperature, pressure, salinity, surfactant concentration, and surfactant type on interfacial tension (IFT) and critical micelle concentration of Saudi Arabian crude oil and various aqueous phases were investigated. The temperature ranged from ambient condition to 90°C, and the pressures were varied from atmospheric to 4,000 psi (27.58 MPa). Surfactant solutions were prepared using several aqueous phases, i.e., purified water, 10% brine consisting of 100% NaCl, 10% brine consisting of 95% NaCl and 5% CaCl2, and 10% brine consisting of 83% NaCl and 17% CaCl2. Out of 13 commercial surfactants, only three surfactants showed good solubility in pure water and brine. Those are Zonyl FSE Fluorosurfactant®, Triton X-100®, and Triton X-405®. Therefore, they were investigated thoroughly by measuring their efficiency in reducing the crude oil-aqueous phase IFT. Based on this screening process, laboratory surfactant flooding experiments for crude oil recovery were conducted using Triton X-405 and Triton X-100. The chemical flood was made at both original oil in place and at residual oil in place subsequent to conventional water flooding. Based on the obtained results, both surfactants were efficient, and more oil was recovered than that obtained through water flooding. Comparing both surfactant solutions, it was observed that Triton X-405 was more efficient than Triton X-100 at the same surfactant concentration and reservoir conditions.  相似文献   

3.
Triton X-100 (TX100) and Brij 35 (B35) were used to investigate the elevated critical micelle concentration (CMC) induced by surfactant sorption and its influence on PAH removal in soil washing systems. The surface tension technique was applied to determine the CMC and the apparent CMC (CMCsoil) in soil–water systems. Surfactant sorption experiments were conducted by the batch equilibration technique. Surfactants sorbed on the soil at concentrations below the CMCsoil were quantified with data from the surface tension experiments for both an aqueous system and a soil–water system. Due to sorption, the CMCsoil values of the two surfactants are 2.75 and 6.31 times their corresponding CMC values in aqueous solutions, respectively. At concentrations below CMCsoil, the loss of B35 (92–99.7 %) was greater than that of TX100 (63–92 %). The PAH removal efficiencies are greatly dependent on the CMCsoil value. At surfactant concentrations below CMCsoil, the PAH removal is very low and remains almost invariable. Whereas, at concentrations above CMCsoil, the PAH removal increases greatly. B35 inhibited PAH desorption at concentrations below its CMCsoil. For TX100, some degree of PAH desorption enhancement was observed at concentrations below its CMCsoil. CMCsoil is a key parameter while selecting a surfactant for a specific soil washing system, only surfactant concentrations above their CMCsoil should be evaluated.  相似文献   

4.
土壤中五氯酚的快速测定   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
针对五氯酚(PCP)污染土壤,根据NaOH与五氯酚反应生成五氯酚钠的原理,将不易溶于水的PCP与碱液反应生成易溶于水的盐类,从而达到从土壤中提取五氯酚的目的。用紫外分光光度法定量测定五氯酚含量,确定出最佳提取与分析条件。结果表明,PCP-Na合适的紫外吸收波长为319 nm;在300 r/min振荡时,最佳提取条件为提取液pH>12.5、土液比为1∶8(g/mL)、提取时间为20 min。在此条件下,加标回收率为91.2%~116.7%,最低检测限为2μg/mL。方法快速、简便,适合于农田土壤中五氯酚的现场检测。  相似文献   

5.
The aim of this study was to select the appropriate surfactant for the remediation of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane-contaminated soil using an in situ foam-flushing technique. The research investigated the performance of the nonionic surfactants polyethylene glycol octyl phenyl ether, polysorbate, and polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, as well as the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate, in foam static characteristics, solubility enhancement of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, adsorption loss onto soil, and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane desorption from contaminated soil using a foam-flushing approach. Considering the above four criteria, the overall performance suggested polyethylene glycol octyl phenyl ether should be selected for the remediation of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane-contaminated soil due to its better foamability and stability, relatively high solubilization ability for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, and greatest contaminant desorption efficiency from soil via foam flushing. Results of the dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane desorption experiments showed that desorption efficiency of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane by different surfactants was largely influenced by foam static characteristics and solubility enhancement of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane rather than adsorption loss onto soil, which indicated that foam static characteristics and solubilization ability of surfactants were two key criteria for selection of high-performance foam surfactant.  相似文献   

6.
Biosurfactants are frequently used in petroleum hydrocarbon and dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) remediation. The applicability of biosurfactant use in clayey soils requires an understanding and characterization of their interaction. Comprehensive effects of surfactants and electrolyte solutions on kaolinite clay soil were investigated for index properties, compaction, strength characteristics, hydraulic conductivities, and adsorption characteristics. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and NaPO3 decreased the liquid limit and plasticity index of the test soil. Maximum dry unit weights were increased and optimum moisture contents were decreased as SDS and biosurfactant were added for the compaction tests for mixtures of 30% kaolinite and 70% sand. The addition of non-ionic surfactant, biosurfactant, and CaCl2 increased the initial elastic modulus and undrained shear strength of the kaolinite–sand mixture soils. Hydraulic conductivities were measured by fixed-wall double-ring permeameters. Results showed that the hydraulic conductivity was not significantly affected, but slightly decreased from 1×10−7 cm/s (water) to 0.3×10−7 cm/s for Triton X-100 and SDS. The adsorption characteristics of the chemicals onto kaolinite were also investigated by developing isotherm curves. SDS adsorbed onto soil particles with the strongest bonding strength of the fluids tested. Correlations among parameters were developed for surfactants, electrolyte solutions, and clayey soils.  相似文献   

7.
In order to predict exposure risks as well as appropriate remediation strategies for pesticides in soils, knowledge of pesticides sorption processes onto various representative soils is vital. Hence, laboratory batch experiments were carried out to study sorption of a pesticide, pentachlorophenol (PCP), on five soils obtained from different sub-Saharan agro-ecological zones (AEZs) in order to understand sorption equilibrium, kinetics, and thermodynamics. Experimental data showed that sorption equilibrium was attained within 24 h. The fitting of kinetic results and equilibrium data to different models suggested partly surface adsorption and partly partitioning of PCP within voids of the various soil components. Sorption was mainly attributed to sharing or exchange of valence electrons between negatively charged PCP molecules and positively charged soil sorption sites. The sorption process was spontaneous and accompanied by decreased entropy, but was pH and temperature dependent, reducing with increase in pH and temperature. The various soils’ PCP sorption capacities were directly proportional to their cation exchange capacities. The low PCP sorption observed in these soils suggested high risk of PCP being present in soil water solution, especially at higher temperatures, which can lead to contamination of the aquifer. This risk may be higher for soils obtained from AEZs with warmer natural temperatures.  相似文献   

8.
The objective of the present paper was to investigate the potential of urban wastes derived soluble bioorganic substances (SBO) to perform as auxiliaries for enhanced washing of urban soil contaminated by industrial activities. The second objective was to show how the SBO could be used for remediating the environmental impact caused by industrial activities and, at the same time, be compatible with the real-world situation demanding zero waste processes. The SBO, isolated from four urban biowastes, were characterized for their lipophilic/hydrophilic (LH) and aliphatic/aromatic C ratios, and for their surface activity properties. Soil, containing about 0.45 % w/w polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), was sampled from a dismissed coal gasification site. The efficiency of the SBO for washing the contaminated soil was investigated. The most lipophilic SBO, in spite of the highest surface activity, was the least efficient. The products having lower LH, poorer surface activity, but higher concentration of aromatic C were more efficient. All SBO allowed developing a two steps process. This comprised soil washing, and the recovery and chemical treatment of the washing solution, to yield a PAHs–SBO precipitate and the clean water phase to recycle to further soil washing. Data were obtained under the same experimental conditions using Triton X-100 commercial surfactant. The results indicated that, although the commercial surfactant is the most efficient in the soil washing step, it does not allow removal of PAHs from the recovered washing solution. On the contrary, 95–99 % PAHs removal from the recovered SBO washing solutions is attained.  相似文献   

9.
表面活性剂至水相的引入将对原先包含纯水两相系统的毛细压力和饱和度关系存在影响.对含有非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100的水-气和水-油两相系统中的毛细压力-饱和度关系曲线进行了试验测定.试验结果表明,同不含表面活性剂的纯水系列相比,在同一饱和度情况下,含有表面活性剂的Triton X-100(0.1%)系列对应的毛细压力水头值都有不同程度的减小,说明在Triton X-100存在的情况下,驱替出同样数量的湿润相体积所需的毛细压力值较小.以van Genuchten关系式为基础的拟合结果表明,在已知纯水系列毛细压力饱和度关系的情况下,对于Triton X-100-气系统的毛细压力饱和度关系,考虑界面张力降低作用引入折算系数得到的拟合值更接近于真实值;而对于Triton X-100-油系统拟合值接近真实值的程度则随多孔介质的不同而有所不同.  相似文献   

10.
中俄原油管道原油泄漏造成的环境污染和环境岩土工程问题是目前迫切需要解决的重要问题。通过淋滤作用下的石油污染物迁移过程室内模拟试验,研究了石油污染物在冻土区的迁移过程和迁移特征,研究发现：石油污染物在迁移过程中,油、水、气三相流体存在一个动态的平衡过程,其三者共同占据土样中的孔隙空间;石油污染物在冻土区迁移主要经历3个过程：吸附、迁移和聚集;石油污染物在迁移过程中,其各个成分和各烃类化合物迁移能力都有所不同,烃类化合物中碳数和烃类结构影响其迁移速度;冻土层对石油污染物的迁移具有明显的阻碍作用,可有效防治土壤深层次污染。研究成果为冻土区石油污染物多相流（油、水、气）水热质迁移动力学模型的建立以及石油污染引起的岩土工程特性变化等研究奠定了重要的基础  相似文献   

11.
One large group of persistent and toxic contaminants is the hydrophobic organic contaminants. Among them, perchloroethylene (PCE) has been recognized as a representative group of these pollutants with low solubility. This study reports on the effects of electrokinetic remediation with non-ionic surfactant on PCE-contaminated soil. The performance of electrokinetic process was investigated in the treatment of clay soil that artificially contaminated with two levels: 10,000 and 30,000 mg/kg PCE and 0.33 g/kg Triton X-100. A DC power supply with electric voltage (1 V/cm) was used for 8–16 days. A negatively charged soil surface resulted in a more negative zeta potential and greater electroosmotic flow toward the cathode. The PCE was measured after extraction using n-hexane and analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy instrument. The water content of soil was kept 25 % (w/w). Results were shown that PCE removal efficiency achieved was 74 and 89 % for 10,000 and 30,000 mg/kg PCE, respectively, for 16 days. Therefore, in this study, the integration of electrokinetic with non-ionic surfactant as a hybrid method was most effective for the remediation of PCE-contaminated soils.  相似文献   

12.
A crude contaminated soil, arising from an oil production zone in Tabasco, Mexico was studied. A sample of about 40 kg was dried and screened through meshes 10–100. Total petroleum hydrocarbons and 6 metals (Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, V and Zn) were determined to the different portions. For soil which passed mesh 10, six non-ionic, three anionic and one zwitterionic surfactant solutions (0.5%) were employed to wash the soil. Additional tests using surfactant salt mixtures and surfactants mixtures were carried out. Once the best soil washing conditions were identified, these experimental conditions were applied for washing the rest of the soil portions obtained (meshes 4, 6, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100). Total petroleum hydrocarbons values were in the range of 51, 550 to 192, 130 mg/kg. Cd was not found in any of the soils portions, and the rest of the metals were found at different concentrations, for every soil mesh. Treatability tests applied to the soils indicated that it is possible to get removals between 9.1 to 20.5%. For the case of a sodium dodecyl sulphate 1% solution, total petroleum hydrocarbons removal was as high as 35.4%. Combinations of sodium docecyl sulphate and salts, gave removal rates up to 49.5%. Total petroleum hydrocarbons concentrations for the whole soil were about 150,600 mg/kg. The higher the particle size, the lower the washing removal rate. The combined effect of particle size and total petroleum hydrocarbons concentration, determines the total petroleum hydrocarbons removal efficiencies. These facts are very important for designing an appropriate soil washing remediation process.  相似文献   

13.
The remediation of soil, contaminated by organic pollutants, in a cylinder-to-plane dielectric barrier discharge reactor at atmospheric air pressure was reported. Two model organic pollutants were selected; a solid pollutant (2,6-dichloropyridine) and a liquid pollutant (n-dodecane). The effects of the contaminant’s initial concentration and state, the energy consumption, and the soil type on the pollutant removal efficiency were investigated. To that scope, various contaminated samples of both quartz sand and loamy sandy soil were treated by plasma for various treatment times and initial 2,6-dichloropyridine/n-dodecane concentrations. The results revealed that (1) the removal efficiency of 2,6-dichloropyridine was higher compared to that of n-dodecane at a given plasma treatment time and (2) the removal efficiency increased with the energy density increasing, but decreased as the soil heterogeneity, organic matter and pollutant concentration were enhanced. The main removal mechanism proposed is the evaporation of pollutant molecules coupled with their oxidation by plasma species in the gas and solid/liquid phase.  相似文献   

14.
To investigate pore characteristics and the factors controlling lacustrine shales,geochemical,mineralogical and petrophysical experiments were performed on 23 shale samples from the Qingshankou Formation of the Songliao Basin,China.A comparison of mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP) and low-temperature N2 adsorption pore-size distribution showed that MICP has a higher pore-size distribution (PSD) line in its overlapping pore diameter range,which may be elevated by the higher pressure of MICP.Therefore,in the overlapping range,low-temperature N2 adsorption data were preferred in pore characterization.Negative correlations were observed between pore volumes and TOC content,indicating organic matter pores are not well-developed in the studied samples.This may be related to their low grade of maturity and type I kerogens.There existed negative relationships between pore volumes and S1,which illustrated that liquid hydrocarbons occupied some pore space.Micropore volume had a better correlation with S1 than mesopore and macropore volumes,which suggests that liquid hydrocarbons preferentially occur in micropores.No obvious relationships between pore volumes and quartz or feldspar were observed,while pore volumes increased with the increasing clay mineral content.These relationships indicate that intraparticle pores in clay minerals represent the principal pore type.  相似文献   

15.
Surfactant-enhanced remediation of contaminated soil: a review   总被引：48，自引：0，他引：48  
Extracting aqueous solutions with or without additives are employed to solubilize contaminants in soil. Since water solubility is the controlling removing mechanism, additives are used to enhance efficiencies. These additives can reduce the time to treat a site compared to the use of water alone. Additives must be of low toxicity and biodegradable. The research in this area has focussed mainly on halogenated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and is still quite limited for metal removal. Additives include surfactants, organic and inorganic acids, sodium hydroxide, which can dissolve organic soil matter, water-soluble solvents such as methanol, displacement of cations with nontoxic ones, complexing agents such as EDTA, acids in combination with complexing agents or oxidizing/reducing agents. Cationic, anionic and nonionic surfactants are particularly used for soil washing or flushing. They contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions, making them ideal for solubilization of hydrophobic compounds. Numerous studies have indicated that surfactants enhance recoveries of non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs). There have also been indications that pretreatment of soil with surfactant washing to solubilize hydrophobic compounds such as PAHs enhances biodegradation of these contaminants. A few in situ field studies have been performed with surfactants. Large-scale treatment has been done mostly for organic removal. Soil pH, soil type, cation exchange capacity (CEC), particle size, permeabilities and contaminants all affect removal efficiencies. High clay and organic matter contents are particularly detrimental. Understanding the chemistry of the binding of the contaminant and the hydrogeology of the site are very important. Once the water is pumped from the soil, it must be extracted and then treated to remove the hydrocarbons and metals. Several technologies exist such as sodium hydroxide or sodium sulfide precipitation, ion exchange, activated carbon adsorption, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis and biological processes. Recycling of the surfactants is desired to decrease treatment costs.

This paper will provide an overview of the laboratory research, field demonstration and full-scale application of surfactants for the remediation of contaminated soil. The majority of pilot scale in situ flushing tests, particularly in the United States, have involved the use of surfactants and co-solvents. There are only a few full-scale projects however. Recent laboratory scale efforts by the authors concerning the use of biosurfactants, biologically produced surfactants, to enhance the removal of copper, cadmium and zinc from contaminated soils and sediments are discussed. Three types of biosurfactants were evaluated for their effectiveness. They included a lipopeptide called surfactin from Bacillus subtilis, a rhamnolipid from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and a sophorolipid from Torulopsis bombicola. The results indicated the feasibility of removing the metals with the anionic biosurfactants even though the exchangeable fractions were not significant.  相似文献   


16.
A two-stage system for octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD)-contaminated soil remediation was developed. Soil washing using emulsified oil (EO) was applied in the first stage for OCDD extraction followed by the second stage of bioremediation using P. mendocina NSYSU for remaining OCDD biodegradation. The major tasks included (1) determination of optimal soil washing conditions for OCDD extraction by EO, (2) evaluation of feasibility of OCDD biodegradation by P. mendocina NSYSU under aerobic cometabolic conditions using EO as the primary substrate, and (3) assessment of the effectiveness of OCDD removal using the two-stage system. During the soil washing stage, EO with two different oil-to-water ratios (1:50 and 1:200) and pore volumes were tested with initial soil OCDD concentration of 21,000 µg/kg. Results indicate that EO could effectively improve the solubility and desorption of OCDD in soils. Up to 74% of OCDD removal could be obtained after washing with 60 PVs of EO and dilution factor of 50. After the soil washing process, enriched P. mendocina NSYSU solution was added into the reactor to enhance the aerobic biodegradation of remaining OCDD in soils. P. mendocina NSYSU could use adsorbed EO globules as substrates and caused significant OCDD degradation via the aerobic cometabolic mechanism. Approximately 82% of the remaining OCDD could be removed after 50 days of operation, and P. mendocina NSYSU played important roles in OCDD biodegradation. Up to 87% of OCDD was removed through the EO washing and biodegradation process. The two-stage system is a potential technology to remediate dioxin-contaminated soils.  相似文献   

17.
A geographic information system (GIS) raster technique has been developed and used interactively with remediation designers to evaluate the optimum extent of excavating soil contaminated by chlorinated solvents. The technique and the results of its application are presented. The site was a former chemical storage plant for acids and solvents. Two distinct solvent plumes were detected within the ground using a photo-ionisation detector. The solvents were found to be dissolved in the groundwater and migrating in the general direction of groundwater flow. A remediation strategy was proposed involving the localised excavation of contamination ‘hot spots’ followed by the implementation of a groundwater remediation system. A number of excavation options were discussed and the GIS raster technique was developed to evaluate these options in terms of contaminant removed and excavation cost.

The plumes were initially mapped using a triangular irregular network (TIN). These TIN models were rasterised to produce a regular grid of rectangular cells, each cell having a value relating to the concentration of contaminant at that spatial point. The proposed excavation zones were then overlaid on to the raster models as masks. The relationship between the value of contaminant concentration of cells within the mask (or excavation zone) and the total value of contaminant concentration of cells within the solvent plume was used to determine the efficiency of the excavation.

The excavation options were compared taking into account the percentage of the contaminant plume removed, the excavation area (soil volumes) and related costs. Once the GIS raster technique had been developed, it proved very quick to rerun the analysis for the other excavation zones. The optimum excavation zone, based upon cost and contaminant recovery, was found for the site. The technique helped by targeting the worst area of contamination and provided the client with a cost-benefit analysis of the different remediation options.  相似文献   


18.
The adsorption of pentachlorophenol （PCP） onto quartz, kaolinite, illite, montmorillonite and iron oxides has been investigated by batch equilibrium techniques. The pH-dependent isotherms are curves with peak values, the position of which is at about pH = 5-6 depending on the mineral species. Based on distribution of both speciation of surface hydroxyls on minerals and PCP in solution a surface reaction model involving surface complexation and surface electrostatic attraction is presented to fit the pH-dependent isotherms, and both reaction constants are calculated. The results show that on quartz and phyllosilicate minerals the predominant adsorption reaction is surface complexation, meanwhile both of surface electrostatic attraction and surface complexation are involved on the iron oxide minerals. The reaction constants of surface electrostatic adsorption are usually one to three orders in magnitude, larger than that of surface complexation. The concentration-dependent isotherms can be well fitted by Langmnir equation with the correlation coefficient R〉0.93 for kaolinite and iron oxides. The maximum adsorption is found in the order： hematite 〉 lepidocrocite 〉 goethite 〉 kaolinite 〉 quartz 〉 montmorillonite ≈ illite, which can be interpreted by consideration of both reaction mechanism and surface hydroxyl density. The significant adsorption of PCP onto mineral surfaces suggests that clay and iron oxide minerals will play an important role as HIOCs are adsorbed in laterite or latertoid soil, which is widespread in South China.  相似文献   

19.
砂卵石土具有内摩擦角大、流动性差、渗透系数大等特点,在砂卵石地层的盾构施工时会引起出土困难、刀盘磨损、地下水喷涌等问题。通过泡沫优化试验,得到泡沫半衰期及发泡倍率最优时的发泡液浓度为2%～3%。基于四川成都地铁7号线茶店子站至一品天下站区间砂卵石地层,配制卵、砾石含量为20%、40%、60%、80%的土体,掺入泡沫进行室内大型剪切试验、坍落度试验和渗透试验,发现随着泡沫注入率的增加,包裹在砂卵石土周围泡沫土的含量增加,砂石分离现象逐渐消失,抗剪强度和内摩擦角呈非线性降低,坍落度逐渐增大,抗渗性能明显提高,并得到了不同含石量砂卵石土满足盾构施工中“理想状态土体”要求的泡沫注入率。研究成果对砂卵石地层盾构掘进中的相关问题解决具有一定的意义。  相似文献   

20.
土样矿物成分对固化土抗压强度增长的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
宁建国  黄新 《岩土力学》2010,31(1):113-117
通过人工制备物理力学性质相同而矿物成分不同的土样,考察相同水泥掺量的固化土抗压强度随土样矿物成分的变化,测定相应固化土孔隙液中主要离子浓度,并进行热力学计算,结果表明土样矿物成分,特别是蒙脱石,影响固化土孔隙液中Ca(OH)2的浓度,进而影响固化土抗压强度。在相同的水泥掺量作用下,含蒙脱石的固化土孔隙液中Ca(OH)2不饱和,随着土样中蒙脱石含量的减少,固化土孔隙液中Ca(OH)2浓度增加,水泥水化生成的胶凝性水化物的量也相应地增多,固化土抗压强度增量也随之提高;当固化土孔隙液中Ca(OH)2浓度达到饱和,土样矿物成分基本不影响固化土抗压强度。并在此基础上使用碱性外掺剂调整固化土孔隙液中Ca(OH)2浓度,试验结果表明：使用碱性外掺剂可以改变固化土孔隙液中Ca(OH)2浓度,减小甚至消除土样矿物成分对固化土孔隙液Ca(OH)2浓度的影响,提高固化土抗压强度。  相似文献   

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