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1.
《Ocean & Coastal Management》2006,49(3-4):188-202
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) worldwide are reported as failing to achieve their conservation objectives due to insufficient funds, resulting in management shortfalls such as inadequate law enforcement and poor visitor management. The implementation of user fee systems has been suggested as a solution to the financial unsustainability of MPAs, with divers commonly willing to pay large sums of money to help protect the parks they visit. Studies assessing the potential and success of tourism user fees in the form of diving user fees have solely concentrated on the Caribbean Region and consequently a comprehensive understanding of the opportunities for revenue generation is not possible. This study investigated existing user fees in two important diving regions of the world, South-East Asia and the Francophone countries of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, and the potential for the introduction of new fee systems there. Whilst the majority of MPAs in the Francophone countries of the Indian and Pacific Oceans are rarely visited by divers, MPAs in South-East Asia, like the Wider Caribbean, present a high potential to raise revenue for conservation via the implementation of diving user fees, although this potential is largely unexploited. This potential will be only realised when complex problems linked to governance and revenue collection are resolved. 相似文献
2.
The potential oil shales of the Palaeogene Muwaqqar Chalk Marl and Umm Rijam Chert Limestone formations are investigated from a subsurface location in the west of Jordan. Detailed organic geochemistry data is placed in the context of a sequence stratigraphic framework derived from vertical foraminiferal biofacies and lithological changes and biostratigraphically calibrated using planktonic foraminiferal biozonation. This shows that the transgressive systems tract of a Selandian (P4, probably P4a) sequence has the best potential in the studied section to generate oil if subjected to induced pyrolysis. A Ypresian (no older than E2) transgressive sequence has some potential, whilst highstand systems tracts offer the least potential. Both the sequence model and oil shale potential compares well with equivalent age sediments in Egypt and highlights that whilst the Maastrichtian portion of the Muwaqqar Chalk Marl Formation is often regarded as the key interval for oil shale prospectivity, parts of the Paleocene succession also have some potential. 相似文献
3.
文章对近10年来椒江口两岸主要的围填海工程进行了统计,利用基于围填海强度等级控制理念的围填海潜力评估方法,对椒江口海域的围填海强度及围填海潜力进行了定量评估,并对其造成的环境影响进行了分析。分析结果显示,椒江口海域虽然仍有一定的围填海潜力,但围填海压力较大,椒江口大规模的围填海工程对海岸带地形地貌、海域水文动力环境、滨海湿地生态系统、海洋水环境质量、海洋生物资源等均存在负面影响,为此提出了强化围填海管控、重视海岸带整治修复等建议,以期为椒江口的围填海管控和生态环境保护提供参考。 相似文献
4.
The basic purpose of this paper is to identify the potential requirements for maritime satellite communication and position fixing as it relates to both present and future operational systems (e.g., MARISAT, INMARSAT, etc.). Particular emphasis is given to the need for position fixing and ship terminal equipment utilization in national waters, as well as other major aspects. Present MARISAT operation and industry evaluation activities are briefly discussed, highlighting a few major programs and some of the potential benefit area thus far generally identified by the users of MARISAT. A comparison is made between satellite communication and the existing MF/HF system, including direct-printing radio telegraph (marine radio telex). From various standpoints, it appears that maritime satellite systems are more desirable than conventional (nontelex) marine telegraph/telephone. In addition, the improved performance, capability, and potential of satellites could outweigh the slightly lower annual traffic and equipment cost for HF marine telex. 相似文献
5.
《Marine Policy》2016
This paper uses spatial, temporal, and use-intensity data for 27 major marine uses in Washington waters to feature a method for assessing potential use conflicts in a variety of scenarios. The study represents a first step towards quantifying potential conflicts within Washington’s Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) study area by using a cumulative analysis to highlight high- and low-use intensity areas and the novel Marine Potential Conflict Index (MPCI), which incorporates space, time, and intensity of use, to quantify pairwise potential conflicts between uses. About 10% of pairs of uses do not overlap spatially and are likely compatible with one another. Temporally, the number of uses peaks in July and August and falls during January and February. Additionally, the MPCI identified three important use types with a substantial degree of potential conflict: commercial fishing, tribal fishing, and shipping. External data were used in three cases to ground-truth the analysis, as a limited test of its utility in managing any potential conflict. This article assesses the extent of Washington’s existing marine uses along spatial, temporal, and intensity axes, and more broadly provides a straightforward way to examine potential conflicts between marine uses. 相似文献
6.
根据东营凹陷洼陷带岩性油藏勘探形成的“相—势”控藏理论，结合国内外“相”、“势”控藏研究文献调研，对“相—势”控藏作用原理进行了解剖，并以东营凹陷陡坡带砂砾岩扇体为例进行“相—势”控藏作用研究，验证了北带砂砾岩体成藏受“相—势”控制，总结了东营北带的“相—势”控藏特征，完善和发展了“相—势”控藏理论。同时在研究中发现，由于油气成藏是一个动态过程，虽然现今储层有利相带及成藏动力的耦合是成藏的关键，但是研究证实储层的物性、地层压力的动态演化对圈闭合油气充满度影响很大。应对油气成藏关键时期及其以后的储层物性及地层压力分布规律及其动态演化进行研究，实现含油气盆地的构造演化史、沉积埋藏史、热演化史、成烃史、油气充注史、“相—势”控藏历史等的有机统一，进一步完善和发展“相—势”控藏理论，必将带来陆相断陷盆地油气勘探理论新的突破。 相似文献
7.
Ensuring confidence in radionuclide-based sediment chronologies and bioturbation rates 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Sedimentary records of naturally occurring and fallout-derived radionuclides are widely used as tools for estimating both the ages of recent sediments and rates of sedimentation and bioturbation. Developing these records to the point of data interpretation requires careful sample collection, processing, analysis and data modeling. In this work, we document a number of potential pitfalls that can impact sediment core records and their interpretation. This paper is not intended as an exhaustive treatment of these potential problems. Rather, the emphasis is on potential problems that are not well documented in the literature, as follows: (1) the mere sampling of sediment cores at a resolution that is too coarse can result in an apparent diffusive mixing of the sedimentary record at rates comparable to diffusive bioturbation rates observed in many locations; (2) 210Pb profiles in slowly accumulating sediments can easily be misinterpreted to be driven by sedimentation, when in fact bioturbation is the dominant control. Multiple isotopes of different half lives and/or origin may help to distinguish between these two possible interpretations; (3) apparent mixing can occur due simply to numerical artifacts inherent in the finite difference approximations of the advection diffusion equation used to model sedimentation and bioturbation. Model users need to be aware of this potential problem. Solutions to each of these potential pitfalls are offered to ensure the best possible sediment age estimates and/or sedimentation and bioturbation rates can be obtained. 相似文献
8.
海水养殖可能是实现我国碳中和目标的有效途径之一。贝、藻类养殖是海水养殖的主要组成部分,可以通过碳移除（从海水中收获）、碳固定（形成贝壳）等方式成为有效的碳汇。因此,中国作为海水养殖大国,具有较大的碳汇潜力。然而,目前关于贝、藻类养殖过程中碳汇的计算、评估、监测等还没有统一的标准,对于其碳汇边界的定义（如储藏年限、周转周期等）也不清晰。本文阐述了典型贝、藻类养殖碳汇的潜力,认为碳汇的计算不仅仅要考虑储存碳,还要考虑养殖过程中由于呼吸等过程排放的碳;提出了贝、藻类养殖碳汇测算过程中存在的问题,认为目前常用的称重法等无法准确反应养殖系统的碳汇潜力;建议在未来养殖碳汇测算中首先明确碳汇边界问题（如使用长、短周期碳汇的概念）。最后,本文讨论了贝、藻类养殖生态系统综合温室效应评估的必要性,建议在碳汇核算过程中同时考虑非二氧化碳温室气体（如甲烷、氧化亚氮）的作用。 相似文献
9.
Ralph S. Lewis Mary L. Digiacomo-Cohen Nancy Friedrich Neff Richard Hyde 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2013,31(2-3)
The Connecticut effort in year 9 of the Continental Margins Program concentrated on a 13.6-mi2 area south of the Housatonic River. This area was chosen for a side-scan sonar survey because it lies on and adjacent to the bathymetric expressions of two fairly large, subcropping, potential sources of coarse material. Previous seismic work in the area indicated that outcrops or subcrops of these potential source deposits could be delineated using their bathymetric expression. Owing to the limited resolution of the seismic data, a correlation between bottom type and underlying source deposits could not be made with the seismics alone. Results from the November 1993 side-scan survey show that although the source deposits have discernible bathymetric expressions, they are not cropping out as much as expected. As a result, bottom type is not necessarily determined by subcropping deposits in this particular area. Year 10 work was concentrated in Fishers Island Sound, where three areas of potential interest for near-shore gravel resources had previously been identified. These areas were surveyed, during the spring of 1996, using the RoxAnn Seabed Classification System. A small video camera and a Van Veen grab sampler were used to calibrate and verify the RoxAnn data. Although previous sampling had indicated the presence of gravel or gravelly sediment in all of the survey areas, the RoxAnn results showed less gravel than anticipated. Vibrant eelgrass beds and other habitat indicators were detected in all of the survey areas. Given the variable sediment results, and the high habitat potential of the areas surveyed, the likelihood of developing a sand and gravel supply from the near shore of Fishers Island Sound appears quite low. 相似文献
10.
M C Fossi S Casini S Ancora A Moscatelli A Ausili G Notarbartolo-di-Sciara 《Marine environmental research》2001,52(5):477-483
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) have the potential to alter hormone pathways that regulate reproductive processes in wildlife and fishes. In this research the hypothesis that Mediterranean top predator species (such as large pelagic fish) are potentially at risk due to EDCs is investigated. These marine organisms tend to accumulate high concentrations of EDCs such as polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAHs). The potential effects of EDCs on a fish species of commercial interest, the top predator Xiphias gladius (swordfish), were investigated using vitellogenin (Vtg) and Zona radiata proteins (Zrp) as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Dramatic induction of typically female proteins (Vtg and Zrp) was detected by ELISA and Western Blot in adult males of the species. These results are the first warning of the potential risk for reproductive function of Mediterranean top predators, and suggest the need for continuous monitoring of this fragile marine environment. 相似文献
11.
Oil spills can result in the deposition of large quantities of petroleum hydrocarbons into intertidal and shallow waters seriously impacting bivalve populations. Petroleum hydrocarbons are enriched in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and PAH analogs many of which may have potential to damage DNA. The Comet assay is useful for assessing DNA damage and has been used to a limited degree with aquatic organisms, but mostly with studies in vitro. We have carried out studies with the Comet assay to assess the DNA damaging potential of complex mixtures of petroleum hydrocarbons for bivalves. Experiments were carried out with mussels (Mytilus edulis) and clams (Mya arenaria) with dispersions and water soluble fractions of an Arabian crude oil which was also chemically characterized in detail by GC-MS. Pilot studies were first conducted to evaluate test performance and reproducibility. An interindividual coefficient of variation ranging from 17 to 30% was established for the assay with hemocytes and digestive gland cells of both species. Exposure to hydrocarbon fractions had no significant impact on clams. However, an increase in DNA damage was observed at P < 0.1 with digestive gland cells of mussels exposed to aqueous fractions of a light crude oil. These studies have demonstrated a potential for DNA damage in bivalves exposed to oil spills in inshore waters as well as potential for interspecies sensitivity. 相似文献
12.
T. Robert Kendall 《Journal of Oceanography》1984,40(2):155-162
The origin of a western boundary current as a jet is accounted for by a transfer of potential energy to kinetic energy, and
poleward changes along the western boundary are directly correlated to variation in Coriolis parameter. 相似文献
13.
Valrie Allain Julie-Anne Kerandel Serge Andrfouët Franck Magron Malcolm Clark David S. Kirby Frank E. Muller-Karger 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2008,55(8):1035-1047
Seamounts are habitats of considerable interest in terms of conservation and biodiversity, and in terms of fisheries for bentho-pelagic and pelagic species. Twenty previously compiled datasets including seamount/underwater feature lists, bathymetric maps and emerged feature maps from different sources (ship-derived and satellite altimetry-derived) at different spatial scales (from individual cruise to worldwide satellite data) were gathered in order to compile an enhanced list of underwater features for parts of the western and central Pacific Ocean (WCPO). The KL04 dataset [Kitchingman, A., and Lai, S., 2004. Inferences on potential seamount locations from mid-resolution bathymetric data. Fisheries Centre Research Reports 12 (5), 7–12], listing seamount positions and depths as calculated from satellite altimetry-derived bathymetry, provided the baseline data for this study as it covered the entire region of interest and included summit depth information. All KL04 potential seamounts were cross-checked with other datasets to remove any atolls and islands that had been incorrectly classified as seamounts, to add seamounts undetected by KL04, to update the overall database (geolocation, depth, elevation, and name) and to compile a 12-class typology of the different types of underwater features. Of the 4626 potential seamounts identified in KL04, 719 were multiple identifications of the same large underwater features and 373 (10%) were actually emerged banks, atolls and islands, leaving 3534 actual underwater features. Conversely, 487 underwater features were documented in other datasets but not registered by KL04. The screening of all the potential WCPO seamounts produced a final list of 4021 underwater features with agreed upon position and information. This enhanced list should have many applications in oceanography, biodiversity conservation and studies of the influence of seamounts on pelagic ecosystems and fisheries. 相似文献
14.
In this article, the authors study the influence of a constant wind on the displacement of a vortex. The well known Ekman current develops in the surface layer and is responsible for a transport perpendicular to the wind: the Ekman drift.An additional process is, however, evidenced, whose importance is as strong as the Ekman drift. There indeed exists a curl of the wind-driven acceleration along isopycnic surfaces when they are spatially variable (they enter and leave the depth where the wind stress acts), which generates potential vorticity anomalies. This diabatic effect is shown to generate potential vorticity anomalies which acts on the propagation of vortical waves and non linear vortices.It is shown that this effect drastically reduces the effect of the Ekman drift for linear waves and surface intensified vortices, while extending its effect to subsurface vortices. It also generates along wind propagation, whose sign depends on the vortex characteristics. 相似文献
15.
A statistical mechanism that explains the formation of probability distribution functions of thermals according to temperature fluctuations is considered. In the proposed approach based on the Boltzmann-Jaynes variational method, a statistical ensemble of convective thermals is characterized by a class of stationary probability densities that depend on temperature fluctuations. It is assumed that the probability density functions of this class may depend on the potential energy, as well as on the available potential energy. For a class of stationary probability density functions, the entropy functional is defined to be an analogue of the Boltzmann H-entropy. The equilibrium distributions of thermals according to temperature fluctuations correspond to the most probable distributions that yield a maximum of the entropy functional. The exponential and normal distributions of thermals according to temperature fluctuation that are constructed using the variational method quite adequately approximate field atmospheric observations, as well as the results of laboratory modeling. 相似文献
16.
The effects of the oxygen minimum zone on the metabolism of the heterotrophic microplankton community (0.22-100 μm) in the Humboldt Current System, as well as the factors controlling its biomass production, remain unknown. Here we compare the effect of four sources of dissolved organic carbon (glucose, oxaloacetate, glycine, leucine) on microbial biomass production (such as ATP-P) and the potential enzymatic activities involved in catabolic pathways under oxic and suboxic conditions. Our results show significant differences (p < 0.05) in the ATP-P production when induced by the different substrates that are used as dissolved organic carbon herein. The induction of ATP-P production is enhanced from glucose < oxaloacetate < glycine < leucine. Nevertheless, for individual substrates, no significant differences were found between incubation under oxic and suboxic conditions except in the case of leucine. For this amino acid, the induction of ATP-P synthesis was higher under suboxic than oxic conditions. The data sets of all the substrates used showed greater potential ATP-P production under suboxic than oxic conditions. The results of the potential enzymatic activities suggest that malate dehydrogenase has the highest signal of NADH oxidization activity in the microbial assemblage. Furthermore, for all experiments, the malate dehydrogenase activity data set had a significant relationship with ATP-P production. These findings suggest that the microbial community inhabiting the oxygen minimum zone has the same or greater potential growth than the community inhabiting more oxygenated strata of the water column and that malate dehydrogenase is the activity that best represents the metabolic potential of the community. 相似文献
17.
冬季九龙江河口表层水体N_2O分布特征及海气通量的初步研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
氧化亚氮（N2O）因其强温室效应和潜在的臭氧破坏作用备受关注.大量研究显示河口区域,特别是人为氮源输入影响严重的区域是N2O的重要源区.随着氮肥施用量的快速增加,中国大陆河口区域对全球N2O收支势必有较大的贡献.本文研究了2009年冬季九龙江口表层水N2O浓度的分布特征及其影响因素,并评估了其海气通量.研究结果显示,冬季九龙江河口表层水体N2O浓度从盐度低至0.3时的81.7±1.7 nmol/dm3下降至盐度为27.2时的14.1±0.2 nmol/dm3,相应盐度下其饱和度分别为754%和138%;九龙江河口为大气N2O的强源区.与NO3-N、NO2-N、NH4-N等营养盐浓度的分布特征相比较可推测,2009年冬季N2O在九龙江河口的混合过程中呈不保守状态,部分N2O可能通过海气混合过程从水体迁移出.N2O的海气通量呈由高盐处向低盐处递增的趋势,变化范围在3~94μmol/（m2.d）之间. 相似文献
18.
Contaminant exposure and effects in Baltic ringed and grey seals as assessed by biomarkers 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Nyman M Bergknut M Fant ML Raunio H Jestoi M Bengs C Murk A Koistinen J Bäckman C Pelkonen O Tysklind M Hirvi T Helle E 《Marine environmental research》2003,55(1):73-99
The Baltic Sea ecosystem has suffered from a heavy pollutant load for more than three decades. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and heavy metals have been of most concern due to their persistence and toxic properties. Ringed seals (Phoca hispida baltica) and grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) living in the Baltic Sea have been suffering from pathological impairments, including reproductive disturbances, which have resulted in a depressed reproductive capacity. We investigated several biochemical parameters as potential biomarkers for exposure to and effects of the contaminant load in the Baltic seals. Seals from less polluted areas were used as reference material in terms of the pollution load. In both Baltic seal populations, the levels of some biochemical parameters diverged from those in the reference seals, and some of these showed a clear correlation with the individual contaminant load. Of the potential bioindicators, we propose cytochrome P4501A activity and vitamin E levels, in blubber or plasma, as exposure biomarkers for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in both species. The arylhydrocarbon receptor-mediated chemical-activated luciferase gene expression (CALUX) response reflects the whole PCB and DDT burden in ringed seals. Retinyl palmitate (vitamin A) levels showed a negative correlation with the individual POP load, and is proposed as potential effect biomarkers for the depletion of the vitamin A stores. As the nutritional levels of both vitamin A and E have an impact on the vitamin levels in the seals, more information on the dietary vitamin levels is needed before any conclusions can be drawn. As the relationship between biochemical parameters and contaminants varied between the two species, species-specific characteristics has to be considered when monitoring the health status and possible toxic effects of the contaminant load in ringed and grey seals. 相似文献
19.
For South Korea, liquefaction potential along the western coast has not been widely assessed because South Korea is considered to be a low seismic hazard. However, recent earthquake events and historical records indicate that the seismic hazard of South Korea should not be ignored. Moreover, as artificial fills are extensively used along the western coast for development, liquefaction evaluation of the soils in this area is necessary. In this paper, we present: (1) the seismic characteristics of the study area; (2) procedures for evaluating liquefaction potential, focusing on the liquefaction potential index (LPI) approach; and (3) LPI distributions at several representative locations along the western coast of South Korea under various seismic scenarios. The liquefaction potential index represents the liquefaction potential over the upper 20 m of a boring or sounding. Using cone penetration test (CPT) and standard penetration test (SPT) data from two coastal sites, we compare and discuss CPT-based and SPT-based LPI values, particularly values computed in nonplastic, silt-rich soils. In these soils, it appears that the CPT yields lower liquefaction resistance, resulting in large LPI values. Finally, discussion and suggestions are provided for CPT- and SPT-based liquefaction assessment of low plasticity and high fines content soils. 相似文献
20.
Little is known about the effects of offshore energy installations on the marine environment, and further research could assist in minimizing environmental risks as well as in enhancing potential positive effects on the marine environment. While biofouling on marine energy conversion devices on one hand has the potential to be an engineering concern, these structures can also affect biodiversity by functioning as artificial reefs. The Lysekil Project is a test park for wave power located at the Swedish west coast. Here, buoys acting as point absorbers on the surface are connected to generators anchored on concrete foundations on the seabed. In this study we investigated the colonisation of foundations by invertebrates and fish, as well as fouling assemblages on buoys. We examined the influence of surface orientation of the wave power foundations on epibenthic colonisation, and made observations of habitat use by fish and crustaceans during three years of submergence. We also examined fouling assemblages on buoys and calculated the effects of biofouling on the energy absorption of the wave power buoys. On foundations we demonstrated a succession in colonisation over time with a higher degree of coverage on vertical surfaces. Buoys were dominated by the blue mussel Mytilus edulis. Calculations indicated that biofouling have no significant effect in the energy absorption on a buoy working as a point absorber. This study is the first structured investigation on marine organisms associated with wave power devices. 相似文献