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1.
Although the elderly are commonly thought to be disproportionately vulnerable to natural hazards, the elderly populations of coastal communities are continuing to grow. Because there is little to no empirical hazards work specifically addressing the vulnerable elderly in coastal communities, this paper uses Sarasota County, Florida, as a case study to analyze how vulnerable the elderly are to hurricane hazards and whether all elderly people are equally vulnerable. To explore the spatial variations in degree and composition of vulnerability among this population, the analysis maps physical exposure to hurricane storm-surge inundation and precipitation-induced flooding and creates social vulnerability indices by applying principal components analysis to census block group data in a geographic information system. The results show that elderly inhabitants of barrier islands face a considerable physical threat from hurricane-induced storm surge and flooding but are less socially vulnerable because of their wealth; the elderly living inland are far less physically vulnerable but are poorer and consequently demonstrate high socioeconomic sensitivity and limited adaptive capacity to these hurricane hazards. The paper concludes that the elderly are not equally vulnerable: there are many different types of elderly living in many different locations, and their vulnerability varies by type and over space. Effective vulnerability reduction measures should account for these differences between the elderly populations. 相似文献
2.
The biophysical characteristics of a place not only bring variations in natural hazards, but also influence people??s associated perception and response to the hazard. Although these influences are noted in the literature, their relationship has been less explored for planning hazard mitigation and disaster response. This paper evaluates the role of place in a hazardscape by using a case study of the Wellington Region, New Zealand. The study explores the differences between the physical and perceived susceptibility to natural hazards and how this affects people??s response to a hazard. The analysis is based on a questionnaire survey and interviews conducted with local people. It finds that disparities between physical and perceived hazard susceptibility engender different motivations and types of response. A close alignment of the two produces a high response rate for earthquakes and droughts, whereas a significant divergence leads to a poor response as observed for volcanic ash fall. The relationship, however, is not linear, as indicated by the poor response even to such well-perceived hazards as tsunami and bushfire. The reasons behind this uneven response can be related back to place characteristics, such as the nature of hazard susceptibility, as well as factors such as fatalism or blasé effect. It is concluded that mapping physical and perceived susceptibility to hazards over space, understanding their relationship and ultimately narrowing the gap between perception and reality can contribute to effective hazard management at a place. 相似文献
3.
Perception about people’s behaviour during emergencies defines, to a large extent, the course of planning and resource allocation for community emergency response as well as development of mitigation measures. During the past decade, there has been a paradigm shift in the approach to disaster management. A recent trend has been to encourage more community participation as opposed to the top-down approach of the past. It is believed that community participation will bring about a comprehensive and accurate appreciation of people’s perception regarding hazards, risk, vulnerability, and resilience, and this research is an attempt to achieve just that. In order to accomplish our goal, we engaged a group of women that would typically fall into the category of “vulnerable group” in a focus group interview setting. The participants were mainly over 40 years old, the majority with little education, unemployed, facing language barriers, of low income, and reliant on public transit. Many participants identified that they lived in the vicinity of rivers, lakes, railways, or power plants, but did not seem to be aware of their exposure to potential threats—indicating a lack of education and awareness. The most common hazards and mitigation measures they were aware of, included floods (including basement flooding), fire, fire alarm, and smoke detectors. Additionally, illness and loneliness were mentioned as factors contributing to their increased vulnerability, hence reduced resiliency. With the help of the focus group members’ participation, we were able to discuss the importance of communities being aware of their surroundings, available resources and help, and permit them to voice their concerns in order to be able to cope during emergencies. We trust and hope that more community participation will lead to stronger and more resilient cities. 相似文献
4.
H. Daniel Stillwell 《Natural Hazards》1992,6(2):131-159
Natural hazards and disasters occur widely throughout the world. Disasters can be costly both in terms of human lives and property and ecosystem disruption. Higher death tolls in developing nations may be the result of poverty, rapid population growth, urbanization, and inadequate communication facilities. The purpose of this study is to show patterns of major catastrophic events in Latin America so that their impacts can be evaluated and compared.Latin America was selected because of the variety of recent events commanding wide attention: earthquakes in Mexico, volcanic eruptions in Colombia, hurricanes and floods in Haiti, and drought and mudflows in Brazil. Spatial and temporal aspects of natural disasters are presented in nine tables and 21 maps. The tables give selected disaster data by country for volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, landslides, and atmospheric disturbances from the 16th century to 1989. Most data is derived from disasters occurring during the 20th century and include number of events, people killed, people affected, and U.S.$ damage. Maps show environmental settings for disasters and allow detailed comparison among countries. Floods account for the greatest number of major events in the most countries, earthquakes cause the most deaths and damage, while droughts affect the most people. Peru surpasses all others in susceptibility to major disasters. Assessment of vulnerability to hazards, improved economic opportunities, and an increased social and political concern for poor people should help reduce future losses from natural disasters in Latin America. 相似文献
5.
Analysis of social vulnerability to hazards in China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
To improve natural disaster management, it is important to recognize the variability of the vulnerable populations exposed to hazards and to develop location-based emergency plans accordingly. This paper presents a mathematical model to establish a model of social vulnerability index (SoVI), which includes 12 social variables, and the regional social vulnerability to natural hazards was formulated by them. Taking a city as statistical unit, the variability of vulnerability to natural hazards was explored among the 323 cities based on the SoVI. The results indicate that vulnerability is a location-based regional phenomenon, with the most vulnerable cities being located in the southwest of China and the eastern areas being generally less vulnerable. The results will be helpful for policy makers to formulate disaster management plans, which can be beneficial for people in more vulnerable areas who are responding to, coping with, and recovering from natural disasters. 相似文献
6.
Tekeli-Yeşil Sıdıka Dedeoğlu Necati Braun-Fahrlaender Charlotte Tanner Marcel 《Natural Hazards》2011,59(1):427-446
Awareness and perception of risk are among the most crucial steps in the process of taking precautions at individual level
for various hazards. In this study, we investigated the factors affecting better knowledge and greater risk perception about
earthquakes among residents of Istanbul. A field survey was carried out, and a total of 1,123 people were interviewed in two
districts of Istanbul with different seismic risk levels and from three (low, moderate and high) socio-economic levels (SEL).
The findings showed that although the level of knowledge regarding earthquakes and preparedness for them was promising, it
could be improved. The results indicated that future preparedness programmes should target people with lower educational and
socio-economic levels. The media were the leading source of information among the respondents. Location of the home was a
strong influence on individuals having above average earthquake knowledge and even more on high risk perception. Socio-economic
parameters (educational level, economic status, SEL of the sub-district and tenure of the home), gender and attitude score
were other factors influencing greater risk perception with regard to earthquakes. 相似文献
7.
A. C. Demirkesen 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,65(6):1895-1907
Many scientists have recently alarmed natural hazards due to global climate change. Such natural disasters are coastal inundation
in response to sea-level rise, and/or river flooding caused by heavy rain falls, additionally earthquakes and, etc. In terms
of natural hazards, one of the most sensitive and culturally significant areas in Turkey is the Hatay province in the east
Mediterranean region. The Hatay province is located on such a region which is not only vulnerable to coastal inundation and
river flooding, but also is a tectonically and seismically sensitive area. In this study, for taking conservation measures
against the natural hazards beforehand and decision-making on any future land-planning; a digital terrain model and a 3D fly-through
model of the Hatay province were generated; then quantitatively and/or qualitatively interpreted by employing the Shuttle
Radar Topographic Mission digital elevation model. Besides, stream drainage patterns, lineaments and structural–geological
features were extracted for natural hazard risk interpretation of settlements and their relationships among the landscape
characteristics were exhibited by combining tectonic information previously confirmed. Regarding the sea-level rise, the coastal
inundation risk map indicates that the most vulnerable areas are: coastlines of Iskenderun, Arsuz, Payas and Samandag, respectively.
By/after analyzing the digital terrain of the study region and stream drainage patterns, the Karasu Valley Zone, where the
Amik plain, settlements of Antakya, Iskenderun, Arsuz, Payas and Samandag with their flood plains have the most flooding risk
in decreasing order, respectively when a heavy raining occurs. Finally, analysis of tectonics has revealed that Antakya, Iskenderun,
Hassa, Kirikhan, Samandag, Payas, Arsuz, Altinozu, Kumlu and Hacipasa regions have the most sensitivity to earthquake disaster
in the study region. 相似文献
8.
Ponce-Pacheco Ana B. Novelo-Casanova David A. Agustin-Ortíz Ivonne N. Garduño-González Ana B. 《Natural Hazards》2021,106(1):855-879
The proximity to the Tacaná volcano, to the subduction zone between the Cocos and North America plates, to the Mexican coast, and to the active geologic Polochic-Motagua fault makes the population of Union Juarez (UJ), Chiapas, Mexico, exposed to many natural hazards including hurricanes, earthquakes, landslides, and volcanic eruptions. We assessed the risk perception of UJ, and our findings indicate that the community has moderate level of risk perception according to the scale of the National Center for Disaster Prevention of Mexico. The UJ’s risk perception is mainly dependent on gender and religion because females unlike males in case of disasters and emergencies: (1) believe that it is necessary to improve their preparedness; (2) trust the local civil protection authorities; (3) would know how to respond; (4) would follow the established protocols; and (5) would not relocate. On the other hand, non-religious people know better the protocols to follow in the event of disasters than the religious population. Besides, the community of UJ reasonably perceives earthquakes and extreme rains as the main hazards that they are exposed to, while volcanic hazards are considered less important although the town is located very close to the Tacaná volcano that has been active during the last 30 years. The local population lacks of proper knowledge and resources to develop adequate disaster mitigation plans. Surprisingly, the work of the local civil protection is considered poor. Our results can be used for local authorities as a tool to strength the disaster prevention actions in UJ.
相似文献9.
Industrial accidents triggered by earthquakes,floods and lightning: lessons learned from a database analysis 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Elisabeth Krausmann Elisabetta Renni Michela Campedel Valerio Cozzani 《Natural Hazards》2011,59(1):285-300
Natural hazards and disasters can cause major accidents in chemical and process installations. These so-called Natech accidents
can result in hazardous-materials releases due to damage to process and storage units, or pipes. In order to understand the
dynamics of Natech events, accidents triggered by earthquakes, floods and lightning recorded in industrial accident databases
were analysed. This allowed the identification of the most vulnerable equipment types, their modes of failure due to natural-event
impact and the final accident scenarios. Moreover, lessons learned for future accident prevention and mitigation were derived.
The analysis showed that pipes and storage tanks are the most vulnerable equipment for earthquakes, floods and lightning,
calling for more research of equipment behaviour under natural-event loading. The damage modes and states are strongly dependent
on the characteristics of the impacting natural event. Toxic dispersion, fires and explosions were observed as a consequence
of all three types of analysed natural events. In the case of floods, two additional scenarios were identified. These are
water contamination and the formation of toxic and/or flammable vapours upon reaction of the released chemicals with the floodwaters.
The overall number of recorded Natech accidents was found to range from 2 to 5% of all reported accidents in the analysed
databases. 相似文献
10.
青藏铁路西大滩-拉萨地段活动构造、地质灾害及其工程评价 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
本文是作者在1975~1977年间青藏铁路(格尔木-那曲地段)沿线水文地质、工程地质调查所获资料基础上,参考了后期他人在该区段研究的成果撰写而成。文中主要涉及活动构造、地质灾害及工程评价三大部分,其中特别是活动构造部分,除了所表现的一般标志外,重点探讨了活动构造与现代地震和古地震的关系、活动构造带与地震构造带的对应关系、活动断裂的活动年龄及其活动速率、活动断裂与地震地表破裂以及主要地震构造带中的地震活动周期等诸多方面的问题,并结合铁路沿线地质灾害类型,在综合分析基础上,首次较系统地将铁路沿线工程地质评价划分为:①良好的;②一般的;③不良好的和④极不良好的等四大类型工程地质地段,从而为现今青藏铁路建设进一步详查和评价提供了重要依据。 相似文献
11.
人类活动是生物圈中最重要的活动之一.半个世纪以来,人类活动的重要特征就是人口的城市化.地球的岩石圈、水圈、气圈不断变化,其中许多剧烈的变化,表现为自然灾害,严重影响生态环境,对人类形成威胁.随着经济发展和人口的城市化,这种人类活动和生态环境的相互作用越来越紧密,自然灾害越来越严重.本文利用GDP作为人类活动的度量,定量地分析了人类活动和自然灾害的关系.另外强调,活动构造作为第四纪地质学研究的一部分,是了解环境演变和灾害发生机理的地学基础,将成为十分活跃的新研究领域. 相似文献
12.
The physically disabled persons represent a special group of the transportation disadvantaged who have suffered many deprivations. The study explores the travel patterns and some of the challenges being encountered by the physically disabled in Jos, Nigeria. Using the questionnaire and focus group discussion methods, the study found that the respondents are of low social and economic statuses. Walking, with enormous time and energy costs, is the most common means of travel among the group. Commercial vehicle drivers apparently hardly attend to the transportation needs of the group even when they can afford the fare. The physically disabled persons view this “injustice” as a reflection of a whole gamut of perceived discriminatory policies of the “able” society to isolate and disempower them. There is therefore a deep-seated feeling of resentment among the physically disabled towards society’s perceived apathy, marginalization and discrimination that manifest even in access to transportation. They believe that the social and physical environments are deliberately hostile to them. Any plans to alleviate the transportation problems of the disabled and integrate them into the mainstream of the economic and social activities of the larger society should address, fundamentally, these perceived marginalization and injustices. 相似文献
13.
David Johnston Sarah Standring Kevin Ronan Michael Lindell Thomas Wilson Jim Cousins Emma Aldridge Michael Warne Ardagh Joanne Margaret Deely Steven Jensen Thomas Kirsch Richard Bissell 《Natural Hazards》2014,73(2):627-637
The aim of this study was to investigate causes of injury during the 2010/2011 Canterbury earthquakes. Data on patients injured during the Darfield (4 September 2010) and Christchurch (22 February 2011) earthquakes were sourced from the New Zealand Accident Compensation Corporation. The total injury burden was analyzed for demography, context of injury, causes of injury, and injury type. Injury context was classified as direct (shaking of the primary earthquake or aftershocks causing unavoidable injuries), action (movement of person during the primary earthquake or aftershocks causing potentially avoidable injuries), and secondary (cause of injury after shaking ceased). Nine categories of injury cause were identified. Three times as many people were injured in the Christchurch earthquake as in the Darfield earthquake (7,171 vs. 2,256). The primary shaking caused approximately two-thirds of the injuries from both quakes. Actions during the primary shaking and aftershocks led to many injuries (51.3 % Darfield and 19.4 % Christchurch). Primary direct caused the highest proportion of injuries during the daytime Christchurch quake (43.6 %). Many people were injured after shaking stopped in both events: 499 (22.1 % Darfield) and 1,881 (26.2 % Christchurch). Most of these people were injured during clean-up (320 (14.2 %) Darfield; 622 (8.7 %) Christchurch). In both earthquakes, more females than males (1,453 vs. 803 Darfield; 4,646 vs. 2,525 Christchurch) were injured (except by masonry, damaged ground, and during clean-up); trip/fall (27.9 % Darfield; 26.1 % Christchurch) was the most common cause of injury; and soft tissue injuries (74.1 % Darfield; 70.4 % Christchurch) was the most common type of injury. This study demonstrated that where people were and their actions during and after earthquakes influenced their risk of injury. 相似文献
14.
Natural hazards are natural processes of the complex Earth system and may interact and affect each other. Often a single hazard can trigger a subsequent, different hazard, such as earthquakes triggering landslides. The effect of such cascading hazards has received relatively little attention in the literature. The majority of previous research has focused on single hazards in isolation, and even multi-hazard risk assessment currently does not account for the interaction between hazards, therefore ignoring potential amplification effects. Global earthquake-and-landslide fatality data were used to model cascading events to explore relationships between the number of fatalities during single and cascading events and covariates. A multivariate statistical approach was used to model the relationship between earthquake fatalities and several covariates. The covariates included earthquake magnitude, gross domestic product, slope, poverty, health, access to cities, exposed population to earthquake shaking, building strength and whether a landslide was triggered or not. Multivariate regression analysis showed the numbers of earthquake fatalities are significantly affected by whether a subsequent landslide is triggered or not. 相似文献
15.
16.
Heidi Kreibich Philip Bubeck Michael Kunz Holger Mahlke Stefano Parolai Bijan Khazai James Daniell Tobia Lakes Kai Schröter 《Natural Hazards》2014,74(3):2279-2304
Although Germany is not among the most hazard-prone regions of the world, it does experience various natural hazards that have caused considerable economic and human losses in the past. Moreover, risk due to natural hazards is expected to increase in several regions of Germany if efficient risk management is not able to accommodate global changes. The most important natural hazards, in terms of past human and economic damage they caused, are storms, floods, extreme temperatures and earthquakes. They all show a pronounced spatial and temporal variability. In the present article, a review of these natural hazards, associated risks and their management in Germany is provided. This review reveals that event and risk analyses, as well as risk management, predominantly focus on one single hazard, generally not considering the cascading and conjoint effects in a full multi-hazard and risks approach. However, risk management would need integrated multi-risk analyses to identify, understand, quantify and compare different natural hazards and their impacts, as well as their interactions. 相似文献
17.
“南水北调”西线工程区域工程地质条件复杂,活动断裂发育、新构造运动强烈、地震活动频繁,地质灾害的影响很大。本文具体分析了活动断层、地震、冻土及深埋长隧洞地质灾害对工程的危害。 相似文献
18.
我国煤矿的主要地质灾害及防治对策 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
肖和平 《中国地质灾害与防治学报》2001,12(1):51-54
文章综合分析了煤矿区地震、滑坡、地面沉陷与塌陷、煤与瓦斯突出及突水等主要地质灾害。通过对各类灾害特征、成生机理及危害的研究，认为(1)煤矿地质灾害严重地危害着矿山正常生产和人民生活；(2)煤矿矿震生成主要是脆硬-软地层结构、褶皱构造、构造活化区及地下水突变、采煤卸载等内外环境因子综合作用的结果；(3)煤矿滑坡、地面沉陷及塌陷、煤与瓦斯突出和突水等地质灾害是矿区工程活动破坏了地质构造和生态环境、山体原始平衡所致。在此基础上，提出了煤矿地质灾害链和防御措施。 相似文献
19.
Toward a rapid probabilistic seismic vulnerability assessment using satellite and ground-based remote sensing 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Natural hazards such as earthquakes threaten millions of people all around the world. In a few decades, most of these people will live in fast-growing, inter-connected urban environments. Assessing risk will, therefore, be an increasingly difficult task that will require new, multidisciplinary approaches to be tackled properly. We propose a novel approach based on different imaging technologies and a Bayesian information integration scheme to characterize exposure and vulnerability models, which are among the key components of seismic risk assessment. 相似文献
20.
云南彝良907地震次生地质灾害特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
2012年9月7日11时19分40秒,云南省彝良县发生M5.7级地震,12时16分29秒,再次发生M5.6级地震,两次地震诱发了大量的崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等次生地质灾害。通过现场调查,分析了本次地震次生地质灾害的主要特征:震后次生地质灾害数量明显增加、由地震直接诱发的地质灾害分布明显受震中控制;Ⅷ度区、Ⅶ度区的地震地质灾害点密度分别是Ⅵ度区地震地质灾害点密度的11倍与4.5倍;地质灾害的分布表现出很明显的上/下盘效应,上盘地质灾害密度是下盘地质灾害密度的2.6～3.9倍;震后新增次生地质灾害点的分布受岩土体性质控制明显;震后次生地质灾害降雨叠加效应与链生效应较为明显,具有震级小、灾情大、灾害多、规模小的特点。 相似文献