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1.
首都圈跨断层形变反映的断层活动方式及其成因探讨 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文深入分析了首都圈10个跨断层形变场地的流动观测资料, 计算了断层水平滑动量。 结果表明, 首都圈断层形变反映的断层活动非常复杂。 其中: NW走向的施庄断裂左旋滑动量与时间呈线性关系, 在观测期内左旋滑动速率约为0.08 mm/a; NW走向的墙子路断裂观测期内以左旋滑动为主, 但水平滑动量较施庄断裂小; NE走向的断层在观测期内的活动方式多以左旋滑动为主, 水平滑动量随时间无明显变化规律。 在对断层活动观测结果详细分析的基础上, 利用平面弹性有限元模型对首都圈的断层活动进行了模拟研究, 认为该地区主要受张家口—渤海构造带左旋剪切的控制, 且不同走向活动断层以左旋走滑为主。 相似文献
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2005年10月8日巴基斯坦发生7.8级强烈地震, 震前新疆独山子台横向位移测量仪(GDW)记录到了较大变化。 根据独山子台记录到的断层形变资料, 结合区域内其他观测资料及区域地震活动进行了初步分析, 结果表明: ① 独山子-安集海断裂现今活动是以右旋逆冲运动为主, 其断层垂直向活动速率为0.12 mm/a, 水平向活动速率为0.25 mm/a。 巴基斯坦7.8级地震前横向位移观测结果显示断层右旋滑动速率增强, 其日平均速率达1.79 mm/d, 是正常日平均活动速率的12.8倍。 ② 独山子台MD系列数字化跨断层形变观测资料, 对独山子台300 km范围内的MS≥5.0地震, 震前均有明显的地震前兆异常显示; 对1000 km范围内的MS≥7.5地震, 亦有孕震过程显示。 ③ 巴基斯坦7.8级地震后约15分钟, 独山子台的MD系列数字化跨断层形变测量仪先后记录到了同震变化, 这也进一步说明该测量仪具有高精度、 宽量程、 抗干扰能力强的特点。 相似文献
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借助分布在北天山地区最新GPS点位的运动观测资料, 利用GAMIT/GLOBK数据处理软件获取了北天山地区现今地壳的运动位移场． 以该位移场为基础, 利用弹性半空间位错理论, 估算了研究区内博罗科努—阿其克库杜克断裂和准噶尔盆地南缘断裂两条具有代表性的主要断裂的现今活动速率． 结果表明: 博罗科努—阿其克库杜克右旋走滑断裂东、 西两段滑移速率的差异性不明显, 1944年3月10日乌苏南MS7.2强震发生后, 该断层现今表现为震后微蠕滑运动, 东、 西两段滑动速率均在1—2 mm/a之间; 准噶尔盆地南缘断裂现今滑动速率为(5.6±1.0) mm/a． 相似文献
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GPS约束下九寨沟地区断裂带现今运动速率的非连续接触模拟研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以中国地壳运动观测网络2009—2013年GPS观测数据为边界条件,使用非连续接触有限元技术构建九寨沟地区二维有限元模型,在不确定性分析的基础之上,计算区内主要断裂带现今运动速率。研究结果表明:在巴颜喀拉块体整体近于NE向的推挤过程中,九寨沟地区的塔藏断裂、虎牙断裂、树正断裂均呈现为较高的左旋走滑兼具挤压的现今运动特征;岷江断裂、龙日坝断裂和龙门山断裂则呈现为右旋走滑兼有挤压的运动特性。结合区域主应变率计算结果,发现九寨沟地区仍然具有较高的应变积累背景。树正断裂作为2017年8月8日九寨沟M7.0地震的发震断层,其现今左旋滑动速率为3.0 mm/a,与东昆仑断裂带玛沁—玛曲段附近的左旋走滑速率4.1mm/a基本匹配,说明该断裂可能是东昆仑断裂带东端分支断裂之一,而东昆仑断裂与虎牙断裂之间的历史地震空区可能已被九寨沟地震事件贯通。 相似文献
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利用新疆独山子台跨断层形变观测资料,对独山子山前断层的活动速率、活动特征及区域应力场进行了分析,结合震源机制解的研究成果进行了对比验证,同时应用"速率累加"分析方法进行了异常提取.结果显示:①独山子一安集海断裂垂直位移年平均变化量为0.106 mm,沿基线方向的水平位移年平均变化量为0.189 mm,沿断层走向的水平走滑年平均变化量为-0.883 mm,断层活动以右旋走滑为主兼具逆冲分量;②1993～2007年独山子断层的最大水平主压应力方向在339.85°～346.78°之间,平均为344.23°;③乌苏5.1级地震前,独山子台的形变记录曲线有较明显的速率异常变化与同震形变波动. 相似文献
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《华南地震》2016,(3)
基于传统跨断层测量监测断层活动的计算公式、主成分分析法以及GPS跨断层剖面方法分别计算了张渤带及其邻区主要断裂的运动特征。结果显示跨断层资料反映的断层近场变形特征沿张渤带各次级断裂以压性运动为主,与张渤带斜交的NE走向断裂以张性运动为主,部分测线不同时段会出现相反的运动性质。GPS观测资料表明NW走向的张渤带次级断裂以左旋走滑兼挤压运动特征为主,与张渤带斜交的NE走向的断裂以正断张性运动为主。各断层反映的张/压性质与利用震源机制解获得的区域构造应力场的主压/张应力方向较为一致。GPS资料结果显示:张渤带各次级断裂的平行断层的滑动速率介于0.5~1.5mm/a之间,垂直断层走向的挤压速率,除廊坊-武清断裂和蓟运河断裂外,其它次级断裂的速率0.8 mm/a;基于跨断层资料利用主成分分析获取张渤带及其邻区断裂运动综合运动指标表明区内断裂垂直运动速率1.5 mm/a,与跨断层资料逐条断裂分析的结果基本一致。总体来看,整个张渤带及其邻区断层活动水平较低。 相似文献
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以ldquo;中国地壳运动观测网络rdquo;区域站在海原断裂带附近的所有观测数据及跨断裂GPS剖面观测数据作为约束,用Smith 3-D体力模型反演了海原断裂带断层滑动速率和断层闭锁深度．从西到东断裂共分为5段,采用遗传算法拟合GPS水平运动速度场,拟合残差均方根为1.1mm/a.反演结果为:毛毛山断裂左旋走滑运动速率为3.5mm/a,闭锁深度为22.0km;老虎山断裂左旋走滑速率为6.5mm/a,闭锁深度为１10.3km;海原断裂带西段、中段和东段的滑动速率依次为4.5mm/a、5.6mm/a和5.5mm/a,闭锁深度依次为8.4km、3.6km和4.3km．表明毛毛山断裂左旋走滑运动速率小,闭锁深度大,有利于应变能的积累,使得该断裂及附近地区存在发生强震的背景． 相似文献
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大河沿—洛包泉活动断裂带由 7条活断裂呈左阶雁列式排列 ,其中东盐池、七角井、托莱泉活断裂在平面上也呈左阶排列。沿断裂分布有古地震断层陡坎。东盐池断裂具有左旋逆冲性质。断层陡坎高 0 .6— 4 .5 m,断坎坡角为 2 6°— 2 8°,断裂垂直断距 1m,冲沟左错 10— 11.5 m,其垂直平均活动速率为 0 .18mm / a,水平平均活动速率为 1.31— 2 .0 2 mm/ a,为全新世中、晚期活动断裂。七角井断裂具有左旋逆冲或左旋逆走滑性质 ,断层陡坎高为 0 .75— 8.3m ,断坎坡角为 14°— 2 1°,左错为2 .5— 6 .5 m,垂直平均活动速率为 0 .15— 0 .17mm/ a,水平平均活动速率为 0 .35— 0 .4 9mm/ a。该断裂为全新世中、晚期活动断裂。托莱泉断裂具有逆冲性质。断层陡坎西段高为 0 .75— 4 m,坡角为19°— 2 0 .5°;东段高为 3— 12 m,坡角为 10°— 2 9°,垂直平均活动速率为 0 .2 5 mm/ a。该断裂为晚更新世晚期活动断裂 相似文献
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利用GPS观测资料计算并获取了2008年新疆西昆仑地区于田7.3级地震发生前的现今地壳运动速度场,通过速度场分布研究了区域内主要断层的活动速率.结果表明:震中以南的龙木错断裂呈左旋走滑性质的运动特征,走滑速率为1.2～2.5 mm/a;震中以北的阿尔金左旋走滑断裂滑动速率为5 mm/a;震中北西面的康西瓦断裂的左旋走滑平均速率约为3～7 mm/a.区域应变场分布一定程度上受断裂带分布的影响.7.3级地震就位于断裂活动交汇的部位和最大剪应变率高值区的边缘. 相似文献
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阪神·淡路大震灾后 ,日本着手对原有的地震观测体制作彻底改革 ,多项全国性配置地震计的计划同时开始启动。地震引起的地面晃动的程度不尽相同 ,无感微小地震引发的晃动仅有 0 .0 0 1 μm,频率为1 0 Hz;巨大地震引起的地面晃动的幅度高达 2～ 3 m,周期也有几十秒。虽说都称之为地震计 ,但由于地震动的振幅和频率涉及的范围太大 ,所以应针对观测对象选用不同类型的地震计。下面介绍不同类型的观测网。1 强震观测网 ( K- NET)无论大地有多大的晃动都能将其准确记录下来的地震计称之为强震计。它构造坚实 ,信号明确 ,通常设置在地表 ,对了… 相似文献
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Sun, climate, hunger, and mass migration 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
Kenneth J. Hsu 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》1998,41(5):449-472
Paleoclimatic studies indicate four epochs of global cooling during the last 4 000 years, i. e. during the few centuries before
and after 2000 BC, 800 BC, 400 AD, and 1 600 AD; the quasiperiodicity corresponds to cyclic variation of solar activity. Global
temperature changes influenced regional precipitation patterns: Northern Europe was wetter while the middle- and low-latitude
lands were more arid during colder epochs. Both sets of cold climatical conditions were unfavorable for agricultural production.
Historical records show that large demographic movements in history took place because of crop failures and mass starvation,
rather than escaping from war zones. The “wandering” of the Germanic tribes during the first two or three centuries of the
Christian Era is one example. Whereas the accelerated release of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels is ultimately
to cause global warming, historical evidence indicates, however, that global warming has been on the whole a blessing to mankind.
Global cooling, on the other hand, has curtailed agricultural production and has led to famines and mass migrations of people.
Perhaps the most important task at the present is not so much computer-modelling of greenhouse effect on global climate, but
water-management and agricultural researches to insure food-supply for an everincreasing world population. 相似文献
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Abu Sayeed Shafiuddin Ahmed Mohammad Belal Hossain Saad Mohammad Omar Faruque Babu Moshiur Rahman Jun Sun Mohammad Shafiqul Islam Sarker 《国际泥沙研究》2022,37(1):83-96
Sediment samples from the Gomti River basin were investigated to determine and evaluate trace metal concentrations,their biological effect,and potential ecological and human health risks for adults and children.The mean concentrations of trace metals were organized in the descending order of mercury(Hg)(0.08 mg/kg)>chromium(Cr)(0.06 mg/kg)>lead(Pb)(0.05 mg/kg)>arsenic(As)(0.02 mg/kg)>cadmium(Cd)(0.01 mg/kg).The current study illustrated that metals were attributed to the area from natural sources and different anthropogenic sources especially from industries.However,the concentration levels were lower than the sediment quality guidelines(SQGs)based on the effect-range classifications of threshold effect concentration(TEC)and probable effect concentration(PEC).Therefore,the concentration of the elements showed no adverse biological effects on aquatic organisms.The evaluated potential ecological risk index also revealed the low toxicity to the aquatic environment.Moreover,the applied sediment quality indices,geo-accumulation index(Igeo),contamination factor(CF),and contamination severity index(CSI)suggested that the contamination levels of the elements were in the acceptable range,and the contamination had not notably impacted on the sediment quality.The risk index(HI)concerning age groups was significantly less than the threshold limit of 1 indicating that the contamination had no non-carcinogenic risk effect.The total carcinogenic risk(TCR)was less than a risk value of 1×104.Hence,the current study suggests that immediate remediation is not required due to an absence of alarming conditions in the study area.Proper monitoring of the attribution of the metal elements should be done for the betterment of human and environmental health。 相似文献
15.
Michael O. Garcia Diane Hanano Ashton Flinders Dominique Weis Garrett Ito Mark D. Kurz 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2012,74(6):1445-1463
The size, shape, and magmatic history of the most recently discovered shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands, Mahukona, have been controversial. Mahukona corresponds to what was thought to be a gap in the paired sequence (Loa and Kea trends) of younger Hawaiian volcanoes (<4?Ma). Here, we present the results of marine expeditions to Mahukona where new bathymetry, sidescan sonar, gravity data, and lava samples were collected to address these controversies. Modeling of bathymetric and gravity data indicate that Mahukona is one of the smallest Hawaiian volcanoes (～6,000?km3) and that its magmatic system was not focused in a long-lived central reservoir like most other Hawaiian volcanoes. This lack of a long-lived magmatic reservoir is reflected by the absence of a central residual gravity high and the random distribution of cones on Mahukona Volcano. Our reconstructed subsidence history for Mahukona suggests it grew to at least ～270?m below sea level but probably did not form an island. New 40Ar–39Ar plateau ages range from 350 to 654?ka providing temporal constraints for Mahukona’s post-shield and shield stages of volcanism, which ended prematurely. Mahukona post-shield lavas have high 3He/4He ratios (16–21?Ra), which have not been observed in post-shield lavas from other Hawaiian volcanoes. Lava compositions range widely at Mahukona, including Pb isotopic values that straddle the boundary between Kea and Loa sequences of volcanoes. The compositional diversity of Mahukona lavas may be related to its relatively small size (less extensive melting) and the absence of a central magma reservoir where magmas would have been homogenized. 相似文献
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Dynamics of dissolved major (Na,K, Ca,Mg, and Si) and trace (Al,Fe, Mn,Zn, Cu,and Cr) elements along the lower Orinoco River 
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下载免费PDF全文 Abrahan Mora Jürgen Mahlknecht Juan Carlos Baquero Alain Laraque Juan A. Alfonso Daniel Pisapia Laura Balza 《水文研究》2017,31(3):597-611
This study addresses the changes in dissolved major and trace element concentrations along the Orinoco River, including the mixing zone between the Orinoco and Apure Rivers. Water samples from the Apure and Orinoco Rivers were collected monthly in four sectors over a period of 15 months. Auxiliary parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and temperature), total suspended sediments, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and major (Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Si) and trace (Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Cr) element concentrations were measured in all sectors. The relative contribution of both rivers after the Apure–Orinoco confluence was determined using Ca as a tracer. Moreover, a mixing model was developed to determine whether dissolved species exhibit a conservative behavior during mixing. The results indicate that DOC is removed from waters during the Apure–Orinoco mixing, probably due to absorption of DOC on mineral phases supplied by the Apure River. Dissolved Na, Ca, and Mg behave conservatively during the mixing processes, and their concentrations are controlled by a dilution process. The anomaly in the temporal pattern of K in the Orinoco is caused by the input of biogenic K originating from the Apure River during the high‐water stage. The loss of dissolved Si during the low‐water stage can be explained by the uptake of Si by diatoms. Dissolved Mn, Zn, Al, and Fe showed a non‐conservative behavior during the Apure–Orinoco mixing. The removal of Mn and Zn from the dissolved phase can be explained by the formation of Mn‐oxyhydroxides and the scavenging of Zn onto Mn oxides. Dissolved Fe is controlled by redox processes, although the removals of Fe and Al due to the preferential adsorption of large organometallic complexes by mineral surfaces after the Apure–Orinoco confluence can affect the mobility of both elements during transport. The conservative behavior shown by Cu and Cr can be related to the tendency of both elements to be complexed with small organic colloids, which are not preferentially adsorbed by clays. 相似文献
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In this study, we have checked the location and focal depth of the Yecheng earthquake (m b = 6.0, maximum intensity VII) of February 14, 1980. The result shows that this is an intermediate event with a focal depth of 90 km. The microepicenter is located at 36. 4°N, 76, 9°E, while the macroepicenter is at 37.3°N, 76.9°E, 90 km to the north of the microepicenter. This is the first destructive intermediate event in China which led to a damage as severe as of intensity VII. The focal mechanism of the event is determined to be of thrust type. Combined with the analysis of seismological and geological data in surrounding area, the possible relation between the event and plate movement has been discussed. The result in this paper indicates that in some particular place, the destructive effect of intermediate event should be considered in seismic hazard assessment. 相似文献
20.
Transitional, entraining, cloudy, and coastal boundary layers 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Wayne M. Angevine 《Acta Geophysica》2008,56(1):2-20
Atmospheric boundary layers are marvelously varied and complex. Recent research has examined some of that variety. Boundary
layers over land undergo drastic changes throughout the day as the sun rises and sets, and as clouds form and dissipate. Air
is entrained at the top of the boundary layer at varying rates. As air moves over the coast, the boundary layer reacts to
changes in surface forcing. All of these changes affect pollutant transport and weather formation. In this paper, research
attempting to understand transitional, cloud-topped, and coastal boundary layers, and boundary-layer top entrainment, is reviewed. 相似文献