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1.
TIPEX高原东南部近地层湍流参数的分析 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
The characteristics of the turbulence spectrum, turbulence variance, and turbulence flux at Qamdo overthe Southeastern Tibetan Plateau measured during the TIPEX experiment from 18 May to 30 June 1998are analyzed by the eddy correlation method. During periods of intense convection, most of the spectraof the 3D winds, temperature, and humidity follow a power law with a slope of -2/3. The normalizedvariances of the 3D winds in relation to z/L satisfy the similarity law but the normalized variances oftemperature and humidity are related to z/L by a -1/3 power law only in unstable conditions. In near-neutral stratification, σu/u* and σy/u* at Qamdo and Gerze are nearly constant in rugged terrain andσw/u* at Qamdo and Gerze is similar to the value found in plains, which indicates that the, effects oflandform on vertical turbulence is not significant over the southeast and western Tibetan Plateau. Duringthe dry period, the sensible heat dominates, comprising 81% of the heat intensity, with the other 19%being latent heat; during the wet period on the other hand, the latent heat accounts for about 64% ofthe available energy and the sensible heat only around 36%. The maximum intensity of the heating of airoccurs in the middle of the Plateau during the summertime. 相似文献
2.
青藏高原东南部昌都地区近地层湍流输送的观测研究 总被引：37，自引：0，他引：37
利用我国1998年第2次青藏高原气象科学试验 (TIPEX) 昌都的湍流观测资料, 初步分析了三维风速、温度和湿度湍流谱、归一化方差与稳定度的关系、湍流通量和整体输送系数.结果表明, 白天标准化的湍流谱大多数满足2/3次方定律.风速方差与稳定度的关系在不稳定条件下基本服从1/3次方定律, 但水平风速方差比垂直速度方差与稳定度的关系离散.中性层结下的A、B值比平原地区大, 与起伏地形的值接近, C值与平原地区和起伏地区的差异不大.温度和湿度方差与不稳定层结的关系基本满足1/3次方定律, 而在稳定层结下的关系均无明显规律.湍流通量在干湿期转换中有突变现象, 干期的动量和热量通量均大于湿期, 热源强度以感热为主, 占80%.湿期热源强度明显增大, 其中以潜热为主, 占热源强度的60%.整体输送系数与稳定度的关系明显, 拟合得到的中性层结条件下的CDN和CHN分别为4.40×10-3和4.70×10-3, 其结果大于高原中、西部的同期观测值. 相似文献
3.
Based on CAMP/Tibet [Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period (CEOP) Asia-Australia Monsoon Project (CAMP) on the Tibetan Plateau] turbulent data collected at the Bujiao (BJ) site of the Nagqu area, the turbulent structure and transportation characteristics in the near surface layer during summer are analyzed. The main results show that the relationship between the normalized standard deviation of 3D wind speed and stability satisfies the similarity law under both unstable and stable stratifications. The relations of normalized standard deviation of temperature and specific humidity to stability only obey the “?1/3 power law” under unstable conditions. In the case of stable stratifications, their relations to stability are dispersing. The sensible heat dominates in the dry period, while in the wet period, the latent heat is larger than the sensible heat. 相似文献
4.
HUBEX试验区近地面层的湍流输送 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
1998年淮河流域能量和水循环试验(HUBEX)期间曾进行了1个月的近地面层湍流观测.分析不稳定条件下湍流的统计特性和谱特征,并与Monin-Obukhov相似理论进行了比较.结果表明,不稳定的时候各湍流量的统计特征与相似理论的预期相符.虽然不稳定条件下温度和湿度涨落的相关系数很高,谱的式样也相近,但湿度谱的峰值频率高于温度谱.协谱曲线的形状显示感热通量的谱峰较宽,表现出w和T在较宽范围的强相关性,而水汽通量谱在高频段下降很快,说明水汽的输送更多地出现在低频部分.从谱相关系数可见,在近中性的时候,各尺度湍流涡的热量输送效率普遍较低,随着不稳定性增强而显著提高.分析还发现,不论不稳定性的程度如何,小尺度湍流的水汽输送效率都较低.水汽通量谱的相关系数随稳定度的变化不如热通量的谱相关系数大,表明近中性时除小尺度湍流外其他湍流涡的水汽输送效率高于热量输送. 相似文献
5.
分析2003年9月5-27日在黑河下游额济纳绿洲取得的近地面层湍流观测资料,讨论无量纲湍流方差与稳定度参数Z/L的关系.无量纲风速分量σu/u*、σv/u*和σw/u*在不稳定层结与稳定度Z/L满足1/3次方时,符合Monin-Obkuhov相似理论.在近中性时,σu/u*、σw/u*值比平坦下垫面的略小些,σv/u*值比平坦下垫面的略大.无量纲温度脉动方差和湿度脉动方差在对流状态下与Z/L满足-1/3次方,在稳定和不稳定层结下,随|Z/L|减小而增大.地面热量以感热输送为主,感热通量峰值约为250 W/m2,潜热通量的峰值为170 W/m2;夜间潜热通量较小,感热通量则出现负值.动量通量日间平均在0.2-0.3 N/m2,峰值为0.31 N/m2.黑河下游绿洲柽柳林动力学粗糙度比HEIFE戈壁及其他绿洲下垫面的大,中性时z0m=0.47551 m.中性状态下动量整体输送系数CD=22.2×10-3,不稳定层结时平均值CD=10.3×10-3,稳定层结时平均值CD=7.2 × 10-3.热量整体输送系数CH,中性状态下CH=3.2 × 10-3,不稳定层结时平均值为CH=3.3×10-3,稳定层结时平均值为CH=2.7×10-3. 相似文献
6.
Nocturnal Boundary-Layer Regimes 总被引：17，自引：6，他引：11
L. Mahrt 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1998,88(2):255-278
This study analyzes turbulence data collected over a grassland site in the nocturnal boundary layer. Examination of the dependence of the nocturnal boundary layer on stability suggests three regimes: a) the weakly stable case, b) a transition stability regime where many of the variables change rapidly with increasing stability and c) the very stable case. The value of z/L where the downward heat flux is a maximum defines the stability boundary between the weakly stable and transition regimes, where L is the Obukhov length. In the present analysis, the downward heat flux reaches a maximum at z/L approximately equal to 0.05 for 10 m, although comparison with other data indicates that this is not a universal value. For weaker stability, the heat flux decreases with decreasing z/L due to weaker temperature fluctuations. In the transition stability regime, the heat flux decreases rapidly with increasing stability due to restriction of vertical velocity fluctuations by the increasing stratification.For weakly stable conditions, the variances scale according to Monin-Obukhov similarity theory. For very stable conditions, the variances are contaminated by non-turbulent horizontal motions and do not follow the scaling laws. An alternative length scale based on variances is developed which explains more of the variance of the transfer coefficients compared to the Obukhov length. 相似文献
7.
分析了2000年7月21日～8月10日在内蒙古奈曼流动沙丘下垫面取得的近地面层湍流及辐射观测资料,讨论了无量纲湍流方差与稳定度参数z/L的关系,发现无量纲速度分量方差及无量纲温度、湿度脉动方差在不稳定层结下,均满足莫宁-奥布霍夫相似理论;同时还讨论近地面层能量的收支.发现流动沙丘下垫面感热通量与地表热通量最大值分别为170 W m-2及100 W m-2;潜热通量通常小于50 W m-2;流动沙丘净辐射最大值为400 W m-2左右.(Hs+Hl),与(Rn-G)的比值在晴天白天平均值为0.78左右,流动沙丘下垫面近地面层能量不平衡现象存在,其原因有待进一步研究. 相似文献
8.
利用超声风速仪、能见度仪等探测资料,采用Fortran、Matlab、Origin等软件处理数据并绘图分析,对比了南京郊区2013年12月4日一次霾过程、2013年12月7—9日一次雾过程和2013年12月3日一个晴天的湍流运动特征。结果表明,霾天和晴天平均水平风速、平均动能、湍流动能、湍流强度、摩擦速度、动量通量和热量通量都有明显的日变化,而这些参量在雾天没有明显的日变化,不同天气湍流参量大小有差异;霾、雾、晴天近中性层结下,u、v、w三个方向风速归一化标准差近似为常数,霾天分别为3.15、2.72、1.17,雾天分别为3.11、2.45、1.25,晴天分别为3.40、3.45、1.50;不稳定条件下霾、雾、晴天风速归一化标准差和湍流动能归一化标准差符合1/3幂次律,稳定条件下霾、雾、晴天无因次湍流动能均满足1/3幂次律;不稳定条件下霾、雾、晴天温度和湿度归一化标准差满足-1/3幂次律,稳定条件下霾、雾、晴天温度归一化标准差符合-2/3幂次律;雾天归一化u、v、w谱与Kansas谱吻合度比霾天和晴天高,霾天u、v、w谱峰值频率约为0.01 Hz,雾天u谱峰值频率约为0.004 Hz,v、w谱峰值频率约为0.1 Hz,晴天u、v、w谱峰值频率约为0.01 Hz。得出结论:雾天的边界层结构与霾天和晴天有所不同;不稳定条件下霾、雾、晴天风速、湍流动能、温度、湿度归一化标准差均符合莫宁-奥布霍夫相似理论;雾天归一化u、v、w谱比霾天和晴天更加符合莫宁-奥布霍夫局地各向同性理论,且霾天和晴天以机械湍流为主,雾天既有机械湍流也有热力湍流。 相似文献
9.
本文利用1986年夏季青藏高原试验（TIPMEX-86）期间获取的资料，计算分析了该年6月和7月拉萨和那曲近地层摩擦速度u*、特征温度θ*、Monin-Obukhov长度L及理查逊数Ri在不同大气层结及不同高度的分布特征。分析结果表明:不同大气层结下，湍流运动形式是不同的，湍流热力场的变化远远大于湍流动力场。就空间变化而言，θ*随高度变化较大，而u*的变化较小。对大气层结而言，在稳定条件下，u*、θ*随高度变化较大；在不稳定条件下，θ*、u*随高度变化较小。在不稳定层结相近的状况下，高原开阔草地上的各种湍流参数，接近或大于北京城郊非均匀地形的数值，而在很稳定的层结下，则高原的参数值小于北京。 相似文献
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12.
Young-Hee Lee 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2009,132(3):383-399
Eddy-covariance data have been analyzed to investigate the influence of local stability on heat transfer within open canopies.
The flux–gradient relationship for heat is derived from the temperature variance equation, and the stability dependence of
the flux–gradient relationship is examined and discussed. The results indicate that the strong stability dependence of the
nondimensional standard deviation of temperature, and the small contributions of turbulent transport to the temperature variance,
lead to a strong stability dependence of the nondimensional temperature gradient within open canopies. Quadrant analysis and
hole size analysis were performed for momentum and heat fluxes in the subcanopy, and the results indicate that the contribution
of each quadrant to the total flux depends on both the local stability and canopy depth. The intermittency of the turbulent
flux does not show a clear dependence on local stability. As the contribution of ejections to the heat flux increases, the
vertical flux of the temperature variance changes sign from negative to positive, leading to small temperature variance transport
in unstable conditions. Multi-resolution analysis indicates that heat and momentum are transported with different dominant
time scales in very unstable conditions, suggesting a different role of local buoyancy in heat and momentum transfer. 相似文献
13.
A deep understanding of turbulence structure is important for investigating the characteristics of the atmospheric boundary layer, especially over heterogeneous terrain. In the present study, turbulence intensity and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) parameters are analyzed for different conditions with respect to stability, wind direction and wind speed over a valley region of the Loess Plateau of China during December 2003 and January 2004. The purpose of the study is to examine whether the observed turbulence intensity and TKE parameters satisfy Monin-Obukhov similarity theory (MOST), and analyze the wind shear effect on, and thermal buoyancy function of, the TKE, despite the terrain heterogeneity. The results demonstrate that the normalized intensity of turbulence follows MOST for all stability in the horizontal and vertical directions, as well as the normalized TKE in the horizontal direction. The shear effect of the wind speed in the Loess Plateau region is strong in winter and could enhance turbulence for all stability conditions. During daytime, the buoyancy and shear effect together constitute the generation of TKE under unstable conditions. At night, the contribution of buoyancy to TKE is relatively small, and mechanical shearing is the main production form of turbulence. 相似文献
14.
夜间近地面稳定边界层湍流间歇与增温 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
在夜间晴空条件下，近地面大气湍流表现出很强的间歇性，这种间歇现象导致夜间气温短时的急剧下降，随后大幅度增温。近地面大幅度增温表明此时存在着很大的湍流热通量散度，常通量层的概念这时不存在。从各高度层温度和风速变化的曲线上分析，我们发现湍流大多在距离地面较高一点的高度上发生发展，然后向下层传递，尽管上层的湍流可能是由于下层的某一触发机制向上传递而引起的。湍流偶尔也出现自下向上传递的过程，但这一过程较少发生。湍流的这种上下传递说明稳定边界层大气经常处于非平衡状态，在运用相似理论研究稳定边界层大气结构时要特别注意这一情形。 相似文献
15.
在EBEX-2000实验资料中湍流谱和局地各向同性特征 总被引：10，自引：4，他引：6
采用2000年8月在美国加州棉花地两个高度上应用超声三分量仪、快速响应050206 温度和湿度仪进行的EBEX-2000 (International Energy Balance Experiment,2000,EBEX-2000)风速三分量、温度和湿度湍流实验观测数据,计算分析了湍流速度、温度和湿度谱在不同稳定度下的特征.对湍流的局地各向同性进行了讨论并与Kansas和长白山原始森林湍流实验得到的结果进行了比较,得到了一些湍流特征量在不同下垫面情况下的一些有意义的特征. 相似文献
16.
Often, a combination of waves and turbulence is present in the stably stratified atmospheric boundary layer. The presence of waves manifest itself in the vertical profiles of variances of fluctuations and in low-frequency contributions to the power spectra. In this paper we study internal waves by means of a linear stability analysis of the mean profiles in a stably stratified boundary layer and compare the results with observed vertical variance profiles of fluctuating wind and temperature along a 200 m mast. The linear stability analysis shows that the observed mean flow is unstable for disturbances in a certain frequency and wavenumber domain. These disturbances are expected to the detectable in the measurements. It is shown that indeed the calculated unstable frequencies are present in the observed spectra. Furthermore, the shape of the measured vertical variance profiles, which increase with height, is explained well by the calculated vertical structure of the amplitude of unstable Kelvin-Helmholtz waves, confirming the contribution of waves to the variances. Because turbulence and waves have quite distinct transport properties, estimates of diffusion from measurements of variances would strongly overestimate this diffusion. Therefore it is important to distinguish between them. 相似文献
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青藏高原东坡理塘地区近地层湍流通量与微气象特征研究 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
简要介绍青藏高原东坡理塘大气综合观测站长期观测试验,并利用2006年1、7月资料分别代表该站冬季和夏季,初步分析和比较该地区冬、夏季近地层微气象特征和湍流通最输送情况,得到了以下结论:(1)风、温、湿均表现出明显的日变化特征.冬季风速值平均大于夏季,风速极大值均出现在下午;冬季温度梯度早晚大,白天小,而夏季均较小;湿度梯度早晚大于白天.(2)中件条件下风速廓线对数关系表现为一条直线而非中件条件下略偏离对数关系,晚上均有逆温现象出现.在一定高度能观测到较弱的逆湿现象.(3)冬季以感热为主,潜热值较小,夏季以潜热为主,但感热也较大,且冬季通量值要远小于夏季;冬季动量通量平均大于夏季,二氧化碳通量远小于夏季;浅层(地面以下2和5 cm)土壤热通量也具有明显的日变化特征,白天从土壤吸收热量,夜间则放出热量.(4)地面热源强度具有显著的日变化特征:白天为强热源,夜间冷热源特征不明显.冬季和夏季全天平均表现为热源,但夏季强度远大于冬季,平均达到134 W/m2左右,冬季仪约35.3 W/m2. 相似文献
19.
The problem of boundary conditions for the variances and covariances of scalar quantities (e.g., temperature and humidity) at the underlying surface is considered. If the surface is treated as horizontally homogeneous, Monin–Obukhov similarity suggests the Neumann boundary conditions that set the surface fluxes of scalar variances and covariances to zero. Over heterogeneous surfaces, these boundary conditions are not a viable choice since the spatial variability of various surface and soil characteristics, such as the ground fluxes of heat and moisture and the surface radiation balance, is not accounted for. Boundary conditions are developed that are consistent with the tile approach used to compute scalar (and momentum) fluxes over heterogeneous surfaces. To this end, the third-order transport terms (fluxes of variances) are examined analytically using a triple decomposition of fluctuating velocity and scalars into the grid-box mean, the fluctuation of tile-mean quantity about the grid-box mean, and the sub-tile fluctuation. The effect of the proposed boundary conditions on mixing in an archetypical stably-stratified boundary layer is illustrated with a single-column numerical experiment. The proposed boundary conditions should be applied in atmospheric models that utilize turbulence parametrization schemes with transport equations for scalar variances and covariances including the third-order turbulent transport (diffusion) terms. 相似文献
20.
The characteristics of raindrop size distribution(DSD) over the Tibetan Plateau and southern China are studied in this paper, using the DSD data from April to August 2014 collected by HSC-PS32 disdrometers in Nagqu and Yangjiang, comprising a total of 9430 and 6366 1-min raindrop spectra, respectively. The raindrop spectra, characteristics of parameter variations with rainfall rate, and the relationships between reflectivity factor(Z) and rainfall rate(R) are analyzed, as well as their DSD changes with precipitation type and rainfall rate. The results show that the average raindrop spectra appear to be one-peak curves, the number concentration for larger drops increase significantly with rainfall rate, and its value over southern China is much higher, especially in convective rain. Standardized Gamma distributions better describe DSD for larger drops, especially for convective rain in southern China. All three Gamma parameters for stratiform precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau are much higher, while its shape parameter(μ) and mass-weighted mean diameter(D_m), for convective precipitation, are less. In terms of parameter variation with rainfall rate, the normalized intercept parameter(N_w) over the Tibetan Plateau for stratiform rain increases with rainfall rate, which is opposite to the situation in convective rain. The μover the Tibetan Plateau for stratiform and convective precipitation types decreases with an increase in rainfall rate, which is opposite to the case for D m variation. In Z–R relationships, like "Z = AR~b", the coefficient A over the Tibetan Plateau is smaller, while its b is higher, when the rain type transfers from stratiform to convective ones. Furthermore, with an increase in rainfall rate, parameters A and b over southern China increase gradually, while A over the Tibetan Plateau decreases substantially, which differs from the findings of previous studies. In terms of geographic location and climate over the Tibetan Plateau and southern China, the precipitation in the pre-flood seasons is dominated by strong convective rain, while weak convective rain occurs frequently in northern Tibet with lower humidity and higher altitude. 相似文献