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1.
ROBIN W. DOUGHTY 《Geographical review》2010,100(2):216-228
After enduring decades of exploitation, associated with marine‐mammal persecution during the nineteenth century in the Southern Hemisphere, many albatross populations recovered. Albatross hunting ended by the mid 1900s as nations set aside breeding islands as parks and preserves. However, researchers began to note declines in the 1960s and traced them to deaths at sea due to industrial fishing. In this article I note the historic use of albatrosses and tracks efforts to establish international accords among states that will guide efforts to save what has become one of the most threatened bird groups in the world. 相似文献
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《自然地理学》2013,34(4):311-330
For a comprehensive bird inventory of Yukon-Charley Rivers National Preserve, Alaska, we stratified the 1 million hectare study area by large, physiographically defined regions known as ecological units. Point-count data from the bird inventory were used to test the ability of the ecological units to differentiate bird assemblages, and compare the effectiveness of ecological units to fine-scale vegetation types. The ecological units were a synthesis of geology, landforms, soils, and vegetation mapped at a scale of 1:250,000; the vegetation types were based on vegetation within 50 m of the sample points. Nonparametric multivariate statistical tests showed that ecological units and vegetation types had similar success in differentiating bird assemblages, despite their different scales and conceptual bases. Analyses of individual bird species showed that both ecological units and vegetation types provide useful and complementary information about bird habitat selection. Ecological units have several advantages over vegetation types as sample-area strata: they are stable over time, logistically easier to sample in a large roadless study area, and they allow one to obtain a larger bird sample size through inclusion of birds detected at greater distances. 相似文献
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THORA MARTINA HERRMANN MIRCEA I. COSTINA ALINA M. ARON COSTINA 《Geographical review》2010,100(2):246-262
The Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) is an endangered species. Even southern Patagonia, home to the most stable and abundant populations of Andean condors, is witnessing increasing pressure from development and tourism. Taking the case of Torres del Paine National Park, in the Chilean Patagonia, we examine monitoring of condor populations at roosting sites and communal bird behavior in response to humans as an effective tool for bird conservation within protected areas. Based on field data collected throughout 2007, we identify new roosting places, explore activity patterns and population characteristics of free‐ranging and roosting Andean condors, examine bird behavior in response to humans, and analyze the current and likely future ecological impacts of tourism on the condor population and its habitat. Our results reveal that the impact of tourism is still low and that the Andean condors do not seem to be declining in numbers in the park but that the importance of roosts and animal behavior in response to humans must be considered for future monitoring, bird‐conservation planning, and ecotourism management. 相似文献
4.
《The Journal of geography》2012,111(4):166-170
Abstract This article deals with the topic of birds as a teaching tool for geography. Areas of examination for using birds as a motivating or teaching tool are discussed. A variety of activities are notes, and suggestions for class resources including bird guides, bird calls, international resources, and human resources, are provided. 相似文献
5.
鸟类在湿地生态系统监测与评价中的应用 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
湿地是鸟类的聚居地,一方面湿地为鸟类提供了不可替代的生境,另一方面鸟类的分布、数量、繁殖、生理等特征对湿地所承受的种种干扰有所响应。因而鸟类可以作为湿地生态系统监测与评价的指标。从湿地植被、湿地水环境、湿地生物多样性、湿地污染、湿地生态系统监测与评价几方面论述了鸟类作为指示生物的作用。鸟类是湿地中主要的顶级消费者,其生存与低营养级生物乃至无机环境密切相关,而且所处营养级与人类更接近,所以鸟类作为指示生物不仅适于快速的生态系统水平的评价,也对人类所面临的环境风险有参考价值。在未来的湿地生态系统监测与评价中,繁殖分布范围大的鸟类、顶级肉食性鸟类应当受到足够的重视。 相似文献
6.
广东南岭国家级自然保护区森林鸟类多样性监测 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
野生鸟类资源是自然保护区生物多样性的重要组成部分,为了解广东南岭国家级自然保护区鸟类种类和数量动态变化以及鸟类栖息地环境状况,2017年4月、7月和10月对区内11条鸟类监测样线进行了调查。调查结果显示：1）记录鸟种11目27科89种,其中雀形目15科61种;发现频次888次,记录数量3 367只,频次和数量均居前五的有栗背短脚鹎Hemixos castanonotus、灰眶雀鹛Alcippe morrisonia、灰树鹊Dendrocitta formosae、红嘴相思鸟Leiothrix lutea。2）居留型以留鸟为主,共61种,占68.5%;夏候鸟15种,占16.9%;旅鸟7种,占7.9%;冬侯鸟6种,占6.7%。鸟类区系组成以东洋界鸟种为主,共62种,占总数的69.7%;广布种19种,占21.3%;古北种8种,占9.0%。3）4月份是南岭鸟类繁殖活跃期,也是调查记录鸟种和数量最多的月份。11条样线中,相思坑、炉田、横水、南木、泽子坪、电视台、第一峰鸟类多样性（Shannon Wiener index）较高,怡坑、仙洞、担杆冲、竹坳多样性较低。4）根据海拔和植被类型,样线鸟类群落可分为4类：低海拔针阔混交林、常绿阔叶林、高海拔针阔混交林和山顶矮林。300~1 500 m的针阔混交林和常绿阔叶林生境鸟类群落并没有很大差异,优势种均为栗背短脚鹎、灰眶雀鹛、灰树鹊等;而高海拔山顶矮林（1 300~1 800 m）生境鸟种则明显不同,以画眉科（Timaliidae）的红嘴相思鸟、红头穗鹛、赤尾噪鹛、褐胸噪鹛、灰眶雀鹛及莺科（Sylviidae）的金头缝叶莺、比氏鹟莺、栗头鹟莺、冠纹柳莺为主。建议建立南岭鸟类多样性监测网络和评价体系,以鸟类长期监测数据,如种类变化、种群波动,作为评价保护区生态环境质量的指标。 相似文献
7.
Kathleen C. Parker 《The Professional geographer》1987,39(1):47-58
Discriminant analysis is used to identify relationships between vegetation structure and nesting behavior in 78 breeding bird communities in North America. Results indicated that bird communities associated with structurally similar vegetation exhibited similar arrays of nesting habits despite their geographical separation. Tree-cavity, intermediate-cup, and high-cup nesters dominated forests and woodlands; ground-cup and ground-scrape nesters dominated grasslands; and low-cup nesters dominated desert, scrub, and some woodland sites. These functional relationships are distinct from previously reported continental scale relationships between avian feeding habits and gross vegetation structure. Links between nesting behavior and vegetation structure provide us, as geographers, with a means for placing birds into a physical landscape perspective. 相似文献
8.
1997-2008年对福州滨海湿地水鸟进行了调查,记录到水鸟共132种,隶属9目21科,以鸻鹬类和雁鸭类为主,居留型以冬候鸟和旅鸟为主;拥有多种珍稀濒危水鸟,属于国家重点保护野生动物（1988）有15种、IUCN名录的有16种、中国濒危动物红皮书名录有16种。水鸟主要分布在闽江河口、福清兴化湾、福清湾、文武砂、罗源湾。同时针对福州滨海湿地水鸟情况提出了相应的保护对策。 相似文献
9.
乌梁素海是干旱半干旱地区典型的湿地。其位于东亚—澳大利西亚及中亚—印度两条迁徙路线上,是迁徙候鸟极其重要的繁殖地和停歇地。从2009到2012年,我们采用样线法和样点法对水鸟及其栖息地进行调查,共记录了98种水鸟,隶属于6目、14科,同时记录到水鸟个体超过100 000个。其中夏候鸟55种(在此繁殖)、旅鸟39种(在此短暂停留),分别占所记录物种数的56.12%和39.80%。对所记录的鸟类及其种群的迁徙规律进行进一步分析,结果表明:春季迁徙期主要为3月上旬到5月中旬,比秋季迁徙期(8月上旬到11月中旬)短。水鸟繁殖的高峰期是4月上旬到5月下旬。重点保护水鸟(包括IUCN红色名录中的受胁物种以及中国重点保护野生动物名录中的Ⅰ、Ⅱ级保护物种)的集中分布时间是4月上旬到5月下旬以及9月上旬到11月上旬;相比春秋迁徙季节,夏季水鸟的群落结构相对稳定。基于研究,我们建议将乌梁素海湿地列入国际重要湿地名录及迁徙路线网络。此外,栖息地管理对鸟类分布的决定作用同样在文中加以讨论。 相似文献
10.
研究了在不同形式人类经济活动下的森林景观变化与西双版纳地区鸟类多样性的关系．同时对发展生产时的用地布局和维护森林景观的动态发展与提高人们生活质量和持续发展的关系进行了讨论． 相似文献
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基于Internet与GIS的全球禽流感时空动态分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
全球禽流感的爆发具有年际尺度的周期性,且周期缩短、频率加快、危害增强,这种趋势与生态环境恶化有关;2003年以来全球禽流感的年内活动具有明显的季节性,多集中在秋末冬初和冬末春初,季节交替、气温变化剧烈是禽流感的诱发因素;通过对2000年以前和2003年以来禽流感发生地的制图研究,发现全球禽流感集中分布在从西欧、地中海、经西亚到东南亚再到拉丁美洲的弧形环带上,这里海陆交互作用强烈、飞禽和水禽活动集中,人类活动排放的某些化学毒物是病毒变异的诱因;将近年来全球禽流感时空分布与候鸟迁徙路线相比较,发现在亚欧非“世界岛”上的8条路线具有良好的对应关系,候鸟迁徙应是禽流感全球传播的重要途径。 相似文献
13.
向海湿地自然保护区鸟类多样性评价方法的比较研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
鸟类多样性是评价湿地生态环境质量极其敏感的指标。向海湿地自然保护区地处半干旱区,受气候和人为影响,生态环境变化极为剧烈,因此,寻求一种行之有效且简单易行的鸟类多样性评价手段,对于及时了解湿地生态环境质量的动态变化信息,提出湿地和鸟类多样性的管理和保护对策至关重要。稀疏标准化法是一种建立在物种-面积关系上的生物多样性评价方法,主要用于区域尺度上的生物多样性评估。运用改进的稀疏标准化程序,利用多年调查和收集的鸟类数据,来评价和分析向海自然保护区鸟类多样性及其变化,结合香农-威纳多样性指数和均匀度指数,分析了两种方法获取结果的相关性。评估结果表明:稀疏标准化法获取的鸟类多样性和均匀度信息与传统的香农-威纳多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数间具有显著的相关关系,可以用于鸟类的多样性和均匀度评价,且具有科学、直观、运算简捷、快速等优势。 相似文献
14.
DEREK A. SMITH 《Geographical review》2010,100(2):187-203
In this article I attempt to shed light on the relationships between indigenous communities and bird populations through research on hunting in five neighboring villages in western Panama. Over eight months, 59 households captured 1,584 birds using rifles, sling‐shots, traps, and other methods, resulting in a total yield of 252 kilograms. Although hunters captured more than 125 avian species, just four species account for more than half of the total harvest. The most important game bird is the great curassow (Crax rubra), followed by the great tinamou (Tinamus major) and crested guan (Penelope purpurascens). The type and quantity of avifauna captured varies significantly according to habitat and hunting strategy. The spatial distribution of bird kill sites is highly concentrated, with 62 percent of the harvest by weight captured within just 1 kilometer of the participating households. Even the more vulnerable species are encountered close to home, suggesting that overhunting has not occurred. 相似文献
15.
北京野鸭湖湿地自然保护区冬季鸟类生境选择研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
于2007年10月至2008年3月对北京野鸭湖湿地自然保护区进行了鸟类多样性调查,共记录到鸟类69种,隶属13目24科45属.优势种鸟类9种,常见种8种,稀有种52种,与湿地关系密切的游禽和涉禽占优势地位.利用高分辨率遥感图像,在"3S"技术的支持下,确定鸟类分布的模拟样方,以调查鸟类生境,共调查了16个可能影响保护区冬季鸟类栖息地分布的变量.通过独立两样本t检验与卡方检验的方法筛选出其中的10个主要变量,最后采用主成分分析的方法确定了5个影响鸟类生境选择的主要成分.结果表明,鸟类生境选择角度具有多向性的特点,景观因子、干扰因子和水因子是主要的影响因子.由于冰的隔离作用成为冬季鸟类自我保护的主要方式,水域的宽阔性对于冬季鸟类的生境选择具有重要意义.建议在对野鸭湖湿地自然保护区冬季鸟类采取保护措施时,必须重视水环境的恢复、各种人为干扰的消除以及系统保护的加强. 相似文献
16.
本文对采自东南极拉斯曼丘陵中山站区的莫愁湖沉积物的元素、氨基酸和Sr同位素组成进行了详细的地球化学分析。结果表明莫愁湖沉积物中Zn、Cu、F、S、P、Se等六种元素具有共同的物质来源,其标型组合特征很可能揭示了莫愁湖沉积物在历史时期曾受到过企鹅等海鸟粪的影响,沉积物中酸溶相Sr同位素组成则确认了海洋源Sr的生物地球化学转移过程。酸溶相87Sr/86Sr值和研究区的新鲜海鸟粪酸溶相Sr同位素组成基本一致,都非常接近于海洋来源锶同位素组成(87Sr/86Sr=0.7092),并且沉积物中的生物元素Zn、Cu、F、S、P、Se含量和酸溶相Sr浓度具有非常高的统计相关性。酸溶相的87Sr/86Sr比值和反映湖泊中藻类等生物自然生成量的氨基酸含量表现出明显的负相关关系,进一步揭示了莫愁湖沉积物在历史时期曾受到企鹅等海鸟活动的影响。上述研究结果为更深入地研究该地区的生态、气候和环境的演变历史及其相互作用提供了有价值的参考资料。 相似文献
17.
为了对比渭河城区段天然河滩与由河滩改造的湿地公园中野生动物的分布情况,进而对河流天然河滩的园林化改造进行评估。2016年5月至2018年4月,采用样带法、典型样方法和坑穴诱捕法,调查了渭河咸阳城区段天然河滩和被改造为湿地公园的河滩中鸟类的巢和蛇类、蛙类、刺猬类、兔形类、鼠类的分布及其数量。研究结果表明,在天然河滩采样地中,诱捕到的5类野生动物和鸟巢的数量都显著大于其在湿地公园中的数量(p<0.05),且天然河滩被改造为湿地公园后,蛇类、刺猬类和兔形类野生动物几乎消失。可见,将天然河滩改造为湿地公园,实现了城市人居空间的延伸,增加了游憩功能,但是,因其改变了原天然河滩的地形、土壤和植物群落,使得湿地公园失去了原天然河滩的大部分生态功能,野生动物失去了它们赖以生存的独特环境,其分布种类和数量皆显著减少。 相似文献
18.
Mary Ann Cunningham 《The Professional geographer》2005,57(1):51-65
Midwestern states have invested extensively in grasslands for wildlife conservation, yet these public lands make up a minority of grassland habitat. How effective are public grasslands, relative to private lands, for conserving native songbird populations? I compare private and public lands in southern Minnesota using bird survey data from Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) fields and public lands and assessing fragmentation in a GIS. Bird abundance and diversity were greater on CRP lands. Vegetation composition, field isolation, and field size appear to explain differences in bird counts. Land cover data show that grassland habitat on public lands is scarce and widely scattered. The CRP provides more, and here better, habitat for grassland birds. Funding partly explains this disparity. Trends in farm set‐aside program rules and distribution, which can be vary greatly over time, will strongly influence the success or failure of biodiversity conservation in this region. 相似文献
19.
HAYDEN LORIMER 《Geographical review》2013,103(2):177-189
A long‐form essay, arranged in a sequence of eight segments, in which I travel the countryside in search of a missing person: the scarecrow. Different aspects of the centuries‐old practice of scarecrow making and bird scaring are described. Traditionally constructed as a likeness of the human form and erected in newly sown fields as a visual method for warding off feeding birds, the existence of this striking farmland contraption is variously reported: as having all but vanished and yet of making unexpected reappearances; as materially functional and complexly meaningful; as a figure summoned up by cultural memory and personal recollection; and as a focus for mixed feelings of loss, nostalgia, estrangement, and community. A version of “geographical portraiture” accumulates, in which a single, scenic landmark stands as the essay's central fascination and simultaneously operates as a cipher for stories old and new, of agricultural society, country life, landscape politics, and rural values. 相似文献