共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
引大入秦工程是由大通河向甘肃中部兰州市永登县秦王川地区跨流域引水的以农业灌溉为主要目的大型调水工程。工程建成通水后,对改变当地农业生产条件和贫困面貌、安置贫困山区移民、促进秦王川地区的经济社会发展发挥了重要作用。但是,由于各种因素的综合影响,工程在设计效益的发挥等方面存在一些问题,集中表现在供水能力未能充分发挥、工程水资源配置没有实现最优化。在收集到翔实的第一手资料的基础上,将引大灌区和周边可能的供水范围作为一个统一的研究对象即引大工程供水区,根据供水区的供需水现状和用水发展趋势,采用水资源系统分析理论中的最优化技术,建立以经济效益、社会效益和环境效益最优为目标、以供需水量为约束条件的优化配置模型,通过求解模型,确定近期和远期供水区的水资源在各子区不同用水部门间的最优化配置方案,为富余水源寻找出路,这对最大限度地发挥工程效益,促进区域经济社会的可持续发展具有重要作用。 相似文献
2.
工业用水优化配置模型研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
探讨了工业部门内部水资源优化配置理论与方法，建立了水资源优化配置经济效益模型。在此基础上，深入研究了经济效益、社会效益、环境效益、水资源的可持续利用及其与国民经济、社会的协调发展等因素对水资源优化配置的影响。通过对上述影响因素的分析，给出了工业内部各行业综合影响系数的计算公式，建立了水资源优化配置综合效益数学模型。以山东省高密市为例，在收集分析了各行业的用水量、产值、利税等基本资料的基础上，以每个行业的历史用水量为样本，采用数理统计的方法推求出行业需水量上、下限，并利用综合效益模型，以1989年7月这一最枯月份为例，对工业内部各行业进行水资源重分配，结果比较符合实际情况。 相似文献
3.
George W. Hoffman 《Geoforum》1977,8(3):121-129
This paper is concerned with the political significance of the spatial economic activities of states. Regional problems are often the result of social differences which frequently are expressed in regional consciousness and loyalties and in turn they often create potential political and social cleavages and thus affect the cohesion and viability of the state. Various aspects of regional development policies in both western and eastern European multinational states which involve the spatial distribution of economic activities are examined. Planning the economic and social life emphasizes the regional allocation of resources, the coordination of national plans with regional objectives and increased consideration of the problem of lagging regions. Most regional movements are a protest against neglect and demand more local control and autonomy, therefore regional policies must be geared to the modification of long standing grievances resulting from past policies. In countries where increased participation by its inhabitants in the economic and social policies of their respective countries has been a matter of national policy, regional grievances generally have been kept under control. 相似文献
4.
阐述了水价确定与调水工程良性运行的关系,通过对不同水价制定方法的经济学分析,论述了长期边际成本定价对调水资源优化配置的有效性,提出了南水北调工程水价制定原则:以长期边际成本定价思想为指导,实现容量水价与计量水价相结合,以动态调整和价格歧视为辅助措施的水价机制;适当提升南水北调水价,确保受水区水价和水源结构的平稳过渡。 相似文献
5.
6.
根据马莲河流域水资源总量极端贫乏、年际年内分配不均、常规水资源量低、水污染问题较严重等特点,利用系统分析理论和优化技术建立了流域的大系统、多目标水资源优化配置模型,并利用优化的NSGA-Ⅱ方法进行求解,得到流域2020年期望水资源配置下的最佳分配方案为:流域总供水量57 086×104m3,工业供水量21 690×104m3(总产值约为144.6亿元),能源基地供水量4 329×104m3(总产值约为346.32万元),农业供水量20 840×104m3,生活供水量9 452×104m3,生态供水量811×104m3。对比期望方案供水量增加了6 710×104m3,综合缺水率减少了11.41%。并根据预测的流域的分配方案和预测的流域需水量,进行了流域的水资源平衡分析,通过平衡分析的结果进行流域的综合管理研究。2020年在最优水资源分配方案下,工业缺水率3.21%、减少了4.51%;能源基地缺水率0.00%;农业缺水率4.64%、缺水率增加26.17%;生活缺水率0.00%;生态缺水率1.00%、缺水率增加了1.00%。配置方案实现了流域内水资源的最佳分配,使宝贵、有限的水资源产生最大的社会、经济及环境效益,为流域经济、能源产业的快速发展提供水资源保障。 相似文献
7.
Judith A. Rees 《Geoforum》1981,12(3):211-225
Conventional economic appraisals of the water industry have concentrated on economic efficiency defined almost entirely in allocative terms, the key issues being the efficiency with which available water resources are allocated between users and with which factors of production are invested in new facilities. Since marginal cost pricing has been viewed as the mechanism theoretically capable of bringing about optimality in resource allocation, assessments of water industry practices have all too often been reduced to reiteration of the extent to which current pricing practices diverge from the theoretical optima. This paper, based on empirical work on water suppliers in both Britain and Australia, questions the relevance of this conventional approach.First, it is argued that the concentration on allocative efficiency has diverted attention from the equally crucial issue of whether the industry is efficient in managerial, technical and product terms. Since technological efficiency must exist in an industry before a Pareto optimal allocation of resources can occur, the presupposition, in papers which argue that the introduction of optimal pricing rules will ensure allocative efficiency, must be that the industry is already producing an appropriate product using least cost production methods. No such presupposition can be made in an industry where the profit motive and competitive forces do not operate.Second, it is argued that optimal pricing policies can only produce optimal resource allocations if consumers act in a prescribedly rational way to the prices set. Although it is well known that ‘second-best’ pricing rules may be needed to counter inefficient conditions prevailing in other sectors of the economy, the effect of market imperfec- tions on the way consumers react to prices has been less well analysed. Using results from a study of firms' reactions to trade effluent charges, it is shown that the structure of companies and the way they operate their revenue and capital budgets may severely limit the effectiveness of the price mechanism in ensuring allocative efficiency.Finally, the paper considers the ‘equity’ with which the costs of water services are distributed between consumers. Once again it is argued that the issue has been neglected since the distribution of income is irrelevant to the achievement of allocative optimality in Paretian terms. Evidence is presented that contradicts the popular myth that, although current pricing arrangements may be less than efficient, they are at least ‘broadly fair’. It is shown that, in practice, price discrimination against low income consumers is widespread, and this can hardly be regarded as equitable, whatever definition of equity is used. 相似文献
8.
水资源管理制度超模博弈分析——以钱塘江与黑河为例 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
运用超模博弈理论,以流域水资源管理制度形成的角度来解释流域各区段水资源管理政策执行面临的外部环境约束与激励,并通过模型描述了水资源管理域与外部关联域之间的博弈关系。分析发现：超模结构在当前钱塘江与黑河流域的水资源博弈中发挥着重要影响。钱塘江流域水资源管理制度收益函数对水功能区治理变量和经济域治理变量有递增差异。黑河流域水资源管理制度收益函数对分水治理变量和社会域治理变量有递增差异。由于这种关联作用对各区段主体策略集的限制,流域间水资源管理制度逐渐异质化,各流域管理结构呈现出一定的区域特色。钱塘江流域水资源管理偏重于扁平化、职能化管理,黑河流域为科层结构下水资源的层级分配。并依据以上研究结论提出了制度建议。 相似文献
9.
At present there is a tendency for the roles, in the economy, of the environment and natural resources to be interrelated. Economic factors have increasingly been affected by environmental impact in spatial economic organisation (ETO). The growth of production results in the constant increased consumption of natural resources. New sources (of inferior quality in the developed regions or in the regions with extreme conditions), formerly not exploited area now used. At the same time the following tendencies can be observed: increased concentration of production, more complicated branch structure, growth in number of manufacturing industries, decline in the share of mining in industrial output. This tendency is accompanied by the spatial disjunction of technologically interconnected industries (dealing with mining and processing of raw materials) and by the formation of new industrial integrations (not dealing directly with natural resources utilization). In this complicated situation the investigation of natural resources and of the environmental role in the spatial organisation of the economy is becoming of special relevance. In the author's opinion while investigating this problem the type of social system should be considered, as well as the level of development of productive forces and the combination of regional nature and economic conditions. Three aspects of investigation—branch, spatial and functional—are proposed. The analysis of natural resources and environmental impact the spatial organisation of the economy in each of mentioned aspects should be performed on different scales—local, regional, national and international levels. The approach to problem investigation is based on the analysis of data about the USSR. and exemplified. The investigators recommend the application of Soviet experience in this field by the geographers of other countries. 相似文献
10.
基于水资源可持续利用理念,从水资源承载能力演化周期性、经济社会需用水规模难变性和未来水资源供需关系入手,介绍近60年以来华北平原水资源情势,特别是该平原水资源量、实际用水量和地下水开采量变化特征,并结合未来10到30年区域经济社会发展需用水量趋势,识别和诊断华北平原水资源紧缺因源。结果表明：由于降水量减少导致华北平原缺水（自然资源性缺水）占该平原总缺水量的15.1%~16.4%;因管理缺陷导致水资源浪费的缺水（管理性缺水）占22.1%~24.2%;人口数量和经济社会发展规模过大导致用水量超过区域水资源承载力的缺水（政策性缺水）占59.3%~62.5%。自然资源性、管理性以及政策性缺水的解决对策不同：自然资源性缺水是不依人的意志为转移的,惟有从外域适量调水才能解决;管理性缺水可通过社会文明进步和科技进步不断修正;政策性缺水宜因势利导进行经济社会布局和产业结构调整,特别是限制高耗低效用水产业。即使南水北调工程70.3×108m3/a水进入华北平原,该平原地下水超采情势也难以得到根本性扭转。有新增水源调入或华北平原严控生活和工业用水量,同时大幅压减农业用水量,因势利导优化和逐步调整经济社会布局和产业结构,特别是灌溉农业进行规模化减蒸、降耗、节水的改造,将是缓解华北平原地下水超采和水资源紧缺的根本所在。 相似文献
11.
试论固体矿产资源／储量经济分类原理 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以矿山企业生产情况分类为基础,讨论了固体矿产资源／储量经济分类原理。矿山企业有盈利生产、亏损生产、关闭三种主要生产情况,这决定了其所使用的资源／储量有经济的,边际经济的、次边际经济的三种。文章从经济学和利润最大化要求的角度提出了资源／储量分类的方法,建立了求最低边际品位和最低经济品位的公式。用最低经济品位区分经济储量和边际经济储量,用最低边际品位区分边际经济储量和次边际经济资源量。 相似文献
12.
为统一核算区域蓝水、绿水资源有效利用程度,构建了农业广义水资源利用系数（Eg）指标,核算中国31个省区粮食生产中的Eg,并基于空间自相关和通径分析方法对其时空格局及成因进行分析。中国1998-2010年Eg为0.588,大部分省区呈随时间增大趋势;Eg相似的省区在空间上显著地聚集,高值省区聚集于西部,低值省区集中于东南地区,且空间聚集现象呈减弱趋势;农业生产管理水平对Eg的影响大于气候要素,社会经济条件影响最小。结合广义水资源利用状况,西南省区可扩大粮食生产规模以发挥Eg较大优势,东北与华北粮食主产区应通过提高Eg以保障粮食安全和水资源可持续利用。研究可发展农业用水效率评价理论同时为国家粮食生产与水资源管理策略的制定提供参考。 相似文献
13.
粤港澳大湾区（以下简称大湾区）水资源现状及其演化规律关系到该区社会经济的高质量发展。本文对大湾区"9市+2区"近10年的社会经济与水资源现状及其协同演化规律进行分析研究。结果显示：目前大湾区供水主要依赖地表水，水资源的分布与区域经济发展不协调，作为区域发展核心引擎的香港、澳门、深圳（极度缺水）以及广州（重度缺水）人均水资源量过低。广州、佛山、中山、东莞（>80%）以及深圳（>40%）水资源开发利用程度高，水资源供需压力大。通过归因分析得到大湾区的水资源利用现状与社会经济的协同规律：产业结构影响用水结构以及水资源开发利用程度，控制用水效率。区域内产业结构与发展趋势，及其与世界湾区的对比分析验证了产业结构理论中的"配第-克拉克定理"。随着大湾区经济持续的发展与产业结构优化，大湾区用水效率将提高，人均用水量会逐步降低。同时城市公共用水、生活用水需求量将持续上升，需确保大湾区供水设施，供水量及供水安全满足未来社会经济发展需求。 相似文献
14.
资源环境承载能力评价是进行国土空间规划和用途管控的基础性工作,越来越受到国家重视。在资源环境承载能力研究实践中,以自然资源环境系统及其与社会经济系统的关系为主要研究对象,创新性提出了"资源环境承载协调理论",并基于此理论初步建立了不同空间尺度的地质资源环境承载能力评价技术方法,构建了地质环境、地下水资源、矿产资源等不同资源环境要素的承载能力评价指标体系,包括承载本底评价指标和承载状态评价指标。规范了不同尺度的资源与环境承载能力评价流程,为有序推动全国、区域及市县尺度的自然单元和行政单元的地质资源环境承载能力评价工作提供了强有力的。 相似文献
15.
中国西北内陆河水问题及其应对策略——以黑河流域为例 总被引：39，自引：8，他引：31
中国被联合国列为13个贫水国之一,占国土面积1/3的内陆河地区先天性的水资源不足,再叠加不合理的利用,使得水问题成为西北内陆河流域经济发展和生态保护的关键性问题.以黑河为例论述了流域尺度的水、土、生态、环境及管理问题;提出缓解流域水资源矛盾必须在流域尺度提高水效益的适应对策;讨论了绿洲灌区水资源利用率提高的4个环节,即灌溉水向土壤水转化、土壤水的生物利用、生物水的生产率以及市场需求的产业配置;展示了水源涵养、节水型绿洲建设、生态水利用率提高的部分实例;分析了水资源的社会化管理的阶段、问题与途径,强调流域虚拟水配置战略,指出提高流域水-生态-经济综合效益仍有较大潜力. 相似文献
16.
和田地区水资源利用存在的主要问题及对策 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据和田地区水资源及水环境条件,对水资源进行合理配置分析,对地区存在的季节性缺水、工程老化、续建配套与节水改造任务艰巨、工业园区发展受水资源限制、用水结构中农业用水比重过大、盐渍化危害严重等问题进行了系统研究。主要研究对策是:通过调整用水结构,控制灌溉面积增长速度;大力推进高新节水灌溉面积发展,全力实施防风治沙林的建设和饲草料基地建设计划;大力发展第二产业,加强节水型社会建设;通过以上措施控制地下水开采量在可开采量范围之内并适当留有余地,满足经济社会可持续发展及生态环境保护需水要求,控制经济社会总需水量在自治区下达的"三条红线"以内。 相似文献
17.
开展石漠化综合治理效益评价,对于石漠化综合治理模式的优化和改进至关重要。文章以贵州兴义市南盘江镇田房村为研究对象,分析热带果树+覆盖作物措施的石漠化综合治理效益。通过调查兴义市南盘江镇田房村治理前（2014年）和治理后（2017年和2020年）的农业产业结构、产业资源发展、经济效益和生态效益,利用冗余分析(RDA)和结构方程建模(SEM)评价了田房村石漠化治理的综合效益。结果表明:通过将耕地转变为园地（芒果和澳洲坚果间作牧草或绿肥）,综合治理6年后,该示范区农业产业结构、产业资源发展、经济效益和生态效益均呈现向好趋势;除了农/林草面积比和农产品商品产值两个观测变量,农业产业结构和产业资源发展与经济效益和生态效益之间观测指标均呈显著相关;果园用地比重、务工劳动力比重、务工贡献率、农产商品化产值、农/林草面积比5个变量是引起经济效益和生态效益变化的重要驱动因子;石漠化治理能耦合生态环境与产业资源的协调发展,同时实现生态恢复和经济增收。热带果树+覆盖作物相结合综合治理石漠化是该村生态恢复和经济增收的有效措施。研究结果为喀斯特石漠化综合治理提供了依据。 相似文献
18.
According to the present situation and problems of land use in Huanghua, this article determines the objectives of optimal allocation of land resources. As the basis of gray linear programming approach, we create gray linear programming model and set decision variables. By constructing the objective function and collection of constraint equations in which the main constraints is water resources, we obtain the program of optimal allocation of land resources under different constraints of water resources. The optimal result is analyzed to the present situation and planning of land use, to study feasibility of the program and the effectiveness in the decision of sustainable use of water -soil resources 相似文献
19.
《China Geology》2019,2(2):211-217
At present, most shale gas exploration and development areas in China are difficult to provide sufficient and effective production data to support economic evaluation, since they are still in the initial stage of low exploration level. In addition, ecological and environmental factors are not taken into account in the evaluation process, which does not meet the needs of green energy development of China. Aiming at above problems, the dynamic economic evaluation method of shale gas resources based on calculus principle is proposed. The Arps hyperbolic decreasing curve model will be used in the evaluation of single shale gas well production, which can evaluate single well production of shale gas by fitting the existing dynamic production data to generate the production decreasing curve. Therefore, the variation regularity of the cumulative production of single well shale gas within the study area can be obtained by the model mentioned above. According to the variation regularity of the cumulative production obtained from the Arps hyperbolic decreasing curve model, the recovery period of single well cost, ultimate economic life and the ultimate economic resource can be evaluated dynamically by analyzing the variation regularity of the cumulative sales revenue and cumulative input cost of single shale gas well. Then the evaluation result can be further extend to the whole evaluation areas, in order to analyze shale gas resources ’ economic value in evaluation regions under different shale gas price conditions. The results of the above evaluation methods are not only conducive to improving the economic benefits of relative shale gas development enterprises, but also provide a basis for the national energy strategy deployment.© 2019 China Geology Editorial Office. 相似文献
20.
L. Oyebande Dr. 《GeoJournal》1978,2(5):403-412
The gap between water need and supply has widened steadily in Nigeria's urban centres despite continuous efforts made to develop the nation's vast surface and groundwater resources. Less than 0.5% of the total water resource potential has been developed for consumption, and the per capita water supply for all uses is only 61 litres per day. Acute water shortages afflict the inhabitants of the towns and cities. The bulk of available water supplies is unmetered; where metered, ridiculously low rates are changed. Thus, there is a great need for management policy that aims at financial viability and economic efficiency. More realistic water rates should be charged in order to raise the much-needed revenue to meet increasing production and distribution costs. 相似文献