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基于气象灾害预警信息的发布对象、发布渠道、发布数量等要素,建立了气象灾害预警信息发布能力的客观化评价指标体系。定义了公众服务发布能力指数、决策服务发布能力指数、基层服务发布能力指数和气象灾害预警信息发布对象完整性指数,提出了气象灾害预警信息发布能力综合指数。并根据2020年江西省、市、县现有的气象灾害预警信息发布对象、发布渠道等信息,计算得到江西省气象灾害预警信息发布能力综合指数为81%。农村基层单位预警信息发布能力低于城市,网格员和气象信息员的基层服务发布能力较强。 相似文献
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气象观测数据的传输率和可用率是气象预报服务及时准确的基础,是衡量通信系统运行可靠程度及运维保障能力的关键指标。长期以来,各级业务人员通过不间断值守班来保障气象观测数据的传输质量。随着现代化气象业务体系的不断发展,气象业务对资料传输的时效性、完整性要求也越来越高,对气象资料的综合监控能力也提出了更高的要求。在全国地面气象业务体制改革的要求下,广西率先在全国实行了基层台站无人值守业务调整,设计并实现广西地面气象观测无人值守系统。该系统集数据传输监控、数据传输时效统计于一体,通过自动监控告警、主备站资料(要素)智能识别替代、双条传输链路热备等设计,建立一套无人值守传输业务流程,从技术上支撑业务改革调整,大大降低基层业务人员工作强度。业务应用分析表明,无人值守系统运行可靠,业务质量保持高水平稳定,业务效益凸显。 相似文献
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从当前气象业务发展现状、未来趋势,以及当前气象业务体制改革形势下对气象业务人员综合素质的要求等方面入手,对如何适应新形势下气象业务人员所应具备的基本素质提出了看法。 相似文献
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河南省县级综合气象业务平台的建设及应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
河南省气象局组织开发的以标准化、规范化、统一数据环境和信息网络为支撑,集气象综合观测、气象预警预报、公共气象服务、农业气象服务、一键式发布和业务管理为一体的"河南省县级综合气象业务平台",为县级综合气象业务的开展提供集约高效的工作平台,为加快基层气象业务现代化建设、全面推进县级气象机构综合改革提供坚实的支撑。平台采用集约化的数据环境和B/S架构,利用跨平台的Java语言开发,采用开源框架结构设计,平台的运维在省级信息中心,减轻了基层业务人员的运维工作量。 相似文献
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为帮助基层台站测报业务人员顺利使用EN型测风数据处理仪,现将该仪器的操作及有关内容简介如下: 一、仪器概况: 为适应气象探测技术的发展,减轻基层台站测报业务人员的工作量,提高探测业务 相似文献
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Rain and air of Florence have been collected in a continuous way andanalysed by flow analysis spectrofluorimetric methods for formaldehydeand hydrogen peroxide. Diurnal and seasonal variations were observed;the mean/maximum concentrations of all data (as gm–3) are 3.3/23.4 for HCHO and 0.4/4.93 forH2O2. The effect of external sources and ofphotochemical reactions produces periods of positive and negativecorrelations for these compounds. The mean/maximum rain concentration ofall data are 98/443 g l–1 for HCHO and 84/685 g l–1 for H2O2. Concentrationratios rain/air and discrepancies to Henry's Law equilibrium arediscussed. 相似文献
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FT-IR Study of the Kinetics and Products of the Reactions of Dimethylsulphide, Dimethylsulphoxide and Dimethylsulphone with Br and BrO 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Kinetics and products of the gas-phase reactions of dimethylsulphide (DMS), dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) and dimethylsulphone (DMSO2) with Br atoms and BrO radicals in air have beeninvestigated using on-line Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) as analytical technique at 740 ± 5 Torr total pressure and at 296 ± 3 K in a480 L reaction chamber. Using a relative rate method for determining the rate constants; the following values (expressed in cm3molecule–1 s–1) were found: kDMS+Br = (4.9 ±1.0) ×10–14, kDMSO + Br < 6 × 10–14,kDMSO
2 + Br 1 × 10–15,kDMSO + BrO = (1.0 ± 0.3) × 10–14 andkDMSO
2 + BrO 3 × 10–15 (allvalues are given with one on the experimental data). DMSO, SO2, COS, CH3SBr andCH3SO2Br were identified as the main sulphur containing products of the oxidation of DMS by Br atoms. From the reaction between DMSO and Br atoms, DMSO2and CH3SO2Br were the only sulphur containing products thatwere identified. DMSO, DMSO2 and SO2 were identified as themain sulphur containing products of the reaction between DMS and BrO.DMSO2 was found to be the only product of the reaction between DMSO and BrO. For the reactions of DMSO2 with Br and BrO no products were identified because the reactions were too slow.The implications of these results for atmospheric chemistry are discussed. 相似文献
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利用安康及石泉水库2000—2011年逐日入库流量及对应时段安康及石泉流域观测站逐日降水资料,分析了安康及石泉水库入库流量的变化特征及其与流域面雨量的关系。结果发现,安康及石泉入库流量主要集中在7到10月,极端入库流量在7—9月的出现频率最大;入库流量变化与其流域面雨量关系密切,其中6—10月,逐日入库流量与面雨量呈显著正相关;随着面雨量的增长,入库流量呈阶段性增长趋势,安康水库入库流量分别在流域面雨量达到20 mm和40 mm时显著增加,石泉水库入库流量则分别在流域面雨量达到15 mm和30 mm时大幅增加;建立了引入降水累积效应的汛期安康及石泉水库入库流量预测模型,经检验表明模型能较好地模拟入库流量的实际变化,对电力部门汛期水量调度有参考价值。 相似文献
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W. Winiwarter H. Fierlinger H. Puxbaum M. C. Facchini B. G. Arends S. Fuzzi D. Schell U. Kaminski S. Pahl T. Schneider A. Berner I. Solly C. Kruisz 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1994,19(1-2):173-188
Experimental data from two field experiments on ground based clouds were used to study the distribution of formic acid, acetic acid, ammonia and S(IV) species between liquid and gas phase. The ratio of the concentrations of these compounds between the phases during concurrent measurements was compared to ratios expected according to Henry's law (considering the pH influence). Large discrepancies of several orders of magnitude were seen. Three hypotheses have been investigated to explain the observed discrepancies: The existence of a microscale equilibrium which does not persist in a bulk sample, a thermodynamic shift of the equilibrium due to competing reactions, and nonequilibrium conditions due to mass transfer limitations. Approximate quantitative calculations show that none of these hypotheses is sufficient to explain all of the discrepancies, so a combination of different effects seems to be responsible for this observation. The same theoretical considerations also suggest that mass transfer limitation may be an important factor for highly soluble compounds. The data presented here indicates that it is not possible to simply extrapolate interstitial gas phase composition from measured bulk liquid phase concentrations of a fog or cloud.Notation [r
max]
liquid phase molar uptake rate (mol l–1 s–1)
- [A
g
]
concentration ofA in gas phase (atm)
- [A
l
]
concentration ofA in liquid phase (mol l–1)
- [A
g
, 0]
concentration ofA in gas phase (atm) at time 0
- LWC
liquid water content (g m–3)
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R
universal gas constant (0.082 l atm mol–1 K–1
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D
g
diffusivity (for all gases 0.1 cm2 s–1 was used)
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K
H
*
effective Henry's law coefficient (mol l–1 atm–1)
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t
f
lifetime of fog droplet (s)
-
a
droplet radius (cm)
-
accommodation coefficient
-
R
factor of discrepancy
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T
temperature (K)
-
v
mean molecular speed (cm s–1) formic acid: 35 000 acetic acid: 31 000 ammonia: 58 000 相似文献
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C. S. Yao 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1989,40(3):111-118
Summary Based on the theory of recurrent events, run-turning points and turning periods are described and applied to the data of Shanghai. It is shown that in the case of this application a good fit of the mathematical models of turning points and turning periods exists. An important application of this theory to climatology is that the double negative binomial distribution can be suggested. Examining some more details of this example it is not difficult to prove that the parameters (means and variances) of run-turning points and turning periods are useful tools for flood/drought analyses, while the climatic prediction is unreliable, because of unpredictable cyclical variation components. The problem of the climatic prediction by means of quasi-periodicities has been discussed also in connection with the turning periods.
With 1 Figure 相似文献
Zusammenfassung Ausgehend von der Theorie sich wiederholender Ereignisse wurden Wendepunkte und Wiederholungszeiten beschrieben und auf die Daten von Shangai angewandt. Es zeigte sich dabei gute Übereinstimmung mit mathematischen Modellen der Wendepunkte und der Wiederholungszeiten. Eine wichtige klimatologische Anwendung dieser Theorie liegt in der Annahme einer doppelten negativen Binominalverteilung. Weitere Details zeigen, daß die Parameter (Mittel und Varianzen) der Wendepunkte und der Wiederholungszeiten brauchbare Instrumente zur Analyse von Flut- und Dürrejahren sind, während die Klimavorhersagen aufgrund unvorhersagbarer zyklischer Varianzkomponenten unzuverlässig sind. Das Problem der Klimavorhersage über Quasiperiodizitäten wird in Zusammenhang mit Wiederholungszeiten gleichfalls angesprochen.
With 1 Figure 相似文献
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Rising atmospheric H2O content and temperature above the tropical Pacific (Hense et al. 1988) stimulated research on tropical ocean-atmosphere fluxes in the belt 10° S-14° N, based on COADS data for 1949–1979. Increasing sea-surface temperature was accompanied by regionally varying increases in the air-sea temperature and humidity gradients. The apparent rise in wind speed appeared to be only partly biased. Using several assumptions of the wind speed trend, increasing evaporation was found nearly everywhere. The best estimates vary regionally between 7% and 15%, with highest values above the warmest oceans between longitude 66° E and the date line. In the Atlantic, freshening surface waters (Levitus 1989) also suggest an increase of precipitation. Conversion of zonally averaged results into global estimates led to a rise of the energy input into the atmosphere, with a most plausible value of 8–10 W/m2. Since large-scale sea-surface warming appears to be induced by the greenhouse effect of CO2 combined with other trace gases, a powerful feedback mechanism — including H2O phase changes — should be responsible for the intensification of the hydrological cycle. This energy input of tropical origin seems to be larger — by a factor near 4 — than the dry greenhouse effect. Such a well-founded conjecture of increasing internal/potential energy in the tropics suggests a similar rise of kinetic energy within the extratropical atmospheric circulation. This can be checked on the basis of daily operational hemispheric analyses of the German Weather Service, here using the period October 1961–March 1988. During the cold season they show, at the surface, a deepening of the Icelandic and Aleutian Lows by 6 and 10 hPa, respectively, and at the 50 kPa level an amplification of the baroclinic westerlies by 20–40%. Upper wind observation series have been used to check this strengthening of the westerlies and an expansion of the Aleutian Low. During the warm season, weaker changes in opposite directions are observed. While the observed facts are incompatible with many of the recent climate models, a few models (Wilson and Mitchell 1987, Hansen et al. 1988) using an advanced parameterization of tropical convection support the evolution of a powerful tropical heat source centred within mid-tropospheric layers. 相似文献
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Mingqun Huo Qian Sun Yuhua Bai Peng Xie Zhaorong Liu Jinlong Li Xuesong Wang Sihua Lu 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2010,67(1):29-43
Rainwater samples were collected at four sites, including Beijing and Mazhuang Town in the north of China, Shenzhen and Mangdang
Mountain in the south of China. Character of atmospheric particles and gases were also measured at Mazhuang Town and Mangdang
Mountain. Both of Beijing and Shenzhen are urban sites; Mazhuang Town and Mangdang Mountain are rural and remote sites respectively.
The atmospheric pollution at rural plain site in the north of China was more serious than that at remote mountain site in
the south of China. At Beijing, Mazhuang Town, Shenzhen and Mangdang Mountain the average pH values in rainwater were 6.02,
5.97, 4.72 and 4.81, respectively and the concentrations of total ions in rainwater were 1454, 1125, 187 and 191 μeq/l, respectively.
While the acidity of the rain was higher in the south than that in the north, the rainwater in the north of China was more
severely polluted than that in the south. The major acidic ion in the rainwater is SO42-, and NH4+ is the most important neutralizing ion in rainwater at the four sites, followed by Ca2+. The amounts of organic acid in precipitation were compared with other sites in the world. The ratios of organic acid to
total free acid in rainwater at Mangdang Mountain was 13.8% and the influence of organic acid on acidity of rainwater at mountain
site in the south of China is more important. The variation of atmospheric particles, gases and components in rainwater and
cloud-fog water during special rain and cloud-fog events was discussed. The importance of washout process varied with atmospheric
species. The impacts of rainfall, rain duration time and wind speed on wash-out process were estimated by regression analysis. 相似文献
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Summary For two pairs of arctic and antarctic stations, one coastal and one mountainous, an intercomparison between the summer radiation and surface energy budgets was carried out. The station pairs were similar in both latitude and altitude. It was found that the global radiation was larger for both antarctic stations. This is the result of a smaller Earth-Sun distance and cleaner atmosphere in Antarctica. Cloudiness, and for the arctic mountainous station substantial screening of the sun, also contributed. Further, large differences were found in the albedo. In the Arctic, the summer surfaces considered were bare tundra and melting snow, with respective albedos of 20 and 59%, while in Antarctica the surfaces considered were melting and dry snow, with albedos of 67 and 83% respectively.This results in a less positive radiation balance at both antarctic stations, despite the higher incoming global radiation. In turn, less sensible heat transfer from the surface to air results in lower temperatures in the Antarctic. The reduced rate of evaporation in Antarctica results in a drier atmosphere and less cloudy conditions.
With 5 Figures 相似文献
Zusammenfassung Für jeweils zwei arktische und antarktische Stationen, von denen jeweils eine an der Küste, eine in den Bergen liegt, wurden Vergleiche in bezug auf sommerliche Strahlungs- und Oberflächenenergiebilanz angestellt. Die Stationen liegen auf vergleichbarer Höhe und Breite. Es hat sich gezeigt, daß die Gesamt-Einstrahlung in den antarktischen Stationen größer war, aufgrund geringerer Erde-Sonnen-Distanz und der reineren Atmosphäre. Bewölkung und vor allem die für die arktischen Gebirgsstationen ausschlaggebende Sonnenabschirmung tragen auch zu dieser Differenz bei. Weiters wurden starke Albedounterschiede beobachtet. In der Arktis waren die Beobachtungsoberflächen im Sommer offene Tundra und schmelzender Schnee mit einer Albedo von 20 bzw. 59%, während die Antarktisoberflächen, nasser und trockener Schnee, eine Albedo von 67 bzw. 83% aufwiesen.Dies ergibt eine weniger positive Strahlungsbilanz für die beiden antarktischen Stationen trotz höherer Gesamteinstrahlung. Infolgedessen bewirkt die geringere Wärmeabgabe des Bodens an die Luft niedere Temperaturen in der Antarktis. Geringere Verdunstung ergibt somit geringere Bewölkung und eine trockenere Atmosphäre über der Antarktis.
With 5 Figures 相似文献
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Summary Spatial and temporal patterns of trends in the diurnal temperature ranges (DTRs) of the 70 stations and the role of maximum and minimum temperatures on the year-to-year variability and the long-term trends of the DTRs in Turkey have been investigated for the period 1929–1999. The principal results of the study are as follows:(i) The daytime maximum temperatures have shown weak warming and cooling in comparison with significant warming of the night-time minimum temperatures in many regions of Turkey and in most seasons. (ii) The DTRs have significantly decreased at most of the urbanised and rapidly urbanising stations throughout the seasons except partly in winter, without showing an apparent north/south (west–east) and land/sea gradient. (iii) Annual and seasonal DTRs of some stations have shown significant increasing trends. Nevertheless, the spatial distribution of significant increasing trends in the DTR series is geographically incoherent across the country in all seasons and annually, as compared with significantly decreased DTRs. (iv) Autumn and summer DTRs have decreased generally at a higher rate than in winter and spring. (v) Changes in the temperature regime of Turkey towards the more temperate and/or warmer climate conditions are most strongly related with the significant night-time warming in spring and summer. (vi) Magnitudes and signs of correlation coefficients and correlation patterns between the DTRs and the maximum and minimum temperatures have revealed that there is an opposite physical control mechanism on the year-to-year variability and the long-term variations and trends in the DTRs, particularly for the annual, spring and summer series. (vii) Significant increases of the night-time temperatures have most likely led to strong decreasing trends in the DTRs of most stations during the spring and summer seasons and annually and of some stations during winter and autumn. (viii) The asymmetric trends and the symmetric, but with different magnitude, trends in the maximum and minimum temperatures resulted in a significant decrease in the DTRs of many stations and are a considerable signal of ongoing changes in the climatic variability of Turkey. 相似文献
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Penetration of a layer of fibre by wind reduces its effectiveness as a barrier to heat flow. In the literature, the dependence of coat or clothing insulation I(u) on windspeed u is usually described by a relation of the form I(u) = I(0) – au
1/2, where a is a constant. Re-analysis reveals that it is more appropriate to treat coat conductance (proportional to 1/I) as a linear function of windspeed. Vapour conductance can also be treated as a linear function of windspeed.On leave from Washington State University, Department of Agronomy and Soils. 相似文献