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国际蓝碳合作发展与中国的选择 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
海洋储存了地球上93%的CO_2,是全球最大的碳库。发挥海洋固碳、储碳作用,对应对全球气候变化具有重要意义。《联合国气候变化框架公约》和《巴黎协定》是2020年后国际气候治理的基础,为国际蓝碳合作指明了方向,也提供了国际法依据。当前,国际蓝碳合作从科学研究向纳入国际气候治理方向不断推进,不少国际组织和国家已着手推动蓝碳国际规则制定。中国蓝碳资源分布广泛,特色鲜明,蓝碳发展起步阶段里中国的参与不仅是对全球应对气候变化的重要贡献,更有助于通过蓝碳合作增强我国在全球气候治理和海洋治理领域的影响力和话语权。我国蓝碳发展应从国内、国际两个方面着手。在国内夯实基础、补足短板,加强蓝碳基础研究和实践,建立蓝碳评估标准,加快蓝碳人才队伍建设。在国际上积极参与现有国际蓝碳计划,在"21世纪海上丝绸之路"等机制框架下开展双、多边蓝碳合作,推动全球蓝碳治理,从积极参与向适时引领发展。 相似文献
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海岸带蓝碳生态系统已成为应对气候变化重要的基于自然的解决方案。本研究梳理了全球海岸带蓝碳生态系统的分布、碳封存量和封存价值,并根据经济、科技、蓝碳封存量三个指标对各海岸带国家和地区进行分类。海岸带蓝碳生态系统分布最广的国家是澳大利亚、印度尼西亚、墨西哥和美国,而印度尼西亚、澳大利亚、马来西亚和巴西碳埋藏量最高。全球每年蓝碳埋藏价值在碳交易和碳税价格下分别为3.47×109美元和2.35×109美元。中国拥有丰富的海岸带蓝碳资源,生态系统面积排名第10,年封存量排名第21;然而蓝碳自然资源的赋存禀赋与现有碳价格体系下的价值匹配性较差,基于碳交易价格的中国海岸带蓝碳埋藏价值全球排名第27,基于碳税价格仅排名第39。碳价格低迷将会导致在国际蓝碳交易中处于劣势,中国后续应不断完善碳排放交易市场。中国具有在蓝碳研究以及修复投入与实践方面的优势,以及贝藻养殖、海洋牧场等特色蓝碳资源,可结合不同类型的蓝碳国家经济科技条件与自然条件制定多元合作策略。 相似文献
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红树林、盐沼和海草床被称为三大海岸带蓝碳生态系统,在维持海洋生物多样性、净化水质、营养物质循环以及固碳、储碳等方面发挥重要作用。该研究以蓝碳生态系统分布广泛的广东和广西作为研究区,研究海岸带蓝碳生态系统与海洋生态红线的容斥关系,进而进行海岸带蓝碳生态系统的保护空缺分析,在此基础上提出海洋生态红线外的推荐优先保护区域。该文基于2019年卫星遥感影像、2020年和2021年现场调查和无人机遥感数据,获知广东海岸带蓝碳生态系统总面积为14 481.39 hm2(红树林11 928.87 hm2,盐沼1 258.00 hm2,海草床1 294.52 hm2),广西海岸带蓝碳生态系统总面积为11 751.30 hm2(红树林10 171.70 hm2,盐沼1 450.36 hm2,海草床129.24 hm2)。结果显示,广东海岸带蓝碳生态系统面积的62.13%、广西海岸带蓝碳生态系统面积的59.88%分布在海洋生态红线内。... 相似文献
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海洋碳汇即蓝色碳汇,简称"蓝碳"。文章以21世纪海上丝绸之路建设为背景,以广东省蓝碳发展现状和需求为主线,分析广东省发展蓝碳对控制温室气体排放、保护海洋生态环境和实施"一带一路"建设的重要意义,论述发展碳汇渔业、修复典型海洋生态系统、控制陆源排放、开发可再生能源等蓝碳发展途径;在此基础上提出广东省发展蓝碳的主要对策,即完善政策保障体系、增强科技支撑能力、完善蓝碳产业链条、拓展国际交流合作、探索海洋碳排放交易试点、加强生态环境治理和发挥示范带动作用。 相似文献
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蓝碳是我国实现“双碳”目标以及推动全国碳市场发展的重要助力。本次修订的《中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法》在一定程度上回应当前的现实需求,虽未明确提出蓝碳的概念,但在海洋资源与海洋环境方面已有通过蓝碳生态系统开展蓝碳保护的间接考量。其中,在海洋资源方面的相关规定较为概括化和原则化,在海洋环境方面的相关规定则更为全面;从对象和手段2个方面明晰蓝碳生态系统修复改善的优先性,其中手段优先性还可进一步完善。就《中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法》的未来发展方向而言,廓清蓝碳的法律属性、完善蓝碳增汇技术的制度设计、适度发挥司法能动性和保障蓝碳市场的规则供给4个方面或将受到更多关注,以此建构更加完备的蓝碳保护制度。 相似文献
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海草床具有重要的生态系统服务功能,可以为海洋生物提供栖息地和食物来源,同时还具有重要的碳储存功能,海草床“蓝碳”功能日益受到学术界的重视,据研究全球每年海草床的碳埋藏量高达(2.7~4.4)×107 MgC。近年来,由于人类活动的影响,世界范围内海草床衰退严重,导致海草床沉积物有机碳储量降低。本文综述了全球海草床沉积物有机碳的来源、组分、储量以及指示作用;从物理、化学和生物三方面讨论了影响海草床碳储量的环境因素。最后提出了未来主要研究方向,主要包括加强海草床碳通量普查,分析全球气候变化背景下海草床沉积物有机碳的变化机制,明确海草床碳储量流失速率,研究海岸带工程对海草床沉积物有机碳的影响。评估海草床沉积物有机碳储量及变化机制可以为全球海洋蓝碳研究提供科学依据。 相似文献
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海洋蓝碳是海洋碳汇研究的重要领域,厘清不同蓝碳生境中沉积物有机碳组分格局是当前研究的热点之一。为更好地理解此问题,现以近海厚壳贻贝养殖区这一特殊蓝碳生境为对象,解析沉积物中的碳氮组分格局;进一步通过关联沉积物微生物群落、结合卡尔文循环和还原三羧酸循环的关键基因相对丰度分析,评估厚壳贻贝养殖区沉积物的固碳潜力。结果表明,相较于非养殖区,厚壳贻贝养殖区沉积物惰性碳的累积较大,氮组分主要以氨氮形式存在;同时养殖区高微生物量碳和微生物量氮指示了其沉积物中碳周转较快,碳氮组分特征差异明显。沉积物微生物高通量测序结果显示养殖区沉积物微生物主要以Gamma变形菌纲和Delta变形菌纲为主,且微生物类群与颗粒有机碳、惰性碳等碳组分存在明显的相关性。与惰性碳存在明显正相关关系的硫微螺菌科(Thiomicrospiraceae)丰度在养殖区沉积物中显著高于非养殖区沉积物。贻贝养殖区沉积物包含cbbL在内的6种关键功能基因,固碳潜力明显。研究结果将为进一步探究蓝碳生境的有机碳来源和微生物固碳效率提供基础依据。 相似文献
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工业革命以来,人类活动导致的以二氧化碳为代表的温室气体持续排放,被认为与全球气候变化密切相关,引发诸多极端气候事件,导致海平面上升、海水酸化、海水暖化等一系列环境负面效应。海洋是地球最大的活跃碳库,增汇潜力巨大。为应对全球气候变化,人为干预海洋生态系统、促进其对大气二氧化碳额外吸收封存的海洋负排放技术体系成为国际研究热点。根据负排放技术的应用场景,目前海洋负排放技术体系涵盖侧重于生态保护和修复的滨海湿地蓝碳、侧重于环境友好型养殖产业的海水养殖环境碳汇和借助生态工程技术手段的负排放工程增汇。海洋负排放技术在实现人为增汇的同时,有望通过促进海洋生物的生长和繁殖、提高海洋生态系统的稳定性和抗干扰能力、促进海洋生态系统内部及其与陆地生态系统之间的资源循环利用,发挥其生态治理功能,从而应对海洋环流改变、海水酸化脱氧等全球海洋环境恶化以及人类活动污染的局部胁迫。 相似文献
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本文系统梳理了IPCC 《气候变化中的海洋和冰冻圈特别报告》(SROCC)的主要结论,并对主要观点进行了解读。报告主要关注全球变暖背景下高山、极地、海洋和沿海地区现在和未来的变化及其对人类和生态系统的影响,以及实现气候适应发展路径的方案。在全球变暖背景下,冰冻圈大面积萎缩,冰川冰盖质量损失,积雪减少,北极海冰范围和厚度减小,多年冻土升温,全球海洋持续增温,1993年以来,海洋变暖和吸热速度增加了一倍以上。同时,海洋表面酸化加剧,海洋含氧量减少。全球平均海平面呈加速上升趋势,2006—2015年全球海平面上升速率为3.6 mm/yr,是1901—1990年的2.5倍,但存在区域差异。高山、极地和海洋的生态系统的物种组成、分布和服务功能均发生变化,并对人类社会产生了显著负面影响。极端海洋气候事件发生频率增多,强度加大。1982年以来,全球范围内海洋热浪的发生频率增加了一倍,且范围更广,持续时间更长。海平面持续上升加剧了洪涝、海水入侵、海岸侵蚀等海岸带灾害,并影响沿海生态系统。海洋及冰冻圈的变化及其影响在未来一定时期仍将持续,应对这些影响而面临的挑战,应加强基于生态系统的适应和可再生能源管理,强化海岸带地区的海平面上升综合应对,打造积极有效、可持续和具有韧性的气候变化应对方案。 相似文献
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《Marine Policy》2013
Benefits humans rely on from the ocean – marine ecosystem services – are increasingly vulnerable under future climate. This paper reviews how three valued services have, and will continue to, shift under climate change: (1) capture fisheries, (2) food from aquaculture, and (3) protection from coastal hazards such as storms and sea-level rise. Climate adaptation planning is just beginning for fisheries, aquaculture production, and risk mitigation for coastal erosion and inundation. A few examples are highlighted, showing the promise of considering multiple ecosystem services in developing approaches to adapt to sea-level rise, ocean acidification, and rising sea temperatures.Ecosystem-based adaptation in fisheries and along coastlines and changes in aquaculture practices can improve resilience of species and habitats to future environmental challenges. Opportunities to use market incentives – such as compensation for services or nutrient trading schemes – are relatively untested in marine systems. Relocation of communities in response to rising sea levels illustrates the urgent need to manage human activities and investments in ecosystems to provide a sustainable flow of benefits in the face of future climate change. 相似文献
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《Marine Policy》2017
In Bangladesh, export-oriented shrimp farming is one of the most important sectors of the national economy. However, shrimp farming in coastal Bangladesh has devastating effects on mangrove forests. Mangroves are the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics, and blue carbon (i.e., carbon in coastal and marine ecosystems) emissions from mangrove deforestation due to shrimp cultivation are accumulating. These anthropogenic carbon emissions are the dominant cause of climate change, which in turn affect shrimp cultivation. Some adaptation strategies including Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA), mangrove restoration, and Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) could help to reduce blue carbon emissions. Translocation of shrimp culture from mangroves to open-water IMTA and restoration of habitats could reduce blue carbon emissions, which in turn would increase blue carbon sequestration. Mangrove restoration by the REDD+ program also has the potential to conserve mangroves for resilience to climate change. However, institutional support is needed to implement the proposed adaptation strategies. 相似文献
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《Marine Policy》2016
Saline coastal wetlands, such as mangrove and coastal salt marsh, provide many ecosystem services. In Australia, large areas have been lost since European colonization, particularly as a result of drainage, infilling and flood-mitigation works, often starting in the mid-19th century and aimed primarily towards converting land to agricultural, urban or industrial uses. These threats remain ongoing, and will be exacerbated by rapid population growth and climate change in the 21st century. Establishing the effect of wetland loss on the delivery of ecosystem services is confounded by the absence of a nationally consistent approach to mapping wetlands and defining the boundaries of different types of coastal wetland. In addition, climate change and its projected effect on mangrove and salt marsh distribution and ecosystem services is poorly, if at all, acknowledged in existing legislation and policy. Intensifying climate change means that there is little time to be complacent; indeed, there is an urgent need for proper valuation of ecosystem services and explicit recognition of ecosystem services within policy and legislation. Seven actions are identified that could improve protection of coastal wetlands and the ecosystem services they provide, including benchmarking and improving coastal wetland extent and health, reducing complexity and inconsistency in governance arrangements, and facilitating wetland adaptation and ecosystem service delivery using a range of relevant mechanisms. Actions that build upon the momentum to mitigate climate change by sequestering carbon – ‘blue carbon’ – could achieve multiple desirable objectives, including climate-change mitigation and adaptation, floodplain rehabilitation and habitat protection. 相似文献
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The Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) is a project of the intergovernmental Arctic Council, intended to synthesize knowledge of the effects of climate change on the Arctic. This paper is based on the primary output of the ACIA project, a 1042 page book entitled Arctic Climate Impact Assessment. Our concern is with the effects of Arctic climate change on fisheries. To set the stage, however, we first discuss those chapters that logically precede the fisheries discussion, the chapters concerned with past and present climate change, climate modeling and marine systems. The conclusion notes that moderate climate warming will probably benefit most Arctic fisheries. The conclusion also considers the role of anthropogenic causation in climate change and its policy implications. 相似文献
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海洋生态修复是遏制海洋生态系统退化的重要途径,受到全球越来越多学者的关注。本研究以科学引文索引(Science Citation Index Expanded,SCIE)数据库为数据源,采用文献计量统计分析方法,结合VOSviewer知识图谱可视化分析软件,定量分析了1980—2019年国际上在海洋生态修复领域发表的相关文献,梳理了近40年来该领域研究的发展脉络、前沿热点和未来方向。结果表明,近40年间,海洋生态修复领域的发文数量随时间呈上升趋势,尤其2000年后增长速度加快,以北美洲、大洋洲、欧洲国家居多,其中美国占绝对领先地位。海洋生态修复领域涉及的学科主要有环境科学、生态学、海洋及淡水生物学等,Journal of Coastal Research、Restoration Ecology、Ecological Engineering和Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science是该领域的主要发文期刊。当前海洋生态修复研究热点主要包括植被恢复、海洋生物种群恢复、滨海湿地修复与生物地球化学、气候变化与生态系统管理等主题,其中关于缓解和适应气候变化、生态系统的自然恢复途径、生态系统服务功能提升等方面的研究愈来愈受到关注,是未来一段时间内海洋生态修复领域的研究热点。随着我国《国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划》拉开序幕以及海洋生态文明建设不断深化,我国海洋生态修复研究将驶入快车道,建议在应对气候变化的海洋生态修复、区域性海洋生态系统修复规划、海洋生态退化机理与修复关键技术、适应性管理等方面加强研究和探索。 相似文献
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《Marine Policy》2017
Assessing the vulnerability of species to [anthropogenic threats is an essential step when developing management strategies for wild populations. With industrial development forecasted to increase in Spencer Gulf, South Australia, it is crucial to assess the ongoing effects of anthropogenic threats to resident and migratory species. Expert elicitation was used to assess 27 threats against 38 threatened, protected, and iconic marine-associated species. Species and threat interactions were assessed individually, and as taxonomic or functional groups. Climate change had the greatest overall exposure (c.f. risk) across species, followed by disturbance, pollution, disease/invasive species, and fishing/aquaculture threats. The largest overall sensitivities (c.f. consequences) were pollution and disease/invasive species, followed by climate change, disturbance and fishing/aquaculture threats. Vulnerability scores (exposure x sensitivity) showed the climate change group posing the greatest overall threat in Spencer Gulf, with individual climatic threats ranking as three of the top four biggest threats to most animal groups. Noise, shipping, and net fishing were considered the greatest region-specific individual threats to marine mammals; as were trawl fishing, line fishing, and coastal activities to fish/cuttlefish; trawl fishing, line fishing, and net fishing to elasmobranchs; and oil spill, disease, and coastal activities to sea/shorebirds. Eighteen of the 20 highest vulnerability scores involved the short-beaked common dolphin, Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin, and Australian sea lion, highlighting the particular susceptibility of these species to specific threats. These findings provide a synthesis of key threats and vulnerable species, and give management a basis to direct future monitoring and threat mitigation efforts in the region. 相似文献