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1.
The backfilling materials of borehole heat exchangers (BHE), particularly the grout material, must provide a suitable thermal contact and ensure durability to the induced thermal stresses because of the heat loading. In this paper, the thermal stresses that occurred in BHEs because of heat injection or extraction is investigated with an analytical solution of a hollow cylinder model that is adapted for time‐dependent heat loading, the geometry of a BHE, and the thermo‐mechanical properties of surrounding ground conditions. Firstly, the hollow cylinder model is solved with the considered boundary conditions in 2D plane stress. Secondly, the temperature differences at the inner and outer circles of the cylinder are evaluated with the heat line source models for continuous and discontinuous loading to observe the impact of the heat loading schedule. The developed analytical solution for thermal stress investigation is validated with numerical models. It is demonstrated that the analytical solutions agree well with numerical results for two types of BHE configurations (co‐axial and single U‐shaped pipes). Furthermore, the calculated maximum stresses are compared with the tensile strength of grout materials obtained from Brazilian tests. It is predicted that the thermal contraction of the grout, partially constrained by the surrounding rock, generates tensile stresses that may lead to cracking in the BHE. According to the results, the stiffness of rock has a primary role on the developed tensile stresses, and the relationship between the thermal conductivity of the ground and of the grout induces a proportional impact on the magnitude of thermal stresses. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
2.
Predicting the initiation of static liquefaction of cross‐anisotropic sands under multiaxial stress conditions 
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下载免费PDF全文 Experimental evidence has shown that the liquefaction instability of sands can be affected by its material density, stress state, and inherent anisotropy. In order to predict the initiation of the static liquefaction of inherent cross‐anisotropic sands under multidimensional stress conditions, a rational constitutive model is needed. An elastoplasticity model able to capture the influences of intermediate principal stress ratio (b = (σ 2 ? σ 3)/(σ 1 ? σ 3)) and loading direction on stress–strain relationships and volumetric properties was proposed. The yield function was formulated to be controlled by Lode angle, loading direction, and material state; the stress–dilatancy was a material state‐dependent function. After using the existing drained hollow cylinder tests to validate the proposed model, this model was used to simulate the existing undrained hollow cylinder tests. During this simulation, the second‐order work criterion was used to determine the initiation of static liquefaction. The results showed that an increase in both the intermediate principal stress ratio and the loading angle induces a decrease in the second‐order work. Static liquefaction is initiated more easily at a stress state with a large intermediate principal stress ratio and a large loading angle, and the mobilized friction angle at the instability points decreases with the intermediate principal stress ratio and the loading angle. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
3.
In this paper, an anisotropic strength criterion is established for jointed rock masses. An orientation distribution function (ODF) of joint connectivity, is introduced to characterize the anisotropic strength of jointed rock masses related to directional distributed joint sets. Coulomb failure condition is formulated for each plane of jointed rock masses by joint connectivity, where the friction coefficient and cohesion of the jointed rock mass are related to those of the intact rock and joint and become orientation dependent. When approximating joint connectivity by its second‐order fabric tensor, an anisotropic strength criterion is derived through an approximate analytical solution to the critical plane problem. To demonstrate the effects of joint distribution on the anisotropic strength of jointed rock masses, the failure envelopes are worked out for different relative orientations of material anisotropy and principal stress axes. The anisotropic strength criterion is also applied to wellbore stability analyses. It is shown that a borehole drilled in the direction of the maximum principal in situ stress is not always the safest due to the anisotropic strength of the jointed rock mass. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
4.
Euripides Papamichos 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2010,34(6):581-603
Borehole failure under anisotropic stresses in a sandstone is analyze numerically for various borehole sizes using a nonlinear elastic–plastic constitutive model for a Cosserat continuum. Borehole failure is identified as macroscopic failure of the borehole through the development of shear bands and breakouts. The results compare well both qualitatively and quantitatively with experimental results from polyaxial tests on Red Wildmoor sandstone. They show that the hole size effect of the borehole failure strength is independent of the far‐field stress anisotropy and follows a ? power law of the hole size. A similar scale effect equation with a ? power law is proposed for the scale effect of the maximum plastic shear strain at failure. This equation can be useful for better predicting hole‐size‐dependent failure with standard codes based on classical continua. The effect of stress anisotropy on the borehole failure stress is found to be independent of the hole size. The failure stress decreases linearly to 40% as the stress anisotropy increases. However, the maximum plastic shear strain at failure is stress anisotropy independent and therefore the critical plastic shear strain for failure is only hole‐size dependent. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
5.
SummaryThe Influence of Rock Anisotropy on Stress Measurements by Overcoring Techniques A medium is anisotropic if its properties vary with direction. This is the general characteristic of many rocks, for example, schists, slates, gneisses, phyllites and other metamorphic rocks. Bedded and regularly jointed rocks also display anisotropic behavior.This paper is concerned with the influence of rock anisotropy on in-situ stress measurements. It is limited, to stress measurements by overcoring techniques for which strains and displacements are recorded either on the walls of a pilot hole at the end of one or several boreholes or within instrumented solid or hollow inclusions perfectly bonded to the surface of the pilot hole. The rock is described as homogeneous, continuous, anisotropic and linearly elastic.The following questions are answered with special emphasis on rocks that can be classed as transversely isotropic or orthotropic: the number of independent measurements obtainable in a single borehole; the number of boreholes required to determine the in-situ stress field; the influence of rock anisotropy on these numbers; the influence of the anisotropy type and the error involved by neglecting rock anisotropy.With 5 Figures 相似文献
6.
L. CUI A. H. D. CHENG V. N. KALIAKIN Y. ABOUSLEIMAN J.-C. ROEGIERS 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》1996,20(6):381-401
The finite element equations for non-linear, anisotropic poroelasticity are cast in the form of measurable engineering constants. Two problems of importance to the rock and petroleum industry are analysed by the FEM. First, the classical Mandel's problem with an extension to transversely isotropic case is investigated. Second, the problem of an inclined borehole is explored. In particular, the effect of material anisotropy on stress concentration near the wall with implication to borehole instability is examined in detail. 相似文献
7.
已有研究表明,天然黏土的强度表现出明显的各向异性,但其规律未能经过严格的试验验证。基于空心圆柱仪（HCA）的杭州原状软黏土试验结果,对 法进行修正,提出大主应力方向为任意方向剪切时土体的强度公式。假定基坑开挖引起的土体滑动破坏模式为Prandtl模式,利用上述强度公式,得到基坑抗隆起稳定的塑性上限解。结合算例,讨论了土体强度各向异性比、挡墙入土深度比、墙底下卧硬土层深度、挡墙粗糙度等因素对基坑坑底抗隆起稳定的影响。采用该方法分析杭州某失稳基坑实例,通过与已有方法的结果对比,验证了所提方法的合理性。研究表明,不考虑土体强度各向异性和基于 各向异性公式的抗隆起分析都将高估杭州软黏土基坑的抗隆起稳定性。 相似文献
8.
Discrete element method modeling of inherently anisotropic rocks under uniaxial compression loading 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 A new numerical approach is proposed in this study to model the mechanical behaviors of inherently anisotropic rocks in which the rock matrix is represented as bonded particle model, and the intrinsic anisotropy is imposed by replacing any parallel bonds dipping within a certain angle range with smooth‐joint contacts. A series of numerical models with β = 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°, and 90° are constructed and tested (β is defined as the angle between the normal of weak layers and the maximum principal stress direction). The effect of smooth‐joint parameters on the uniaxial compression strength and Young's modulus is investigated systematically. The simulation results reveal that the normal strength of smooth‐joint mainly affects the behaviors at high anisotropy angles (β > 45°), while the shear strength plays an important role at medium anisotropy angles (30°–75°). The normal stiffness controls the mechanical behaviors at low anisotropy angles. The angle range of parallel bonds being replaced plays an important role on defining the degree of anisotropy. Step‐by‐step procedures for the calibration of micro parameters are recommended. The numerical model is calibrated to reproduce the behaviors of different anisotropic rocks. Detailed analyses are conducted to investigate the brittle failure process by looking at stress‐strain behaviors, increment of micro cracks, initiation and propagation of fractures. Most of these responses agree well with previous experimental findings and can provide new insights into the micro mechanisms related to the anisotropic deformation and failure behaviors. The numerical approach is then applied to simulate the stress‐induced borehole breakouts in anisotropic rock formations at reduced scale. The effect of rock anisotropy and stress anisotropy can be captured. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
9.
In this paper, a closed-form solution is presented for the stress and displacement distributions throughout a hollow cylinder subjected to uniform pressures acting on its internal and external boundary surfaces under plane strain conditions. The material is assumed to be elastoplastic, obeying a Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion, and exhibiting dilatant plastic deformation according to a non-associated flow rule. The newly developed analytical solution is verified through comparison with the solutions obtained from an infinite boundary problem (for which a closed-form solution exists), and numerical analyses using the program FLAC. The solution is also compared with the results of a borehole collapse test on a thick-walled hollow cylinder of synthetic shale. The analytical solution can be used to calculate the stress and displacement distributions around boreholes and other cylindrical cavities under both infinite and finite boundary conditions under both drained and undrained conditions. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
10.
It is universally known that residual soils behave very differently from sedimentary soils. While the latter is widely known as cross-anisotropic, little is known regarding the strength anisotropy of residual soils. This study presents how the inherent anisotropy affects the strength of natural granite residual soils under generalized conditions, where intact specimens were carefully prepared and sheared under triaxial compression, extension, simple shear, and hollow cylinder torsional shear tests. The strength of natural residual soil, in terms of ultimate stress ratio M and undrained shear strength Su, is found to be significantly anisotropic in a different way from normally consolidated clays with the maximum strength obtained under triaxial compression and the minimum under simple shear or at intermediate principal stress direction. As a result, the existing method failed to measure the anisotropy degree of the studied soil. Two parameters were proposed accordingly to quantify the anisotropic strength under general conditions, taking the special strength anisotropy pattern and cohesive-frictional nature of GRS into account. The proposed parameters enable the direct comparison of strength anisotropy among soils. This study serves as a data set to better understand residual soils regarding their anisotropic behaviors under generalized conditions. Although specific to granite residual soils in China, this study is expected to be more widely applicable to other weathered geomaterials.
相似文献11.
采用宏细观结合各向异性破坏准则对主应力轴旋转条件下砂土的破坏特性进行分析。该准则是加载应力、组构各向异性程度和应力与组构几何关系3个因素的函数,可描述细观特性对任意应力旋转角度条件下破坏特性的影响。根据空心圆柱扭剪试验的特点推导一般正交坐标系下主应力轴旋转条件下的破坏关系式,考虑应力与砂土细观组构的几何关系,推导的关系式即可分析该条件下破坏特性。材料为各向异性时,主应力轴旋转造成破坏特性发生变化,细观各向异性程度越小变化越小;材料为各向同性时,则不会造成砂土破坏特性的变化。该式表明主应力轴旋转条件下不同破坏特性存在的根本原因是砂土各向异性的存在。采用空心圆柱试验结果进行验证,结果表明建立的关系式能较好描述不同应力加载角度条件下砂土的破坏特性。初步验证了由于砂土各向异性的存在使得主应力轴旋转造成了不同的破坏规律。 相似文献
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13.
In this paper an extension of existing multilaminate soil models is presented, which can account for inherent and stress‐induced cross‐anisotropic elasticity in the small strain range and its dependency on the load history. In the multilaminate framework, material behaviour is formulated on a number of local planes in each stress point, and the macroscopic response of the material is obtained by integration of the local contributions. Strain‐induced anisotropy, which adds to the stiffness anisotropy inherently present in the material, is therefore intrinsically taken into account. Micro–macro relations between local parameters on plane level and global parameters on macroscopic level are obtained by the spectral decomposition of the global elastic compliance matrix. The model is implemented into a finite‐element code, and model predictions are compared with experimental data of triaxial tests on different soils involving small and large load cycles. The importance of cross‐anisotropic elasticity within the small strain range for predicting ground deformations in geotechnical boundary value problems is discussed at the example of an excavation problem. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
14.
The anisotropy effect is exhibited more prominently in sedimentary depositions, and it relates the soil’s mechanical specifications to the directions of imposed loads. Even though this phenomenon has been comprehensively explored in silica sands, few research has been conducted for studying the anisotropic behavior of marine carbonate sands. To bridge this gap, the present study investigates the anisotropy effect on the mechanical behavior of Bushehr carbonate sand acquired from the north shelf of the Persian Gulf in Iran. Toward this end, some undrained principal stress rotation tests are conducted using a hollow cylinder shear torsional apparatus in such a manner that the direction of the applied principal stresses are fixed along a desired orientation and the total mean stress and intermediate principal stress ratio are kept constant. Furthermore, prior to shearing, the samples are consolidated under three confining pressures and two isotropic and anisotropic states. The results show that dilative behavior is observed in all loading directions after initial contraction; this contradicts the response observed in silica sands. The anisotropy response of soil follows two different trends in the contractive and dilative phases. The relation of soil’s mechanical properties shows a descending trend with the angle of maximum principal stress in the contractive phase; on the other hand, the anisotropy behavior shows a dominant parabola trend in the dilative phase, where the maximum ultimate pore pressure and minimum soil strength occur in the stress direction with an angle of α?=?30°. By increasing the confining pressure in the soil element, the intensity of the anisotropy in some mechanical properties except the soil deformation is reduced. Furthermore, the deviatoric-to-effective mean stress ratio in the phase transformation state from contraction to dilation is independent of the loading direction and consolidation stress state, and it is considered one of the intrinsic properties of sand. 相似文献
15.
William Michael Coombs 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2017,41(4):578-601
This paper presents the theoretical development and methodological motivation of a single surface anisotropic hyperplasticity model. The model extends the isotropic family of models developed by Coombs and Crouch by: (i) introducing anisotropic shearing into the yield surface, (ii) relating two of the material constants to a single physical quantity and (iii) using a more physically realistic pressure sensitive elastic free energy function. This model overcomes the difficulty of determining the constants of the isotropic two‐parameter surface by analytically relating them to a single experimentally measurable physical quantity, namely the normalised hydrostatic position of the Critical State. This provides a model with a Critical State surface that is constant throughout the loading process, invariant of the level of anisotropy inherent in the yield envelope. The model is compared with experimental data from triaxial tests on Lower Cromer Till, contrasted against the SANIclay model and the recent model of Yang et al. (2015) as well as being compared with rarely considered experimental data from hollow cylinder tests on London Clay. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
16.
Thermoplasticity and strain localization in transversely isotropic materials based on anisotropic critical state plasticity 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Geomaterials such as soils and rocks are inherently anisotropic and sensitive to temperature changes caused by various internal and external processes. They are also susceptible to strain localization in the form of shear bands when subjected to critical loads. We present a thermoplastic framework for modeling coupled thermomechanical response and for predicting the inception of a shear band in a transversely isotropic material using the general framework of critical state plasticity and the specific framework of an anisotropic modified Cam–Clay model. The formulation incorporates anisotropy in both elastic and plastic responses under the assumption of infinitesimal deformation. The model is first calibrated using experimental data from triaxial tests to demonstrate its capability in capturing anisotropy in the mechanical response. Subsequently, stress‐point simulations of strain localization are carried out under two different conditions, namely, isothermal localization and adiabatic localization. The adiabatic formulation investigates the effect of temperature on localization via thermomechanical coupling. Numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate the important role of anisotropy, hardening, and thermal softening on strain localization inception and orientation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
17.
Rui Wang Pengcheng Fu Zhaoxia Tong Jian‐Min Zhang Yannis F. Dafalias 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2017,41(17):1758-1778
The strength anisotropy of granular materials deposited under gravity has mostly been attributed to elongated particles' tendency to align long axes along the bedding plane direction. However, recent experiments on near‐spherical glass beads, for which preferred particle alignment is inapplicable, have exhibited surprisingly strong strength anisotropy. This study tests the hypothesis that certain amount of fabric anisotropy caused by the anisotropic stress during deposition under gravity can be locked in a circular‐particle deposit. Such locked‐in fabric anisotropy can withstand isotropic consolidation and leads to significant strength anisotropy. 2D discrete element method simulations of direct shear tests on circular‐particle deposits are conducted in this study, allowing for the monitoring of both stress and fabric. Simulations on both monodispersed and polydispersed circular‐particle samples generated under downward gravitational acceleration exhibit clear anisotropy in shear strength, thereby proving the hypothesis. When using contact normal‐based and void‐based fabric tensors to quantify fabric anisotropy in the material, we find that the intensity of anisotropy is discernible but low prior to shearing and is dependent on the consolidation process and the dispersity of the sample. The fact that samples with very low anisotropy intensity measurements still exhibit fairly strong strength anisotropy suggests that current typical contact normal‐based and void‐based second‐order fabric tensor formulations may not be very effective in reflecting the anisotropic peak shear strength of granular materials. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
18.
This paper presents an experimental investigation revisiting the anisotropic stress–strain–strength behaviour of geomaterials in drained monotonic shear using hollow cylinder apparatus. The test programme has been designed to cover the effect of material anisotropy, preshearing, material density and intermediate principal stress on the behaviour of Leighton Buzzard sand. Experiments have also been performed on glass beads to understand the effect of particle shape. This paper explains phenomenological observations based on recently acquired understanding in micromechanics, with attention focused on strength anisotropy and deformation non-coaxiality, i.e. non-coincidence between the principal stress direction and the principal strain rate direction. The test results demonstrate that the effects of initial anisotropy produced during sample preparation are significant. The stress–strain–strength behaviour of the specimen shows strong dependence on the principal stress direction. Preloading history, material density and particle shape are also found to be influential. In particular, it was found that non-coaxiality is more significant in presheared specimens. The observations on the strength anisotropy and deformation non-coaxiality were explained based on the stress–force–fabric relationship. It was observed that intermediate principal stress parameter b(b = (σ 2 ? σ 3)/(σ 1 ? σ 3)) has a significant effect on the non-coaxiality of sand. The lower the b-value, the higher the degree of non-coaxiality is induced. Visual inspection of shear band formed at the end of HCA testing has also been presented. The inclinations of the shear bands at different loading directions can be predicted well by taking account of the relative direction of the mobilized planes to the bedding plane. 相似文献
19.
采用空心圆柱扭剪仪对干燥TJ-1模拟月壤试样进行了应力主轴固定的定向剪切试验及不同偏应力比时主应力方向的纯旋转试验。从应力-应变关系角度出发,研究主应力方向、偏应力比对其各向异性的影响,并探讨了上述因素对TJ-1模拟月壤非共轴性的影响。试验结果表明：主应力方向和偏应力比对TJ-1模拟月壤的各向异性均有显著影响;应力主轴旋转引起的非共轴现象比定向剪切时明显,且偏应力比较小时非共轴角随应力主轴旋转呈先减小后增加的趋势,偏应力比较大时非共轴角一直减小直至试样破坏时非共轴现象消失。上述成果可弥补干砂试样非共轴领域的研究空白,并可望为将来月球上基础设施的修建提供技术支持。 相似文献
20.
Previous work on three‐dimensional shakedown analysis of cohesive‐frictional materials under moving surface loads has been entirely for isotropic materials. As a result, the effects of anisotropy, both elastic and plastic, of soil and pavement materials are ignored. This paper will, for the first time, develop three‐dimensional shakedown solutions to allow for the variation of elastic and plastic material properties with direction. Melan's lower‐bound shakedown theorem is used to derive shakedown solutions. In particular, a generalised, anisotropic Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion and cross‐anisotropic elastic stress fields are utilised to develop anisotropic shakedown solutions. It is found that shakedown solutions for anisotropic materials are dominated by Young's modulus ratio for the cases of subsurface failure and by shear modulus ratio for the cases of surface failure. Plastic anisotropy is mainly controlled by material cohesion ratio, the rise of which increases the shakedown limit until a maximum value is reached. The anisotropic shakedown limit varies with frictional coefficient, and the peak value may not occur for the case of normal loading only. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献