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1.
Variations in the Temperature Regime Across the Mediterranean During the Last Century and their Relationship with Circulation Indices 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
Summary Circulation types were identified by means of zonal and meridional indices calculated separately over ten different regions
of 20°×20° over the Mediterranean and Europe. Seasonal temperature trends in 22 grid boxes of 5°×5° covering the entire Mediterranean,
and at six stations Lisbon, Madrid, Florence, Luqa (Malta), Athens and Jerusalem, were calculated.
A warming trend in the period 1873–1989 was detected. The warming is more evident in the western Mediterranean with an average
rate of about 0.4 [°C/100 yr], than in the eastern Mediterranean with an increase of only 0.2 [°C/100 yr]. A cooling trend
in autumn in the eastern Mediterranean with an average rate of −0.5 [°C/100 yr] was detected and attributed to an increase
in northerly meridional circulation in that region.
Warming trends at Lisbon, Madrid, Florence, Athens and Jerusalem, were more important than the trends in the grid boxes containing
these stations. This rapid warming was attributed to urban effects. No such effects were found in Luqa due to its location
and the lack of urban effects there.
Temperatures at Luqa, Athens and Jerusalem are highly positively correlated. Likewise, temperatures at Lisbon and Madrid.
Temperatures at Florence are either correlated with Madrid or with Luqa. Negative or no correlations were found between Lisbon
or Madrid with Athens or Jerusalem, except during the winter. This was attributed to the fact that favourable circulation
for high temperatures in the eastern stations was opposite to the favourable circulation for high temperatures in the western
stations and vice versa.
Finally, the above reinforces the concept of a Mediterranean Oscillation between the western and eastern basins.
Received November 14, 1997 Revised June 2, 1998 相似文献
2.
Summary Circulation types were identified by means of zonal and meridional indices calculated separately over ten different regions of 20° × 20° over the Mediterranean and Europe. Seasonal and annual rainfall totals in four stations Lisbon, Luqa (Malta), Athens and Jerusalem, were compared with circulation types for the period 1873–1991. Correlation coefficients of circulation indices with precipitation, for each station in each season were calculated and mapped.An oscillation in the meridional index during the winter and the spring, between the western and eastern Mediterranean, was detected.Time series analysis of the circulation indices demonstrates a significant reduction in zonality and an increase in meridionality mainly in spring and in summer, over most of the study area.With 9 Figures 相似文献
3.
Summary The present paper is a preliminary study of the long term temperature trends in the eastern Mediterranean area. The air temperature time series of the following stations were investigated: Cairo, Alexandria, Jerusalem, Beirut, Nicosia, Athens, Kerkyra, Catania and Rome. For this group of stations the air temperature trends for about the last 100 years are examined and are compared with the corresponding time series of the land surface air temperature, the sea surface temperature (SST) and the marine air temperature (NMAT) for the northern hemisphere (NH). A better agreement was found between the time series of the eastern Mediterranean region and the SSTs and NMATs, than with the NH air temperature (land surface). The coincidence of the 1900s minimum of eastern Mediterranean air temperature and the SSTs and NMATs especially merits further investigation.
With 3 Figures 相似文献
Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit präsentiert eine vorläufige Studie der langzeitlichen Temperaturtrends im östlichen Mittelmeerraum. Lufttemperaturzeitserien der folgenden Stationen wurden hierzu untersucht: Kairo, Alexandria, Jerusalem, Beirut, Nikosia, Athen, Kerkyra, Catania und Rom. Anhand der Daten der genannten Stationen wurden die Lufttemperaturtrends über einen Zeitraum von etwa 100 Jahren untersucht und mit den entsprechenden Zeitserien der Landoberflächenlufttemperatur, der Meeresoberflächentemperatur (SST) und der nächtlichen Seelufttemperatur (NMAT) der nördlichen Hemisphäre verglichen.Hierbei konnte größere Übereinstimmung der Lufttemperaturtrends zwischen Zeitserien des östlichen Mittelmeerraums und den Meeresoberflächentemperaturen, bzw. den nächtlichen Seelufttemperaturen festgestellt werden als zwischen den Zeitserien dieser Region mit den Zeitserien der Landoberflächenlufttemperatur der nördlichen Hemisphäre. Die Übereinstimmung des 1900-Minimums der Lufttemperaturtrends des östlichen Mittelmeerraums und den SST- und NMAT-Trends verdient hierbei besondere Aufmerksamkeit und weitere Untersuchungen.
With 3 Figures 相似文献
4.
By using the observed monthly mean data over 160 stations of China and NCAR/NCEP reanalysis data, the generalized equilibrium feedback assessment(GEFA) method, combined with the methods of EOF analysis, correlation and composite analysis, is used to explore the influence of different SST modes on a wintertime air temperature pattern in which it is cold in the northeast and warm in the southwest in China. The results show that the 2009/2010 winter air temperature oscillation mode between the northern and southern part of China is closely related to the corresponding sea surface temperature anomalies(SSTA) and its associated atmospheric circulation anomalies. Exhibiting warming in Northeast China and cooling in Southwest China, the mode is significantly forced by the El Nio mode and the North Atlantic SSTA mode, which have three poles. Under the influence of SSTA modes, the surface northerly flow transported cold air to North and Northeast China, resulting in low temperatures in the regions. Meanwhile, the mid-latitude westerlies intensify and the polar cold air stays in high latitudes and cannot affect the Southwest China, resulting in the warming there. 相似文献
5.
Jung-Moon Yoo Young-In Won Young-Jun Cho Myeong-Jae Jeong Dong-Bin Shin Suk-Jo Lee Yu-Ri Lee Soo-Min Oh Soo-Jin Ban 《Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences》2011,47(5):439-455
Various types of satellite (AIRS/AMSU, MODIS) and ground measurements are used to analyze temperature trends in the four vertical layers (skin/surface, mid-troposphere, and low stratosphere) around the Korean Peninsula (123–132°E, 33–44°N) during the period from September 2002 to August 2010. The ground-based observations include 72 Surface Meteorological Stations (SMSs), 6 radiosonde stations (RAOBs), 457 Automatic Weather Stations (AWSs) over the land, and 5 buoy stations over the ocean. A strong warming (0.052 K yr?1) at the surface, and a weak warming (0.004～0.010 K yr?1) in the mid-troposphere and low stratosphere have been found from satellite data, leading to an unstable atmospheric layer. The AIRS/AMSU warming trend over the ocean surface around the Korean Peninsula is about 2.5 times greater than that over the land surface. The ground measurements from both SMS and AWS over the land surface of South Korea also show a warming of 0.043～0.082 K yr?1, consistent with the satellite observations. The correlation average (r = 0.80) between MODIS skin temperature and ground measurement is significant. The correlations between AMSU and RAOB are very high (0.91～0.95) in the anomaly time series, calculated from the spatial averages of monthly mean temperature values. However, the warming found in the AMSU data is stronger than that from the RAOB at the surface. The opposite feature is present above the mid-troposphere, indicating that there is a systematic difference. Warming phenomena (0.012～0.078 K yr?1) are observed from all three data sets (SMS, AWS, MODIS), which have been corroborated by the coincident measurements at five ground stations. However, it should also be noted that the observed trends are subject to large uncertainty as the corresponding 95% confidence intervals tend to be larger than the observed signals due to large thermal variability and the relatively short periods of the satellitebased temperature records. The EOF analysis of monthly mean temperature anomalies indicates that the tropospheric temperature variability near Korea is primarily linked to the Arctic Oscillation (AO), and secondarily to ENSO (El Niño and Southern Oscillation). However, the low stratospheric temperature variability is mainly associated with Southern Oscillation and then additionally with Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO). Uncertainties from the different spatial resolutions between satellite data are discussed in the trends. 相似文献
6.
Summary Air temperatures in the Western Mediterranean area exhibited a positive trend during the last 40 years, whilst the Eastern Mediterranean area showed a decrease. The mean temperature of the surface/500 hPa layer exhibited a positive trend in both the Western and Eastern Mediterranean. This almost continuous increase of mean temperature is partly due to horizontal thermal advection and mainly to diabatic warming. Sea surface temperatures show a negative trend throughout the Mediterranean area. The time series of sea surface temperatures in the Eastern Mediterranean show evidence of 48- and 54-month harmonics, while the time series in the Western Mediterranean show evidence of 28- or 30-month harmonics.With 9 Figures 相似文献
7.
With the surface air temperature (SAT) data at 37 stations on Central Yunnan Plateau (CYP) for 1961–2010 and the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program/Operational Linescan System (DMSP/OLS) nighttime light data, the temporal-spatial patterns of the SAT trends are detected using Sen’s Nonparametric Estimator of Slope approach and MK test, and the impact of urbanization on surface warming is analyzed by comparing the differences between the air temperature change trends of urban stations and their corresponding rural stations. Results indicated that annual mean air temperature showed a significant warming trend, which is equivalent to a rate of 0.17 °C/decade during the past 50 years. Seasonal mean air temperature presents a rising trend, and the trend was more significant in winter (0.31 °C/decade) than in other seasons. Annual/seasonal mean air temperature tends to increase in most areas, and higher warming trend appeared in urban areas, notably in Kunming city. The regional mean air temperature series was significantly impacted by urban warming, and the urbanization-induced warming contributed to approximately 32.3–62.9 % of the total regional warming during the past 50 years. Meantime, the urbanization-induced warming trend in winter and spring was more significant than that in summer and autumn. Since 1985, the urban heat island (UHI) intensity has gradually increased. And the urban temperatures always rise faster than rural temperatures on the CYP. 相似文献
8.
利用1961—2004年我国西南地区322个站的气温观测资料, 分析了乡村站、小城市站、大中城市站和国家基准/基本站气温变化趋势特点, 着重研究了城市化对城镇站和国家站地面气温记录的影响程度和相对贡献比例。结果显示:区域平均的各类台站年平均气温呈现不同程度的上升趋势, 城市站、国家站的增温速率均高于乡村站。大中城市站和国家站的年平均热岛增温率分别为0.086 ℃/ 10a和0.052 ℃/10a, 其增温贡献率分别达57.6%和45.3%。与大多数地区不同, 西南地区的增温速率明显偏小。因此, 尽管平均热岛强度变化比许多地区弱, 但其相对贡献明显, 表明城市化对该区域气温趋势的绝对影响较弱, 但相对影响较强。另外, 城市热岛增温有明显的季节变化, 表现为秋季最强, 春季或冬季次之, 夏季最弱。热岛增温贡献率则为春季最大 (100%), 夏季次之 (73%以上), 秋季和冬季相对较小。这主要是因为春、夏两季背景气候变凉或趋势微弱, 热岛增温在实际增温中占有更高的比例。 相似文献
9.
Many previous studies have demonstrated that the boreal winters of super El Nino events are usually accompanied by severely suppressed Madden-Julian oscillation(MJO) activity over the western Pacific due to strong descending motion associated with a weakened Walker Circulation. However, the boreal winter of the 2015/16 super El Nino event is concurrent with enhanced MJO activity over the western Pacific despite its sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA)magnitude over the Nino 3.4 region being comparable to the SSTA magnitudes of the two former super El Nino events(i.e.,1982/83 and 1997/98). This study suggests that the MJO enhanced over western Pacific during the 2015/16 super El Nino event is mainly related to its distinctive SSTA structure and associated background thermodynamic conditions. In comparison with the previous super El Nino events, the warming SSTA center of the 2015/16 super El Nino is located further westward, and a strong cold SSTA is not detected in the western Pacific. Accordingly, the low-level moisture and air temperature(as well as the moist static energy, MSE) tend to increase in the central-western Pacific. In contrast, the low-level moisture and MSE show negative anomalies over the western Pacific during the previous super El Nino events.As the MJO-related horizontal wind anomalies contribute to the further westward warm SST-induced positive moisture and MSE anomalies over the western tropical Pacific in the boreal winter of 2015/16, stronger moisture convergence and MSE advection are generated over the western Pacific and lead to the enhancement of MJO convection. 相似文献
10.
Summary In this study, trends of annual and seasonal surface air temperature time series were examined for 20 stations in Greece for the period 1955–2001, and satellite data for the period 1980–2001. Two statistical tests based on the least square method and one based on the Mann-Kendall test, which is also capable of detecting the starting year of possible climatic discontinuities or changes, were used for the analysis. Greece, in general, shows a cooling trend in winter for the period 1955–2001, whereas, summer shows an overall warming trend, however, neither is statistically significant. As a result, the overall trend of the annual values is nearly zero. Comparison with corresponding trends in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) shows that temperatures in Greece do not follow the intense warming trends. Satellite data indicate a remarkable warming trend in mean annual, winter and summer in Greece for the period 1980–2001, and a slight warming trend in annual, spring and autumn for the NH. Comparison with the respective trends detected in the surface air temperature for the same period (1980–2001) shows they match each other quite well in both Greece and the NH. The relationship between temperature variability in Greece and atmospheric circulation was also examined using correlation analysis with three circulation indices: the well-known North Atlantic Oscillation Index (NAOI), a Mediterranean Oscillation Index (MOI) and a new Mediterranean Circulation Index (MCI). The MOI and MCI indices show the most interesting correlation with winter temperatures in Greece. The behaviour of pressure and the height of the 500hPa surface over the Mediterranean region supports these results. 相似文献
11.
Summary Monthly precipitation data from 10 stations (Patras, Corfu, Hvar, Trieste, Venice, Florence, Rome, Naples, Catania and Malta) in the Central Mediterranean area are used for a period of 95 years (1894–1988). The homogeneity of these precipitation time series is tested and their statistical characteristics are analysed. An abrupt climatic change is found at Naples and Rome. The application of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) has yielded three groups of stations where the precipitation data indicate similar fluctuations. Group A includes the stations situated along the coasts of the Ionian and Adriatic seas and the station Naples, while Group B includes the Northern Italian stations and Group C includes the stations at Catania and Malta. In all three groups maximum precipitation was observed during the 1930s. The periodicities of the scores of the significant components have been studied by spectral analysis and significant periodicities of 13.6, 3.5 and 2.2 years were found. Finally, a discussion of the relationships between these precipitation fluctuations and circulation types over the Mediterranean is presented.With 5 Figures 相似文献
12.
Summary The variations and trends in annual and seasonal air temperatures in Greece were examined on the basis of ground measurements for 25 stations during the period 1951–1993, and satellite measurements for the south eastern Mediterranean during the period 1979–1991. Data were smoothed using a 5-year running mean and were thereafter examined by regression analysis to define trends in the long duration time series. Data were also examined to detect abrupt changes and trends in the long duration annual, winter and summer series of mean maximum, mean minimum and mean temperatures. An overall cooling trend was detected for the majority of stations in winter over the entire period; the same cooling trend was also recognised for the annual and summer mean values, although a reverse warming trend was detected around the mid-70s at several stations. Satellite measurements indicate a slight warming trend, although this is not statistically significant. Considering the results of the regression analysis and the statistical tests applied to the 25 stations, it may be concluded that annual mean temperatures are dominated by an overall cooling trend, with the exception of stations in urban areas where urbanisation effects may have resulted in a warming trend. Summer temperatures, however, exhibit a warming trend roughly after 1975 at most stations.With 5 Figures 相似文献
13.
Determining whether air temperatures recorded at meteorological stations have been contaminated by the urbanization process is still a controversial issue at the global scale. With support of historical remote sensing data, this study examined the impacts of urban expansion on the trends of air temperature at 69 meteorological stations in Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei Province over the last three decades. There were significant positive relations between the two factors at all stations. Stronger warming was detected at the meteorological stations that experienced greater urbanization, i.e., those with a higher urbanization rate. While the total urban area affects the absolute temperature values, the change of the urban area (urbanization rate) likely affects the temperature trend. Increases of approximately 10% in urban area around the meteorological stations likely contributed to the 0.13℃ rise in air temperature records in addition to regional climate warming. This study also provides a new approach to selecting reference stations based on remotely sensed urban fractions. Generally, the urbanization-induced warming contributed to approximately 44.1% of the overall warming trends in the plain region of study area during the past 30 years, and the regional climate warming was 0.30℃ (10 yr)-1 in the last three decades. 相似文献
14.
Summary In this paper some statistical characteristics of air temperature variations over the Mediterranean are presented. The study is based on temperature data at stations in Marseille (1851–1985), Rome (1851–1985), Athens (1858–1985), and Jerusalem (1864–1985). First the homogeneity of temperature data for each station is examined by means of the short-cut Bartlett test. In another step, the existence of abrupt climatic changes towards warm or cold periods at all stations, with the exception of Athens is pointed out. Some statistical significant persistence of the annual and seasonal time series is also shown. Finally, the temperature fluctuations are examined and discussed in respect to possible causes where particularly the role of the Mediterranean Sea and the topography is considered.With 4 Figures 相似文献
15.
利用1958—2005年我国116个站探空温度序列研究了我国高空温度变化趋势。首先通过静力学质量控制和两相回归法对原始序列进行了均一化处理。我国探空温度序列存在明显的间断点, 间断点的订正对于序列的趋势影响较为显著。缺测率是影响我国探空温度序列应用性的重要因子, 也是区域平均趋势统计中台站取舍的指标, 减少台站总数会削弱我国对流层升温和平流层降温的变化趋势。分析表明: 70%作为最小资料有效率标准最为合理。为满足最小资料有效率, 选取92个站统计我国高空温度变化趋势的区域平均值。结果表明: 1958-2005年, 平流层下层和对流层上层降温, 对流层中、低层升温; 高空温度变化趋势与研究时段明显相关, 1958-1978年我国高空大气整层均为降温; 1979—2005年, 对流层中低层升温最为明显, 增暖的幅度随高度增加而减小, 400 hPa以上各层转为降温。对流层的升温始于20世纪80年代, 升温幅度与全球尺度的平均值有所不同。 相似文献
16.
Summary This paper investigates the warming trend and interannual variability of surface air temperatures in the Malaysian region
during the period 1961–2002. The trend analyses show that most regions in Malaysia experience warming over the period at comparable
rates to those in regions surrounding the Bay of Bengal. The regions of Peninsular Malaysia and northern Borneo experience
warming rates of between 2.7–4.0 °C/100 years. However, the warming rates are lower in the south-western region of Borneo.
The interannual variability of Malaysian temperature is largely dominated by the El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Regardless
of the warming trends, all regions in Malaysia experience uniform warming during an El Ni?o event, particularly during the
October–November–December (OND) and the January–February–March (JFM) periods. This uniform warming is associated with the
latent heat released from the central eastern Pacific region and forced adiabatic subsidence in the Maritime Continent during
an El Ni?o event. During its early development period i.e. during the July–August–September (JAS) season, the El Ni?o’s impact
on the Malaysian temperatures is relatively weak compare to its influence during the OND and JFM seasons. However, the warming
continues to the April–May–June (AMJ) season although during this period the anomalous conditions in the eastern central Pacific
have begun or have returned to normal. The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) mode exerts an influence on Malaysian temperatures. When
it co-occurs with ENSO, it tends to weaken the ENSO influence particularly during an OND period. However, it appears to have
an appreciable influence only during an AMJ period when it occurs in the absence of an ENSO event. Despite the strong influence
of the ENSO, the warming rates during the 42-year period appears to be least affected by interannual variability. 相似文献
17.
Annually averaged global mean land air temperature and sea surface temperature (SST) combined, and global mean SST alone share similar fluctuations. We examine contributions by modes of SST variability in the global mean SST based on a new version (version 3) of global sea-ice and SST (GISST3). Besides a trend mode, the dominant modes are El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), interhemispheric oscillation, and North Pacific oscillation. Statistics over the period of 1880–1997 show that excluding a warming trend the fluctuation on interannual (IA) and decadal-interdecadal (DID) time scales is dominated by IA ENSO and DID ENSO-like variability. However, the contribution by IA ENSO cycles experiences significant fluctuations, and there appears to be strong modulations by ENSO-like variability on DID or longer time scales: during several decade-long periods, when DID ENSO-like variability raises the temperature in the equatorial eastern Pacific, the contribution by IA ENSO cycles weakens to an insignificant level. The latest example of such modulation is the period since about 1980; despite the exceptional strength of El Niño events, the contribution by IA ENSO cycles weakens, suggesting that the exceptional strength is a consequence of superposition of IA El Niño events, a warming phase of DID ENSO-like variability, and possibly an ENSO-like warming trend. 相似文献
18.
Fei WANG Lifang SHENG Xiadong AN Haixia ZHOU Yingying ZHANG Xiaodong LI Yigeng DING Jing YANG 《大气科学进展》2022,39(11):1914-1924
This study reveals a significant positive connection between autumn non-tropical-cyclone heavy rainfall on Hainan Island and the intensity of Eastern Pacific (EP) El Ni?o events. That is, the amount of rainfall in super EP El Ni?o years is more than that in normal EP El Ni?o years. Comparing EP El Ni?o years of different intensities, the cooler sea surface temperature in the northwestern Pacific during super EP El Ni?o years stimulates a negative surface latent heat flux (LHF) anomaly and abnormal anticyclonic circulation at 850 hPa. Under these conditions, an abnormal zonal vertical circulation develops in the northern South China Sea once a positive LHF anomaly and abnormal cyclonic circulation (ACC) at 850 hPa occur in the Beibu Gulf. The abnormal zonal vertical circulation further strengthens the ascending motion over Hainan Island, as the critical factor that leads to excessive rainfall. Further analysis shows that the positive LHF anomaly, which can be attributed to the increased latent heat transfer which resulted from the increased surface wind speed, is an important trigger for the ACC. However, the ACC is also the supplier of favorable moisture conditions because it intensifies vapor convergence over Hainan Island and meridionally transports moisture from the South China Sea to northeastern Hainan Island, thereby generating heavy rainfall. This paper emphasizes that the impact of El Ni?o events, especially super El Ni?o events, on rainfall over Hainan Island cannot be ignored, even if the traditional view is that frequent rainfall occurs mainly in La Ni?a years. 相似文献
19.
热带北大西洋(Northern Tropical Atlantic,NTA)海温异常(sea surface temperature anomaly,SSTA)对美洲乃至全球的气候变率有着重要影响。利用再分析资料对NTA的暖SSTA进行诊断,分析有、无El Ni?o影响下春季增暖的差异以及可能的成因。结果表明,与El Ni?o有关的情形中关键区(5~25 °N,10~60 °W)平均春季SSTA为0.55 ℃,无El Ni?o情形是0.37 ℃;前者与冬季的显著正偏差出现在NTA,后者主要发生在NTA的东侧,且正偏差的数值较小。El Ni?o激发的热带外Rossby波活动通过加强北大西洋涛动(North Atlantic Oscillation,NAO)负位相,引起El Ni?o峰值后NTA海域显著的西风异常,暖Kelvin波加热NTA对流层大气,增强其容纳水汽的能力,减小海-气界面的垂直湿度梯度,两者共同作用使海表蒸发减弱,在NTA春季呈现显著暖SSTA。与El Ni?o无关的情形中,NTA SSTA的变化主要受热带海-气反馈过程的调制,其与热带外NAO的季节内振荡有关,NAO的季节平均负位相较弱,异常西风值较小,同时海-气垂直湿度梯度异常增大,使春季NTA的增暖较弱。 相似文献
20.
Comparison of Lower-Tropospheric Temperature Climatologies and Trends at Low and High Elevation Radiosonde Sites 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Observations of rapid retreat of tropical mountain glaciers over the past two decades seem superficially at odds with observations of little or no warming of the tropical lower troposphere during this period. To better understand the nature of temperature and atmospheric freezing level variability in mountain regions, on seasonal to multidecadal time scales, this paper examines long-term surface and upper-air temperature observations from a global network of 26 pairs of radiosonde stations. Temperature data from high and low elevation stations are compared at four levels: the surface, the elevation of the mountain station surface, 1 km above the mountain station, and 2 km above the mountain station. Climatological temperature differences between mountain and low elevation sites show diurnal and seasonal structure, as well as latitudinal and elevational differences. Atmospheric freezing-level heights tend to decrease with increasing latitude, although maximum heights are found well north of the equator, over the Tibetan Plateau. Correlations of interannual anomalies of temperature between paired high and low elevation sites are relatively high at 1 or 2 km above the mountain station. But at the elevation of the station, or at the two surface elevations, correlations are lower, indicating decoupling of the boundary layer air from the free troposphere.Trends in temperature and freezing-level height are generally upward, both during 1979–2000 and during longer periods extending back to the late 1950s. However, some negative trends were found at extratropical locations. In many cases, statistically significant differences were found in trends at paired high and low elevation stations, with tropical pairs revealing more warming (and greater increases in freezing-level height) at mountain stations than at low elevations. This result is consistent with both the observed retreat of tropical glaciers and the minimal change in tropics-wide tropospheric temperatures over the past two decades.Overall, the analysis suggests that, on diurnal, seasonal, interannual, and multidecadal time scales, temperature variations at mountain locations differ significantly from those at relatively nearby (a few hundred kilometers) low elevation stations. These differences are greatest at the two surface levels, but can persist up to 2 km above the mountain site. Therefore, to determine the nature of climate variability at high elevation sites requires local observations, since large-scale patterns derived from low elevation observations may not be representative of the mountain regions. Conversely, temperature change in mountain regions should not be viewed as necessarily representative of global surface or tropospheric trends. 相似文献