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1.
生计风险及其对重点生态功能区农户生活满意度的影响   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
基于甘南黄河水源补给区入户调查数据,在分析农户生计风险及生活满意度特征的基础上,探明生计风险对农户生活满意度的影响。结果发现:① 甘南黄河水源补给区农户面临的主要生计风险为自然灾害、家人患病和子女学费开支,其对农户的冲击最为严重且持续时间较长;② 农户大多遭受多重风险的冲击,其生计风险多样化指数为4.12,面临家人患病与自然灾害、家人患病与子女学费开支、家人患病与建房开支等风险组合冲击的家庭较多;③ 农户的生活满意度处于中等水平,且经济示范区高于重点保护区和恢复治理区;④ 农户生活满意度除受子女学费开支、草场/耕地质量下降、人畜饮水困难、家人去世开支、生态政策等风险的严重程度和持续时间、家人患病风险的持续时间以及金融资本、自然资本、社会资本、心理资本、生计方式多样化程度的影响外,受家人患病与子女学费开支、自然灾害与子女就业困难及生计风险的综合严重性程度与综合持续性程度交互作用的影响更加显著。最后,提出防范生计风险、提高生活满意度的政策建议。  相似文献   

2.
研究以青海省三江源区退化草甸湿地为研究区,对湿地环境和功能进行评估,构建了基于生物(Biology)-环境(Environment)-服务功能(Service)的BES模型(涉及3个生物指标,4个环境指标,8种生态系统服务功能指标)评估3种湿地恢复技术(I-补播草种+生长期封育;II-围栏封育和III-防鼠样地)对湿地恢复的效果。基于2017年和2018年的监测数据,计算湿地综合健康指数(Comprehensive healthy index,CHI)和净变动指数(Net variation index,NVI),分析不同恢复措施下湿地健康的恢复过程及其恢复程度。结果表明:① 3种修复技术在湿地恢复中均取得较好的效果。湿地的综合健康指数从2016年未实施任何措施时的0.499分别上升至0.712、0.716和0.650,湿地健康水平由警戒状态恢复至良好状态;② 评价期内恢复技术I和II对湿地恢复效果均好于恢复技术III,但未发现恢复技术I和II之间存在显著差别;③ 高寒湿地生物指标与供给指标恢复速度较快、恢复程度较好,而土壤支持等指标恢复速度较慢、幅度较小。补播草种有助于短时、高效地恢复湿地植被,而实现土壤和功能的全面恢复还需要结合封育等更多的措施和更长的周期。  相似文献   

3.
中国农村家庭的震后生活恢复过程研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
灾后恢复是一个随时间不断变化发展的过程。本文以2008年四川汶川Ms8.0级地震为巨灾案例,2009年云南姚安Ms6.0级地震为中小型灾害案例,对农村灾区家庭进行随机入户调查。基于1094份有效问卷,运用恢复曲线,研究受灾家庭的生活恢复随时间变化的规律,对比不同灾害强度对恢复重建过程的影响。结果表明:家庭恢复过程具有明显的阶段性,根据恢复速率的变化,可分为应急期、恢复前期、恢复中期,恢复后期。巨灾和中小型灾害在恢复历时、恢复过程方面存在较大不同:中小型灾害生活恢复的过程相对较短,绝大多数重损家庭在灾后20个月完成恢复,中损家庭为18个月,二者相差较小;巨型灾害恢复过程整体历时较长,大多数中损家庭在灾后68个月才完成恢复,重损家庭的生活恢复整体滞后于中损家庭1年以上,并且随着时间的推移,受灾程度对恢复过程的影响越来越突出。  相似文献   

4.
通过样方法及植被调查法,从纵向和横向两个不同方向对工程破坏后的沙地植被进行比较研究。在纵向上,由于植被恢复时间的不同,其恢复的程度也不同。植被恢复状况可明显的分3个阶段:定居前期(1~6a)主要以多年生羽叶三芒草和小半灌木绢蒿为主;中期(7~11a)主要以多年生小半灌木青杆沙蒿为主;后期(12~16a)主要生长着多年生麻黄及草本沙苔,地表出现大面积的生物结皮。在横向上,将恢复后期的植被与原始植被进行比较。通过对植被发育不同阶段过程中物种重要值、物种多样性、丰富度及生活型的变化等方面的调查,发现在不同阶段,各物种的重要值发生了不同的变化,物种多样性指数,均匀度指数,丰富度指数到后期均增大。  相似文献   

5.
本文以阿尔泰山两河源保护区采金废弃矿区为研究区,从地形、土壤、水分和地表植被4个方面出发,结合矿区现有条件,设置11种恢复措施,选取丰富度指数、优势度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数、生物量、植被盖度、物种数及土石比等7个评价指标,采用主成分分析法,得出不同恢复措施的主成分得分及生态效益排名。结果表明,单一恢复措施,如推平、羊群驻扎、泥浆等基本上是从某一个方面来考虑生态恢复的,存在一定的缺陷,恢复效益排名比较靠后;多种措施相结合,不仅能改善土壤环境,也会引起植物群落多样性格局的变化,生态恢复效益很好;同一种恢复措施,施行年限越长恢复效果越好。  相似文献   

6.
气候变化和人类活动对干旱区植被生产力的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
在全球变化的背景下,植被生产力发生了一系列的变化,如何定量的评估中国西北干旱区气候变化和人类活动对植被生产力的影响,对于应对气候变化,促进“一带一路”生态建设以及美丽中国建设具有重要的意义。以新疆为研究区,以植被净第一性生产力(NPP)作为评价指标,分析了2001—2016年气候变化和人类活动对植被恢复和退化的影响。结果表明:(1) 从2001—2016年,植被NPP有明显变化趋势的面积占植被覆盖区总面积的34.02%,其中30.58%的面积呈现恢复趋势,3.44%的面积呈现退化趋势,NPP平均每年增加634 Gg C·a-1(Gg=109 g)。(2) 由人类活动和气候变化引起植被恢复的面积占植被NPP变化总面积的42.03%和30.58%;在上述两个区域,NPP平均每年增加量分别为319 Gg C·a-1和59 Gg C·a-1。由人类活动和气候变化引起植被退化的面积占NPP变化总面积的57.63%和19.45%;其中,在上述两个退化区域,NPP平均每年分别减少68 Gg C·a-1和7 Gg C·a-1。(3) 不同植被类型中,人类活动对农作物、荒漠、草地、高山植被的恢复作用大于退化作用,对森林、灌丛、沼泽的退化作用大于恢复作用;气候变化对沼泽的退化作用大于恢复作用,对其他6种植被类型的恢复作用大于退化作用。总体上,人类活动是影响新疆植被恢复和退化的主要原因。  相似文献   

7.
朱芳  苏勤  陶云  沈惊宏 《热带地理》2020,40(4):636-648
日常生活环境和旅游目的地环境都可以为个体提供恢复的机会,不同环境的属性特征导致不同程度的恢复。为了探究环境类型与恢复性效应之间的关系及停留时间的调节作用,文章采用问卷调查方式,利用配对样本t检验和混合设计方差分析相结合的方法,探讨游客在不同环境中的恢复性效应,并对这一现象提供心理上的解释。结果表明:1)恢复体验的4个维度(放松体验、心理脱离、掌握体验、控制体验)在旅游目的地环境中的得分均高于日常生活环境。2)掌握和控制体验维度在城市旅游目的地中的变化程度高于乡村旅游目的地,两种类型目的地的放松和心理脱离维度差异较小。3)随着在目的地停留时间的延长,乡村旅游目的地放松体验和心理脱离维度变化程度高于城市旅游目的地,两种类型目的地环境恢复性效应会相互靠近。因此,游客的环境恢复性效应不仅受到环境和目的地类型的影响,同时还与游客的适应程度有关,且受到其停留时间的调节作用。  相似文献   

8.
基于POI数据的长沙市生活性服务业空间格局研究   总被引:1,自引:2,他引:1  
生活性服务业是服务经济的重要组成部分,其合理布局对发展城市经济、满足居民消费需求具有重要作用。基于长沙市六区POI数据,运用核密度分析、熵指数、频数密度分析及空间聚类等方法研究长沙市生活性服务业的空间格局特征,发现长沙市生活性服务业的分布具有以下特点:1)主要受交通及城市规划指向性影响,沿交通主干道集聚分布,整体布局呈“一核四轴多极”且空间分布与人口集中度联系紧密,东西差异明显,东部多而密集、西部少而分散;2)不同类型的生活性服务业分布特征各异,在空间形态上主要表现为“单核心”、“双核心”和“多核心”等;3)其功能多样性布局呈现以五一广场为核心的“中心-外围”结构特征,功能多样且混合程度高的区域位于城市中心,城市边缘区生活性服务业集聚性较弱且多为单一功能或者双功能混合区。  相似文献   

9.
以位于内蒙古鄂尔多斯高原上的伊金霍洛旗为研究区域,以景观生态学的数量分析方法为基本手段,在土地利用现状分类体系下,以其1984、1991和1998年3个年度的土地利用图为基础。从区域和斑块类型两个尺度上,对其景观格局进行了数量分析。结果表明,在三个典型年度。天然草地为伊金霍洛旗的景观基质,景观格局指数的所有变化均是在此基础上发生和演变的。从整个景观尺度的格局指数变化情况显示,伊金霍洛旗景观的破碎化程度在增加;同时景观的异质性程度在下降,景观愈来愈有少数景观斑块类型所控制。而在斑块类型这一尺度上的格局指数变化说明,不同类型斑块的复杂性的变化趋势基本相同,即均有不同程度的增长,但增加幅度有限;同时还说明,不同类型斑块内部其大小差异的幅度在不断缩小。但从不同年度的变化情况来看,无论是区域还是不同的斑块类型,其格局指数的变化并不与总体的变化趋势同步。  相似文献   

10.
采用密闭室红外气体分析仪法(IRGA法)观测了中亚热带红壤侵蚀裸地植被恢复后不同季节土壤呼吸速率的日动态变化,并比较了IRGA法与碱吸收法(AA法)测定的土壤呼吸速率.结果表明:侵蚀裸地植被恢复后土壤呼吸速率日动态呈单峰曲线,与土壤温度的昼夜变化基本一致,最高值一般出现在午后13:00~17:00,最低值出现在凌晨3:00~7:00;植被恢复显著提高了土壤日呼吸速率,但明显降低了土壤呼吸速率日变化幅度;马尾松林对土壤呼吸速率日变化幅度降低程度高于板栗园和百喜草地,且对夏季的降低程度影响最大.而IRGA法和AA法测定的土壤呼吸速率具有显著的幂函数关系,AA法测定的土壤呼吸速率为IRGA法的27.5%~218%,平均为76.2%.当土壤呼吸速率较低时,AA法比IRGA法高估了土壤呼吸速率;反之,AA法则低估了土壤呼吸速率.  相似文献   

11.
西南岩溶山地乡村景观格局与石漠化调控展望   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
西南岩溶山地乡村景观格局石漠化过程的生态认识落后于生态治理措施。面对国家需求,优化乡村景观格 局对石漠化发生过程的调控,未来优先研究领域:⑴识别岩溶山地乡村景观格局的转换、渐变和基本不变的层次 性,测算不同尺度下乡村景观类型及其空间组合的贡献;⑵认识不同类型乡村景观空间分布的生态学意义及其对 区域石漠化整体程度的影响,找出不同乡村景观演化格局下的石漠化效应;⑶厘定岩溶山地高强度人类活动及其 所诱导的乡村景观格局演化对石漠化的作用效应,构建乡村景观石漠化的成因框架;⑷探讨乡村景观格局制约下 有利于石漠化土地恢复的格局优化模拟,丰富人们对岩溶山地乡村石漠化发生过程的理解和认识。  相似文献   

12.
毛乌素沙地藓、藻结皮生态功能对比   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
生物结皮在荒漠生态系统中发挥着重要的生态功能,不同类型生物结皮有机体组成和比例不同,生态功能差异巨大。针对毛乌素沙地发育稳定阶段的藓、藻结皮,通过野外调查监测及室内指标测算,深入分析了两类生物结皮对土壤含水量、风蚀量和养分含量的影响尺度,并采用综合指标评价模型定量比较了二者的生态功能差异。结果表明:(1)两类生物结皮下土壤含水量随着土层深度呈现出先增大后波动下降的趋势,0—100 cm深度两类生物结皮下的土壤含水量差异显著(P<0.05),在0—80 cm深度,藓结皮的土壤含水量大于藻结皮,在90—100 cm则相反;(2)相比裸地,藓结皮和藻结皮影响下土壤风蚀量分别降低了156.0%和136.6%,但二者未达到显著差异;(3)两类结皮影响下土壤养分含量差异显著(P<0.05),表现为藓结皮下土壤全氮、全磷、有机质含量分别为藻结皮的3.3、3.5、2倍;(4)生物结皮生态功能综合得分藓结皮>藻结皮>裸地(1.60>-0.64>-9.78)。本研究证实了荒漠生态系统中不同类型生物结皮生态功能的差异及其在保持水土和营养物质循环方面贡献程度的优劣,突出了在生物结皮探索工作中关于其类型或组成精准细分的重要性。  相似文献   

13.
Nebkhas are often extensively distributed in arid and semi-arid areas, and play an important role in the stabilization of ecological environment in these areas. This paper reviews the following aspects, including formation and succession, spatial distribution, shape and surface airflow characteristics, balance between erosion and deposition, ecological and physiological characteristics of vegetation, response to precipitation and groundwater, soil properties as well as the protection measures. We found that nebkhas were studied without differentiation of succession periods, and shape characteristics, surface airflow, soil properties as well as vegetation dynamics in different succession periods were not fully understood, which made it difficult to explain the succession dynamics of nebkhas and its affecting factors. Previous studies of nebkhas were over-emphasized for its role as an indicator of land degradation, while its ecological functions in degraded ecosystems were neglected, which was unfavorable for the ecological restorations in arid and semi-arid areas. Future studies should pay more attention to the variation of vegetation, soil as well as hydrological process in the succession of nebkhas and its interaction between different influencing factors. In addition, positive role of nebkhas in degraded ecosystems in arid and semi-arid areas should be fully discussed. According to the data got from the above, effective protection measures of nebkhas should be explored.  相似文献   

14.
Nebkhas are often extensively distributed in arid and semi-arid areas,and play an important role in the stabilization of ecological environment in these areas.This paper reviews the following aspects,including formation and succession,spatial distribution,shape and surface airflow characteristics,balance between erosion and deposition,ecological and physiological characteristics of vegetation,response to precipitation and groundwater,soil properties as well as the protection measures.We found that nebkhas were studied without differentiation of succession periods,and shape characteristics,surface airflow,soil properties as well as vegetation dynamics in different succession periods were not fully understood,which made it difficult to explain the succession dynamics of nebkhas and its affecting factors.Previous studies of nebkhas were over-emphasized for its role as an indicator of land degradation,while its ecological functions in degraded ecosystems were neglected,which was unfavorable for the ecological restorations in arid and semi-arid areas.Future studies should pay more attention to the variation of vegetation,soil as well as hydrological process in the succession of nebkhas and its interaction between different influencing factors.In addition,positive role of nebkhas in degraded ecosystems in arid and semi-arid areas should be fully discussed.According to the data got from the above,effective protection measures of nebkhas should be explored.  相似文献   

15.
Nebkhas are often extensively distributed in arid and semi-arid areas, and play an important role in the stabilization of ecological environment in these areas. This paper reviews the following aspects, including formation and succession, spatial distribution, shape and surface airflow characteristics, balance between erosion and deposition, ecological and physiological characteristics of vegetation, response to precipitation and groundwater, soil properties as well as the protection measures. We found that nebkhas were studied without differentiation of succession periods, and shape characteristics, surface airflow, soil properties as well as vegetation dynamics in different succession periods were not fully understood, which made it difficult to explain the succession dynamics of nebkhas and its affecting factors. Previous studies of nebkhas were over-emphasized for its role as an indicator of land degradation, while its ecological functions in degraded ecosystems were neglected, which was unfavorable for the ecological restorations in arid and semi-arid areas. Future studies should pay more attention to the variation of vegetation, soil as well as hydrological process in the succession of nebkhas and its interaction between different influencing factors. In addition, positive role of nebkhas in degraded ecosystems in arid and semi-arid areas should be fully discussed. According to the data got from the above, effective protection measures of nebkhas should be explored.  相似文献   

16.
As terrestrial ecosystem carbon (C) sinks, plantation ecosystems play essential roles in species diversity protection, resource supply and climate change. Artificial afforestation is of great important in improving the ecological condition, economic development and production in Tibet. Forests can improve soil property changes, yet the understanding of how plantations influence soil C and nutrient conditions in Tibet is still insufficient. This review combines with previous studies to explore the characteristics of soil nutrients, involving nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) on Tibetan poplar plantations. Generally, plantations have better abilities in improving the soil C and N cycles, and enhancing the soil stability. In this review, we further analyze the factors, including the modality of land-use, afforested period, tree species, climate factors and soil properties, which may affect the soil C and nutrients. (1) The patterns of land-use affect the accumulation of soil organic matter, thus influence the accumulation of soil C and nutrients; (2) Soil C and N increase with the years of artificial forests, while soil P is on the contrary; (3) The effects of different tree species on soil C and nutrients vary widely; (4) In terms of climate, the C sink of Tibetan plantation soil is most likely to be affected by precipitation, while the nutrient is more likely to be influenced by temperature; (5) Among soil properties, the most related factor to C is soil texture. Furthermore, our review pointed out that future research on soil ecological functions should be focused on soil microbes on Tibet plantation. At the end, we concluded three major challenges for the future research. Therefore, this review contributes to a better understand the effects of plantation on soil C and nutrients on the Tibetan Plateau.  相似文献   

17.
在界定森林生态安全内涵的基础上,构建森林生态安全综合评价指标体系,建立基于SD模型的森林生态安全情景分析和调控模型,设计了林业政策扶持型、社会经济中速发展型、环境管理强化型、森林-社会经济-环境协调发展型等4种发展情景,并对各情景下的森林生态安全状况进行了仿真和动态评价分析。研究表明:初始状态中(即情景0),2000-2020年北京市森林生态安全综合评估值(FES)呈波动上升趋势,2013年达到最佳状态为0.527,但到2020年小幅下降到0.519,森林生态系统安全状况改善并不明显。与情景0相比,情景1~4均不同程度地提升了北京市森林生态安全水平,到2020年FES分别达到0.541,0.525,0.559和0.604,且森林资源的数量和质量也均有不同程度地改善。4种调控方案的模拟结果显示,北京市森林生态安全受林业政策实施、森林资源禀赋、社会经济发展和环境治理等因素的综合影响。只有保持森林资源的生产力和持续活力,注重维护森林生态环境的稳定健康,兼顾引导社会经济有序发展(即情景4),北京市森林生态安全才会显著改善。  相似文献   

18.
以福建省建瓯市牛坑龙草地生态系统试验站为例,研究了土地覆被类型从荒坡地到人工草地的转变所引起的陆地生态系统养分含量和营养元素循环系数的变化。结果表明,随着土地覆被类型由荒坡地到人工草地的转变,陆地生态系统土壤中N、P、K的含量增加,而Al的含量逐渐降低;植被中的养分也经历了从无到有的历程,整个陆地生态系统养分贮存量的变化中N、P、K总量增加,而Al的总量减少。在陆地生态系统的两个群落中,所有元素的循环系数都发生了相应变化,这种变化是陆地生态系统对土地覆被类型变化的一种响应。  相似文献   

19.
岩溶生态系统脆弱性研究   总被引:21,自引:3,他引:18  
生态系统的脆弱性评价对于生态系统管理具有重要作用。在分析岩溶生态系统脆弱性特 征和影响因素的基础上,构建了针对岩溶自然系统的脆弱性评价指标体系, 涵盖了岩溶生态系统 的结构脆弱性、生态过程脆弱性、生态功能脆弱性和人为胁迫脆弱性4 个方面,评价指标分别是 结构稳定性、多样性生境、能量利用和积累、直接使用价值、石漠化程度和速率等。以不同类型的 原生岩溶生态系统的生态基准值作为比较基础, 评价系统将现有的退化岩溶生态系统的脆弱性 划分为轻微脆弱、中度脆弱、重度脆弱以及系统崩溃4 级。  相似文献   

20.
This review summarizes main research findings in soil fauna eco-geography in China in the past 30 years. The subject areas and main results were overviewed including biodiversity and eco-geological distribution of soil fauna communities. Studies of ecological distributions of soil fauna and dynamic ranges in space from tropical, subtropical to temperate regions, and in categories from forest, grassland, desert, wetland, farmland to urban ecosystems, the responses and indications of soil fauna to soil environments. Effects of intensive disturbance such as fire, grazing, farming, fertilization on soil fauna include sensitive (e.g. nematode) and rare groups and community indexes. The functions of soil fauna were discussed including environmental construction, environmental purification, litter decomposition and elements cycling. Interactions between soil fauna and other biota in soil ecosystems and linking between aboveground and belowground diversity and the effects of global change on soil fauna community in China were also included. Finally, the authors pointed out common interests in soil fauna eco-geographical studies, which include application of molecule biology into soil fauna taxa; function and mechanism of soil fauna community diversity; interaction between aboveground and belowground ecosystems; effects of disturbance, pollution, biological invasion, and global change on soil fauna community and function. The review is to provide a scientific basis for promoting soil fauna eco-geographical studies in China.  相似文献   

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