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西部开发,规划先行——关于开展景观生态建设规划的建议 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
西部开发战略是实现我国全面可持续发展的重要决策,面对我国西部地区特定的区域地理条件,生态环境建设具有特别的重要性,提出西部开发必须在合理有序的规划前提下才能具体实施。将景观生态建设理论引入规划,结合保护生态系统健康和维护区域生态安全,作为规划的理论基础,并提出运用“预案”研究方法为决策提供多目标、多层次的选择方案,并建议在若干具有突出生态环境问题的区域进行景观生态建设规划试点。 相似文献
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从1995年年国际景观生态学大会看当前国内外景观生态学发展的现状 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
This article is adapted from Mr.Xiao′s reflections after he attended the IALE ’95 world congress held in Toulouse,France.He hold that contemporary landscape ecology shares the same ‘hot points’ with modern ecology (i.e. Global Change,Biodiversity,and Sustainable Development etc.).In the mean while,Landscape Ecology has its own characteristics,which include:1)Eco spatial Theory and landscape heterogeneity;2)Dynamic landscape model and future landscape planning;and 3)Landscape system analysis and GIS application etc.On account of the difference in economic development and thus in social eco ideology among countries and areas,landscape ecology development is substantially unequivalent.Developing countries like China are far behind the western world in methodolgy,measurements and applications. 相似文献
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Mark Blacksell 《Geoforum》1979,10(3):267-274
Landscape protection has been a well-established policy in British rural planning for the past 30 yr, through National Parks, Areas of Outstanding National Beauty, Green Belts and other similar designations. The main way in which these policies are implemented is through the development control system, but there has been little monitoring to establish how far it has been effective in achieving the landscape conservation objectives. Opinions vary about the extent to which urban development has been contained in England and Wales through planning control. Detailed studies have shown that in certain circumstances development can be directed to specific locations, but that there are definite limits on the scale of any such management. 相似文献
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This paper proposes a landscape planning and management method for river basins within the context of the European Landscape
Convention (ELC) and European Water Framework Directive (WFD). This method has been applied to the Zir Valley in Ankara, Turkey.
Landscape planning is identified by the ELC (European Treaty Series No. 176, 2000) as an important, forward-looking action to enhance, restore or create landscapes. The ELC also states that landscape management
should promote sustainable development to ensure the non-degradation of landscapes and to help harmonize inevitable changes.
The WFD (Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, 2000) is a set of guidelines for managing large bodies of water. Its principle directive is to identify water bodies and the adjacent
land areas that influence, and are influenced by, those water bodies. These are called River Basin Districts, and act as essential
physiographic landscape units. While several regulations related to environmental planning, and used on a national as well
as European basis, tend to utilize the same tools in practice, there are dissimilarities in how they are specifically applied
and little effort is being made to promote a cooperative approach. In this paper, a National Approach for River Basin Management
is proposed. This approach, which includes a landscape planning and management method based on landscape form and function,
was developed to address the common purposes of the ELC and WFD. 相似文献
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The lack of adequate water supply and sanitation services is a major issue related to sustainable development in many parts
of the developing world. New strategic planning approaches which directly address users’ needs and demand—often referred to
as demand-responsive, community-based or household-centred approaches—are regarded as a crucial step towards improving the
situation. This paper investigates household needs and demand for improved water supply and sanitation services in peri-urban,
low-income settlements, known as “ger areas”, in the city of Darkhan, Mongolia. The paper is based largely on a household
survey conducted in a selected ger area subdistrict in Darkhan. The results reveal a complex picture. Even if the existing
situation can be regarded as largely “improved” in terms of the definitions stipulated by the Joint Monitoring Programme for
water supply and sanitation, it is shown that there is a need for action nonetheless. The paper also argues that the household
survey is a useful method for assessing users’ needs and demand and for meeting the requirements of demand-responsive sanitation
planning approaches. 相似文献
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国土整治生态修复中的农业景观生物多样性保护策略 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
随着生态文明建设成为国家发展战略,国土整治修复需要更多生态科学和技术的支撑。农业景观生物多样性是重要的自然资源,为人类可持续发展提供了重要的生态系统服务,并提供了应对气候变化等风险的途径。本文分析了我国农业景观生物多样性保护及其对国土整治生态修复的重要性,国土整治生态修复中农业景观生物多样性保护面临的挑战,并总结了欧盟在农业景观生物多样性保护方面的经验和方法。最后,文章提出了将农业景观生物多样性保护整合到国土整治生态修复的四项策略,包括生态空间的“生态修复和管护-生态补偿-民生改善”策略、农业空间的“生态基础设施-生态系统服务提升-绿色发展”策略、城乡生活空间的“多功能景观-绿色宜居空间营造”策略、国土全域“生物多样性保护网络”策略,为生态文明背景下的国土整治生态修复提供参考。 相似文献
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景观生态学在城市规划和管理中的应用 总被引：53，自引：2，他引：53
城市是典型的人工景观，空间结构上属于紧密汇聚型，功能上表现为高能流、高容量和文化上的多样性。城市景观生态研究包括城市空间结构与生态过程，城市景观风貌与城市生态建设，城市景观规划是其最直接的应用。首先论述了城市景观质量与价值评价，包括景观美学评价与景观视觉容量。城市空间结构和景观规划原则是该文论述的主题，包括城市空间布局、城市空间扩展的廊道效应以及城市绿地系统的空间结构分析；以上海和广州市的绿地系统为例进行了重点介绍，最后对于城乡交错带的景观变化进行分析，用景观格局及其动态来描述城乡交错带的城市化过程特点，介绍了上海和沈阳的典型研究。 相似文献
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In the Alexander von Humboldt National Park in eastern Cuba many endemic animals and plants are found in various different natural habitats, which are considered to be the most important ones for in-situ conservation in the entire Insular Caribbean. In some areas of the National Park agriculture is practised. Thus, the objective of this study was to document and analyse the different land use activities and their consequences for local resource management and conservation of biodiversity in two village areas. A particular question was: what has changed since the foundation of the National Park in 1996? As time series data for land use and aerial photographs were not available for this part of Cuba, a qualitative evaluation was carried out. For this, six different land use units were mapped in 2001 and additional information gathered for areas with special interest related to sustainable land use and resource conservation. Although most parts of the study area are influenced to various degrees by human impact, the different types of land use seem presently not to have a crucial or detrimental impact on the land resources of the Alexander von Humboldt National Park. However, exploitation of the natural resources in certain areas could be improved with different management options to reach sustainability as well as to meet the conservation objectives of the National Park. This includes reduced or abandoned agricultural use of steep slopes to reduce erosion risk as well as a facilitated regeneration of natural vegetation in many parts of the study area to be able to conserve the high valuable biodiversity of the Park. Environmental education seems to have played an important and successful role since the foundation of the Park in 1996. Since then, cropping on steep slopes as well as illegal logging and poaching could be reduced. 相似文献
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Ecosystem services refer to the benefits that humans obtain from natural ecosystems. Landscape pattern is closely related to ecosystem processes/functions. Understanding the quantitative relationship between landscape pattern and ecosystem services in the context of climate change is an important way to improve the ability of a region/landscape to provide ecosystem services. This article reviewed the progress and existing problems in the research field of ecosystem service measurement, mutual relationship and optimal management. This article emphasized that the accurate measurement of the amount of ecosystem services is the basis of valuing it, and the constraint line approach has great potential in portraying the nonlinear relationship and threshold characteristics of ecosystem services. It is necessary to start from the integrity of human-environment coupling system to develop a new generation of earth system models and optimize regional ecosystem services on this basis, which is a landscape sustainability science approach to achieve the goal of regional sustainable development. 相似文献
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针对现行水环境功能区划存在的6大问题,提出了以景观生态学、流域管理和水生态服务功能等为理论基础的,以水生态分区、水生态系统完整性评价、冲突分析等为区划途径的流域水环境功能区划。该区划方法及技术路线充分体现了国外趋势与国内管理要求:流域尺度、协调思想、因地制宜和动态性,并重点分析了概念内涵和技术操作程序。同时针对此区划的2大关键问题——协调人与自然、不同利益者冲突问题和确定分类管理功能区——提出了思路与解决途径。本研究有效地权衡了人类需求功能与水生态需求功能,协调了跨界冲突问题以及综合考虑了水资源利用、水环境改善和水生态保护的相互关系,为我国未来水环境管理和流域管理提供技术支持。 相似文献
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从自然地理学到景观生态学 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
Landscape ecology ,as a multidisciplinary field,is relatively new synthetic and holistic science. It evolved from roots in many fields,such as geography,ecology,economy and system science. According to the time一space coupling dynamic model , the development process of landscape ecology can be devided into three phasis:Landscape holistic ecology,spatial structure ecology and regional construction ecology"
The basic theories of landscape ecology included ; ecological evalution , succession , spatial differentianon and biotic diversity，landscape heterogeneity and coexistence of heterogeneity component，island biogeography and spatial mosaic theory ,scale effect and natural hierachical organization theory,biological geochemistry and landscape geochemistry ,ecological reconstruction and ecological location theory.
The scale issue and heteogeneity are the central functional question on the methodology of landscape ecology. Key landscape concepts are structure，function and change. It uses pattern (changse in space)and process(changes in time) as pivotal attributes. More attention should be paid on the macroscopic variation of structure and function of landscape ecology system , edge effect and human impact onthe landscape. 相似文献
The basic theories of landscape ecology included ; ecological evalution , succession , spatial differentianon and biotic diversity，landscape heterogeneity and coexistence of heterogeneity component，island biogeography and spatial mosaic theory ,scale effect and natural hierachical organization theory,biological geochemistry and landscape geochemistry ,ecological reconstruction and ecological location theory.
The scale issue and heteogeneity are the central functional question on the methodology of landscape ecology. Key landscape concepts are structure，function and change. It uses pattern (changse in space)and process(changes in time) as pivotal attributes. More attention should be paid on the macroscopic variation of structure and function of landscape ecology system , edge effect and human impact onthe landscape. 相似文献
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《Geoforum》2016
Environmental conservation is increasingly operated through partnerships among state, private, and civil society actors, yet little is known empirically about how such collectives function and with what livelihood and governance outcomes. The landscape approach to conservation (known also as the ecosystem approach) is one such hybrid governance platform. Implemented worldwide over the past decade by international NGOs, the landscape approach employs the ‘ecosystem principles’ of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). In spite of its prominence as a conservation and development strategy, little political ecology scholarship has considered the landscape approach. This article offers a case study of a conservation landscape in the Congo Basin, the Tri-National de la Sangha (TNS), which connects tropical forests in Cameroon, Republic of Congo, and Central African Republic. Led by NGOs, the TNS has since 2001 relied on partnerships among logging companies, safari hunters, the state, and local communities. Although the landscape approach purports to facilitate re-negotiations of user rights, resource access patterns in the TNS appear to have molded to pre-existing power relations. Rather than incorporating local concerns and capabilities into management, local knowledge is discredited and livelihoods are marginalized. As a result, management occurs through spatially-demarcated zones, contrasting the fluidity of interactions among diverse groups: both human (loggers, hunter-gatherers, safari guides, NGOs) and non-human (trees, elephants). These findings are situated within a burgeoning literature on neoliberal environmental governance, and suggest that ensuring ecologically and socially positive outcomes will require careful and iterative attention to linkages between ecological processes and evolving power dynamics. 相似文献
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当代生态经济的综合研究综述 总被引：20，自引：1，他引：20
可持续发展战略的规划设计需要生态经济学的综合研究思想。在总结国内外关于生态经济综合研究资料的基础上,系统总结了一门新兴学科——生态经济学的研究历程、研究内容和方法。生态经济学的综合研究,关键是将人类社会经济系统视为生态系统的一个子系统,认为人类社会的发展依赖于生态系统的支持。其研究是在微观层次上对经济系统和生态系统进行有机结合的具体尝试。从发展与环境之间关系的讨论入手,系统地分析总结了生态经济学与经济学、生态学以及其它学科之间的关系和作用,西方生态经济学早期和当代的研究状况和我国生态经济学的研究状况及进展,最后从可持续发展的定量衡量和生态经济模型的建立两方面介绍了目前流行的生态经济学研究方法。 相似文献
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National nature reserves in China protect ecosystem and well-being in its region while benefiting humans by providing ecosystem services. Land-use/cover changes result in changes in the landscape pattern and affect the provision of ecosystem service value (ESV). The monetary evaluation of spatial–temporal changes in landscape patterns and ecosystem services in the arid region of China has been inadequately studied. Therefore, the Ebinur Lake Wetland National Nature Reserve (ELWNNR) in the arid region of China was chosen as a study object to evaluate the spatial–temporal variation in ecosystem service values (ESVs) under changes in land use/cover. The research analysed land-use/cover change in ELWNNR using a Sankey diagram, the spatial–temporal variation in ELWNNR ESVs using ArcGIS. Meanwhile, it also analysed the landscape patterns and total ESVs of the core area, buffer area and experimental area of ELWNNR at a regional scale. Four Landsat data sets from 1972, 1998, 2007 and 2016 were chosen to estimate the changes in land-use/cover types and ESV in ELWNNR. Meanwhile, the sensitivity of ESV was also analysed to validate the estimation of ESV in ELWNNR. The results showed that the total ESV of ELWNNR was 3.12?×?109 CNY (USD$ 4.88?×?108) in 1972 and dropped to 2.71?×?109 CNY (USD$ 4.24?×?108) in 2016. The provision of total ESV in ELWNNR decreased by approximately 0.41?×?109 CNY (USD$ 6.42?×?107) from 1972 to 2016, although there were fluctuations in 1998 and 2007. The core area possessed the highest ESV among all the areas, showing an increase in the provision of ESV in ELWNNR. All the areas of ELWNNR became highly fragmented, and the landscape patterns became more complex during this time period. The results of the study provide sufficient information about the ecosystem services in the region in the absence of complete data sets and contribute to conservation planning of national nature reserves. 相似文献
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总结中国工程水利、环境水利、资源水利、生态水利发展沿革，分析国内外生态水利研究进展、发展趋势及其特点，指出生态水利是人类社会发展到生态文明时代水资源利用的一种新途径和方式，以尊重和维护生态环境为主旨，开发水利、发展经济，为人类社会可持续发展服务。阐述了广义生态水利的内涵、定义和发展模式及其过程和维度，并提出以下结论和观点：①生态水利将水资源和水循环调控作为重要生态要素，从流域生态系统能量交换、生物链接、结构平衡、循环转化全视角开展研究，探索既能满足人类社会需求，又能兼顾水生态系统健康和良性发展的生态水利措施和方法。②建立了水利工程"规划设计—建设管理—运行调度"全过程、全生命周期的工程安全和生态安全保障体系，特别是将生态调度纳入水利工程全"服役期"，其中"后坝工时代"实施全流域大尺度生态调度，是生态保护和恢复最有效的措施。③从"生态环境-社会经济-水循环调控"三个维度，在生态文明视野下的国土空间规划治理体系中，科学把控生态水利的空间定位，促进"三生空间"优化布局，保障"三生用水"合理配置，优化"三生关系"耦合协调，实现生态保护和高质量发展，推动生态水利事业创新发展。 相似文献
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景观地球化学研究现状与进展 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
在界定景观及景观地球化学研究对象及内容的基础上，概述了景观地球化学的思想和研究方法，其中整体论是各种研究方法的基础，非常规研究方法将占据重要地位。同时，对国内外景观地球化学研究的现状及进展进行综述与分析。提出单学科深入与多学科交叉整合发展是2l世纪景观地球化学研究发展的趋势，也是其在地球系统科学研究和实施“可持续发展”战略中发挥重要作用的关键。 相似文献
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总结中国工程水利、环境水利、资源水利、生态水利发展沿革，分析国内外生态水利研究进展、发展趋势及其特点，指出生态水利是人类社会发展到生态文明时代水资源利用的一种新途径和方式，以尊重和维护生态环境为主旨，开发水利、发展经济，为人类社会可持续发展服务。阐述了广义生态水利的内涵、定义和发展模式及其过程和维度，并提出以下结论和观点:①生态水利将水资源和水循环调控作为重要生态要素，从流域生态系统能量交换、生物链接、结构平衡、循环转化全视角开展研究，探索既能满足人类社会需求，又能兼顾水生态系统健康和良性发展的生态水利措施和方法。②建立了水利工程"规划设计—建设管理—运行调度"全过程、全生命周期的工程安全和生态安全保障体系，特别是将生态调度纳入水利工程全"服役期"，其中"后坝工时代"实施全流域大尺度生态调度，是生态保护和恢复最有效的措施。③从"生态环境-社会经济-水循环调控"三个维度，在生态文明视野下的国土空间规划治理体系中，科学把控生态水利的空间定位，促进"三生空间"优化布局，保障"三生用水"合理配置，优化"三生关系"耦合协调，实现生态保护和高质量发展，推动生态水利事业创新发展。 相似文献